Youth tourism. Project for the development of youth tourism in Russia “Discover Russia. Study abroad

Tourism is one of the most dynamic developing species business in the world. At the same time, at the present stage, this type of tourism as youth tourism is being significantly updated. Young people today face a number of challenges that affect their identity in life. Therefore, most experts believe that tourism at the present stage of social development is a necessary link on the path to achieving the highest human goals, to self-determination, relieving social tension, and developing tolerance in society.

The definition of “youth tourism” includes a special type of travel, individual or collective in form, when young people prefer to relax in large groups united by the common goal of exploring the world and spending leisure time. And in this regard, it should be noted that currently young people are faced with the problem of access to interesting and rich leisure and tourist recreation.

The main problems for young Russians can be considered:

high cost of tourist services and tours,
visa regime, because young Russians immediately fall into a risk group for the consulates of the Schengen countries, the USA, Great Britain and other countries;
the quality of tourism services provided to young people is at a low level;
minor preferences for young people on transport tickets (air, railway, etc.).
the lack of a unified base and a nationwide model for organizing centers, festivals, clubs, youth schools, conferences, tourist centers and youth tourism camps;
a significant number of youth tourist recreation facilities are in a worn-out condition and stand idle;
there are practically no modern year-round international student tourist centers in the regions of Russia;
The coordination of the work of the regions with the federal center is not effective, and there is practically no interregional interaction and exchange of experience in the field of youth tourism in the regions.

The peculiarities of organizing youth recreation include the tolerant nature of travelers in relation to the level of comfort in the type of transportation and accommodation facilities; in other words, it all depends on the personal needs of the traveler. Some people prefer to live in less luxurious hotels, but still see more beautiful places and visit museums, but for some, comfort remains first.

When creating tour packages for young people, the following factors must be taken into account:

Personal preferences of the tourist (what he expects from his vacation, what he would like to see, what category of hotels to stay in).
Group composition (young people are more interested in communicating with peers, therefore, it is necessary to ensure that the age category of the group is approximately at the same level).
An interesting program and emotional fund of tourists (here it should be noted that youth tourist groups are easy-going, so the entire program should be designed so that there is not a single free minute, in addition, relationships within the group are no less important, it is necessary to create a comfortable atmosphere for everyone)

However, according to research, the main value of tourism for modern youth is that they consider tourism as a means of understanding the world around them. They recognize tourism as one of the ways to broaden their horizons.

Thus, we can distinguish the following groups values of young people: moral, aesthetic, vital, social.

Moral values in the tourism sector are manifested in the form of:

broadening your horizons;
rise of spiritual strength;
acquiring new hobbies;
stimulating learning foreign languages;
facilitating easier communication with people;
reassessment and renewal of one’s “I”;
changes in attitude towards the environment;
awareness of the fact that the world “saw” me;
expansion of social contacts.

Among the aesthetic values in the field of youth tourism, we have identified:

beauty of the place of stay;
stylish design of the place of residence and surrounding areas;
harmony between the architectural and natural content of the area;
originality of the holiday destination;
following traditions in a tourist destination;
following the holiday tradition established in the family;
the novelty of a place to visit for recreational purposes.

In addition, values directly related to the vital foundations of life were identified:

place of accommodation (residence);
catering;
security vehicles;
need for impressions;
entertainment.

We also highlighted social values in the field of youth tourism:

the value of social interactions with people;
collectivity.

Updating youth tourism in Russia will help increase the involvement of young people in active tourism activities and reduce antisocial manifestations among young people. Let us note that in Russia, in youth groups with a relatively low level of well-being, there is a rather flawed lifestyle of this part of the population. We are talking about a lack of interest in active recreation and tourism. Life circumstances (social instability, insecurity) determine the significant prevalence of bad habits in this environment. A considerable part of young people are looking for easy ways to overcome frustration with the help of various ersatz “leisure” - they smoke, drink alcohol, and take drugs. According to the sample survey “The Influence of Behavioral Factors on the Health of the Population”, conducted by the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation in 2008, the most common answer of respondents in low-income groups to the question of what kind of vacation is most typical in Everyday life, is the answer “I watch TV shows, videos,” which was given by 58% of respondents. This situation is extremely dangerous for the social development of Russia. In an unhealthy society, crime, drug addiction, and alcoholism flourish, culture and education stagnate and disintegrate, self-awareness dulls, and a peculiar inferiority complex develops for the younger generation. Violations in the lifestyle of young people give rise to pessimism and hopelessness, have a destructive effect on consciousness in social groups. On the contrary, enthusiasm and optimism, belief in one’s own importance and favorable prospects prevail in the worldview and mentality of a healthy generation.

Therefore, the most important task of the state is to implement an effective youth socio-economic policy in the country in the field of tourism and recreation. It should be noted that with the annually increasing need for young people to engage in tourism, various government departments are involved in the problems of tourism development; there is no single database on development problems social tourism Among the youth, there is a shortage of qualified tourist personnel, routes and technologies capable of qualitatively satisfying the growing demand of young people on the basis of domestic tourism programs, and the material base of amateur tourism is also poorly developed.

Thus, at present, there is no clear understanding of the integrity of the picture of youth tourism, there is no clear concept of the organizational and technical stages of development of the infrastructure of youth tourist centers and the promotion of youth tourism in the regions of Russia.

Therefore, first of all, to solve the problems of youth tourism, it is necessary to develop regional youth tourism programs and effective interregional cooperation in the development of domestic social tourism. In our opinion, the most important organizational and technical stages in the development of youth tourism in the region should be the following:

creation of a youth tourism department under the regional youth policy management body;
creation of public organizations focused on the development of youth tourism in the region;
creation of tourist clubs, youth field camps at public organizations in the regions;
opening youth tourist camps in the region for schoolchildren, students, and young married couples;
holding tourist festivals in the region, for example, folklore, cultural, with tourist competitions in the most actively developed sports in the region (orienteering, beach volleyball, swimming, rowing, cycling, sailing and others cultivated in the region);
development of youth tourist routes that most fully reveal the natural, cultural tourism and recreational potential of the region (routes can be one-day or multi-day, walking, cycling, bus and others);
development of various contents and holding regional summer and winter specialized schools for schoolchildren and students together with public organizations, institutions of higher and secondary education in the region;
creation of a regional program for the development of youth tourism.

Bibliography:

Birzhakov M.B. Introduction to tourism: Textbook. - 8th edition. - St. Petersburg, 2006.
Belka&Strelka [Electronic resource]: youth tourism. - M., 2008-2011. - URL: http://b-n-s.ru
Bogolyubov B.S. Economics of tourism: textbook. aid for students higher textbook institutions. - M.: Academy, 2005.
Nikitina O.A. Study of the processes of functioning and strategic development of regional health resort complexes/ O.A. Nikitina. SPb.: Publishing House Polytechnic. University, 2009.
http://ru.wikipedia.org/
http://www.gks.ru/

Tourism is sport, health, active leisure, an opportunity to better know the history, geography, and soul of Russia, and this is a direct path to educating young Russians as patriots and citizens of their country.
To love your country, you need to know it, you need to see with your own eyes the lakes of Karelia and the volcanoes of Kamchatka, the snow-white peaks of the Caucasus and the quiet reaches of the Volga, you need to walk along the Palace Embankment in St. Petersburg and stand on Red Square in Moscow. Having experienced the beauty of your land, it is impossible not to love it. And to love means to be a patriot.
Tourism is a complex phenomenon that can really help young people find their way in life and does not require large financial investments.
Tourism provides an opportunity to express yourself, learn to make decisions, and become a real leader. Where else, in a short time, not at training sessions, but in real life, can one acquire the skills of a real leader, if not in conditions of a changing natural environment, on hiking trips and travels.
Most teenagers in our country have poor health, and young men are not physically prepared for military service. Tourism, again, can correct this situation. Hiking hardens the body, physical activity restores and strengthens health.
Tourism is a panacea for many of the ills of our time. If a young man chooses tourism, it means he says “no” to drugs, alcohol, and a passive lifestyle.
Another aspect of tourism is the tourism business. Tourism is taking over the whole world. In many countries, tourism has become a leading sector of the economy. Russia, with its rich natural, cultural and historical resources, has something to show and we need to train specialists in the tourism business.
There was a real boom in the development of tourism in our country in the 30s and 60s of the last century. Tourist sections and clubs worked at all large enterprises, universities, in all cities; accessible tourist bases operated throughout the country. It is no exaggeration to say that millions of young people had the opportunity to see and love their country in person.
Currently, there is no comprehensive approach to the development of tourism in the country (in the 90s, tourism management was divided into 14 departments and private capital). The number of young people who know their country and have the skills to live in the natural environment has decreased by several orders of magnitude. Tourism as a branch of the Russian economy does not occupy a leading position among other countries (in 2005, 2.5 million foreign tourists visited Russia, and 80 million tourists visited France). The experience and technologies in the field of tourism development accumulated over the past 80 years are practically not in demand. In addition, due to the weak tourism infrastructure and lack of tourist personnel, Russia is losing funds comparable to income in the oil and gas industry.
The field of youth tourism today is essentially ownerless. There is not a single department that deals with tourism in a comprehensive manner, there is no real support for young people in their desire to get to know their country, there are no incentives for tourism and there is no system of benefits for young people.
Currently, approximately 28 million young people aged 16 to 30 live in the country; approximately 0.3 million are engaged in tourism.
The concept of youth tourism includes the following types of youth activities: specialized camps, excursions, tourist competitions and events, extreme species activities in the natural environment: sports tourism, mountaineering, rock climbing, orienteering, rafting, etc.
Creating a youth tourism infrastructure solves several pressing problems:
1) for an individual:

health promotion - the presence of tourist clubs and sections will allow young people to participate in hikes, competitions, tourist camps, and lead an active, healthy lifestyle;
the ability to travel. This will be facilitated by a network of youth camp sites, hotels, equipped tourist routes, a system of preferential travel for tourist groups on various types of transport;
receive quality safe holiday. The program provides for the training of specialists in the tourism sector;
increasing the educational, cultural level through hiking and travel;
vocational guidance. All the results of tourism have a great utilitarian effect and high convertibility. Specific skills and abilities guide the tourist along the spectrum of field expeditionary specialties (geophysicist, geologist, ecologist, etc.), give an idea of the activities of field military and civilian (EMERCOM, etc.) units;
obtaining special education and working in the tourism business and in enterprises producing special equipment, equipment, souvenirs.

2) for the state:

development of tourism as an important sector of the economy. Having invested in the creation of a tourist infrastructure, in a few years the state will begin to receive considerable income from this, since having felt the taste of wandering in his youth, a person will travel throughout his life, spending his vacation not at the dacha, but traveling around the country and the world, investing in traveling with your money and thereby bringing income to the state;
employment of the population - an extensive tourism industry system will require many new jobs;
increasing the status of the country at the international level - highly professional organization of tourism in the country, development of new but very attractive areas for the tourism business (Altai, Far East, Western Caucasus) will attract a flow of tourists from abroad and will improve Russia’s rating in the global tourism industry (in 2006, Russia took a far from honorable 68th place out of 124 available in the ranking of the most attractive countries for maintaining tourism business);
improving the health of the country's population, reducing drug addiction and drunkenness. If a young man chooses tourism, it means he says “no” to drugs, alcohol, and a passive lifestyle, which means he will have healthy offspring, the mortality rate in the country will decrease and people’s life expectancy will increase;
a generation of citizens - patriots of Russia, who know and love their country - a calm and stable Russia.

The main types of work to implement this area are the following:

creation of a regulatory framework for the development of youth tourism in Russia;
training for the development of youth tourism;
creation of a federal material base for the development of youth tourism;
coordination of work on the development of youth tourism in regional youth policy authorities;
cooperation on the development of youth tourism with federal ministries and agencies;
organization of joint work on the development of youth tourism with commercial structures;
development of youth tourism together with tourism public organizations;
conducting an advertising campaign together with the media to create a positive image of tourism activities;
creation of an All-Russian bank of information about human life in the natural environment;

organizing cooperation with international tourism organizations working with youth;

In the system of global tourism development, a special and significant place today is given to youth tourism.

Youth is a special social-age group, distinguished by age limits and its status in society: the transition from childhood to social responsibility. Some scientists understand youth as a set of young people to whom society provides the opportunity for social development, providing them with benefits, but limiting the possibility of active participation in certain spheres of social life.

The age limit for classifying people as youth varies from country to country. The lower age limit for youth is set between 14 and 16, the upper - between 25 and 30 or more years.

According to the World Youth Report 2013, the number of young people (those aged 15 to 24) in the world has increased from 1.02 billion in 1995. to 1.15 billion people in 2013 Young people currently make up 18% of the world's population; 85% of the world's youth live in developing countries, of which 209 million are forced to subsist on less than $1 a day, and 515 million are forced to live on less than $2 a day. In the entire system of world tourism, the share of youth tourism increases annually by 1.5%. The structure of the age composition of tourist flows has also changed significantly. Now the share of travelers under 30 years of age accounts for more than 40% of tourist flows. Youth is an important condition, a factor of social change, and an innovative force; it is not only an object of influence from society and the state, but also potentially the most energetic, innovative and radical subject of social development.

Moving on to the study of “youth tourism”, we will consider different interpretations of this definition by leading scientists different countries.

Both the theory of organizing youth tourism in general and its various practical and theoretical aspects have not yet been significantly reflected in Kazakh and foreign research. However, a significant contribution to substantiating the need for the development of youth tourism was made by: G. Usyskin, Yu. Kuznetsov, G. Karpova and others.

Zholdak V.I. gives the following definition of youth tourism - it is a means of harmonious development of adolescents and young men, implemented in the form of recreation and socially useful activities, a characteristic component of which is travel (excursion, walk, hike, expedition). This definition, first of all, indicates that tourism should integrate all the main aspects of education: ideological and moral, labor, aesthetic, physical, patriotic and international, mental development, polytechnic education, etc. Based on the history of the development of tourism activities, cognitive function, to one degree or another, is inherent in any tourist event, therefore, learning new and unusual things for children on excursions, hikes, expeditions, field camps is based on one of the main components of tourist activity.

According to World Organization student youth, youth tourism includes travel, youth hostels, working holiday programs, education, student flights, cultural exchange, volunteer adventure tours, internships, language courses.

Research shows that the main goals of youth tourism are as follows. Learning another culture and language while working or studying. They are eager to experience the local way of life and meet other people. Also, youth tourism greatly contributes to the opportunity to communicate with fellow travelers. Most youth travel on a strict budget, finding cheap accommodation allows them to have a relatively long trip and spend their money on a wide range of activities such as nature holidays, cultural recreation and adventures. Interestingly, more money is spent on youth tourism than in other tourism sectors.

1. Youth Tourists are trendsetters and pioneers in exploring the boundaries of tourism and opening new markets.

2. Loans: Having loans creates easy access to borrowed money which they can invest in travel.

3. Visas: Countries and bureaucracies around the world have become more welcoming to foreigners. Thus, travelers can obtain visas and travel to other countries quite easily

4. Internet: The Internet is now becoming a part of everyday life. As a result of the availability of technology, young travelers can use the Internet to book and plan their trips

6. Publications: Travel guides (such as Lonely Planet) and magazines (such as mountaineering publications) provide word-of-mouth advice and recommendations to upcoming tourists

7. Resilience: Youth tourists tend to be more resilient to economic downturns and take lower risks

8. Economic Importance: Youth tourism has emerged as an economically significant and high information market in the last few years. Young travelers also have the opportunity to earn money while they travel.

Youth tourism, generally defined as travelers 18-30 years old. However, a new addition to the niche market is already emerging; Flash packers. Flash packers tend to have a similar concept to youth tourism, but tend to be older travelers (30+), with larger budgets.

Most youth travelers either travel alone, or with one other person. Often, meeting fellow travelers and even groups forming along the way. Additionally, youth tourists typically travel as an escape, as a chance for personal growth and a search for meaning.

Youth tourism can also be classified depending on the purpose of the trip: Educational tourism, volunteering, work and travel ( work and travel), cultural exchange, sports and adventure tourism and leisure tourism. Let's take a closer look at this classification.

Term educational tourism consists of several subtypes, including ecotourism, heritage tourism, rural tourism, and student exchanges between educational institutions. In many cases, young people travel abroad through government scholarships or by purchasing travel packages.

Work and Travel Program. This type of youth tourism has become very popular among young people who have a passion for travel. Under the program, participants are hired, usually in summer rest(3 months). During this period they earn money, and they also have the opportunity to travel, get acquainted with local customs, and have the opportunity to learn the language. This program originated in the USA and over the following years also spread to Australia, Canada, Greece, Spain, France and the UK. According to research, more than 7% of the world youth tourism market is associated with working abroad, young tourists spend an average of $3,200 for the trip.

The type of youth tourism as “cultural exchange” can be defined as an exchange between different persons of the country. This exchange can take place between students, young artists, young athletes and other types of specializations who express interest in this. Typically, this is an exchange between two or more different countries. Such programs allow students from different cultural, religious, geographic and socioeconomic backgrounds to develop an understanding of diversity around the world. They allow participants to interact and learn from people who are different from them. Get a new one and unique experience outside of their own community. During the program, young people have the opportunity to live with a host country family for a short or long period of time.

Sports tourism also very popular among young people and involves watching or participating in a sporting event. Sports tourism is a rapidly growing sector of the global travel industry and is worth $600 billion annually.

Potential implications and controversial issues regarding youth tourism:

Travel Agents: Travel agents may struggle for business in the future as there are generally not young travelers to employ them. In fact, 80% of young tourists said that they do not use travel agents for any plans.
Infrastructure: Infrastructure problems arise from youth tourism in poor countries that attract youth tourists (eg Thailand, Bali and the Philippines). These poor countries have limited development opportunities due to lack of capital, resulting in infrastructure deprivation from constant pressure on these services.
Environment: Research has shown youth travel suppliers have very little attention and awareness of their business activities regarding environmental sustainability.

The peculiarities of organizing youth recreation include the tolerant nature of travelers in relation to the level of comfort in the type of transportation and accommodation facilities; in other words, it all depends on the personal needs of the traveler. Some people prefer to live in less luxurious hotels, but at the same time see more beautiful places and visit museums, while for others comfort remains in first place.

When creating tour packages for young people, the following factors must be taken into account:

1. Personal preferences of the tourist (what he expects from his vacation, what he would like to see, what category of hotels to stay in).

2. Composition of the group (young people are more interested in communicating with their peers, therefore, it is necessary to ensure that the age category of the group is approximately at the same level).

3. An interesting program and the emotional fund of tourists (here it should be noted that youth tourist groups are easy-going, so the entire program should be designed so that there is not a single free minute, in addition, relationships within the group are no less important, it is necessary to create a comfortable atmosphere for everyone)

Literature:

1. Zholdak V.I. Fundamentals of management in sports and tourism in 2 volumes. Volume 2. Social and pedagogical foundations. – M.: Sov.sport, 2001. – 184 p.

2. Zorin I.V., Kaverina T.P., Kvartalnov V.A. Tourism as a type of activity / Textbook. M.: Finance and Statistics. 2005. – 288 p.

3. Zorin I.V., Kvartalnov V.A. Encyclopedia of tourism. – M.: 2003. – 368s.

4. Ilyina E.I. Fundamentals of tourism activities. – M.: Prospekt, 2002. – 452 p.

5. Ilyina E.N. Tourism - travel. – M.: RMAT, 1998. – 312 p.

6. Kvartalnov A.V. Social and pedagogical foundations for the development of sports and health tourism: dis. ...dr. ped. Sciences: 13.00.01 M., 2006. – 5 p. RSL OD, 71:07–13/103

7. Evseeva S.P., Fedotova Yu.N. Sports tourism: Textbook - SPbGAFK im. P.F. Lesgafta, 1999. – 128 p.

8. Kvartalnov V.A., Fedorchenko V.K. Social tourism: History and modernity. Kyiv, 1989. – 251 p.

25. Youth tourism

1. Basic concepts:

Tourism- these are temporary trips (travels) of Russian citizens, foreigners and stateless persons from their permanent place of residence for medical and recreational, educational, professional, business, physical education, sports, religious and other purposes, without engaging in commercial activities in the country or place of temporary stay ( Article 1 of Federal Law No. 132-FZ).

Tourism industry - this is a set of hotels, transport, sanatorium-resort treatment and recreation facilities, public catering facilities, entertainment facilities and facilities, educational, business, health, physical education, sports and other facilities, as well as organizations engaged in tour operator and travel agency activities, operators of tourism information systems and organizations providing the services of tour guides (guides), guides-translators and instructors-guides.

Tourist resources - natural, historical, socio-cultural objects, including objects of tourist display, as well as other objects that can satisfy the spiritual and other needs of tourists, help maintain their livelihoods, restore and develop their physical strength.

Tourist product - a set of transportation and accommodation services provided for a total price (regardless of the inclusion in the total price of the cost of excursion services and (or) other services) under an agreement on the sale of a tourist product.

Tour operator activityinvolves the formation, promotion and sale of a tourism product legal entity(tour operator).

Travel agency activityassociated with the promotion and sale of a tourism product by a legal entity or individual entrepreneur (travel agent). Unlike tour operators, travel agents sell a ready-made tourist product, but do not form it.

Social tourism - tourism, fully or partially carried out at the expense of budget funds, funds from state extra-budgetary funds (including funds allocated as part of state social assistance), as well as funds from employers.

2. From the history of organized youth tourism in Russia

The first excursions for schoolchildren were held in 1870 with students from the Alexander School in Tiflis. The first Russian tourist organization was the society of cyclists-tourists ("Russian Touring Club"), created in 1885 in St. Petersburg (branches in Kiev, Moscow, Kharkov, Tobolsk, Riga and Blagoveshchensk).

On the basis of this club, the Russian Society of Tourists was created in Russia in 1895, which set as its goal the organization of travel within the country and abroad. The society had a commission to organize excursions for schoolchildren around Russia. It existed until 1928 and was liquidated, and in 1929 a society of proletarian tourism was created, which in 1930 was transformed into the All-Union Voluntary Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions.

In 1936, the management of domestic tourism was entrusted to trade unions.

In 1957, the VI World Festival of Youth and Students was held in Moscow, which gave rise to the creation of the Sputnik Bureau of International Youth Tourism.

BMMT "Sputnik" of the Komsomol Central Committee was created in 1958 as the Service Sector under the Committee of Youth Organizations (KMO).

The most serious reasons:

The need to use tourism to replenish the Komsomol budget;

Ideological work with Soviet and foreign youth.

Sputnik took on the organizational work of meeting the needs of young people of school and Komsomol age for travel and recreation.

The use of a strictly structured branched system of the Komsomol for the creation and operation of the tourism division allowed Sputnik to become one of the world's leading companies in 30 years. tourist organizations– both in terms of volume of activity and variety of tourism services.

In the mid-1980s, Sputnik's profits amounted to tens of millions of rubles, there were over 240 tourism divisions, 24 youth tourist centers and hotels.

The most extensive part of the activity was the organization of intra-Union travel and excursions for Soviet youth.

Sputnik's arsenal included: trips on tourist excursion trains, sea, river and lake cruises, educational programs for schoolchildren and system students vocational education, specialized trips for creative youth, etc. A special role was given to the All-Union Expedition “My Motherland - USSR”. As part of this program, millions of schoolchildren at minimal prices (and often for free) had the opportunity to get acquainted with famous tourist centers - Moscow, Leningrad, the cities of the Golden Ring, where children most often ended up using Sputnik vouchers. Using such vouchers, schoolchildren from remote settlements came to regional centers, visited neighboring regions, etc., which contributed to broadening their horizons, fostering interest in the world around them and fostering love for the Motherland.

3. Currently, there is a concept for the development of youth tourism in Russia, approved Federal agency for youth affairs. According to her, withThe creation of youth tourism infrastructure solves several pressing problems:

1) for an individual:

Health promotion - the presence of tourist clubs and sections will allow young people to participate in hikes, competitions, tourist camps, and lead an active, healthy lifestyle;

The ability to travel. This should be facilitated by a network of youth camp sites, hotels, equipped tourist routes, a system of preferential travel for tourist groups on various types of transport;

High quality, safe holiday. The program provides for the training of specialists in the tourism sector;

Increasing the educational, cultural level;

Professional guidance;

2) for the state:

Development of tourism as an important sector of the economy;

Employment;

Increasing the status of the country at the international level;

Improvement of population health;

Raising Russian patriots.

4. Elements of tourism infrastructure designed specifically for young people:

Specialized travel tickets (European experience);

Discount cards (Euro<26» РСМ);

- hostels.

5. Hostels

Cheap youth hotels have existed in Germany for almost 100 years. “Each place to spend the night should have a bag filled with straw, a cushion under the head, two sheets and a cloth blanket,” this is how youth tourism enthusiast schoolteacher Richard Schierman imagined the Jugendherberge device at the beginning of the last century. He began to actively promote the idea of creating cheap youth hotels. In 1912, the world's first youth hotel was opened at Altena Castle in Saarland. Two bedrooms with massive triple beds, kitchen, dining room, shower room. Soon, classrooms appeared. Until the late 1980s, youth hotels in Germany were a symbol of group class trips adopted in German schools. Now anyone can live here, regardless of age, but they must join the Association of Youth Hotels.

Travelers are attracted not only by low prices for overnight accommodation, but also by a special relaxed atmosphere. Unlike a hotel, which most people view solely as a “place to sleep,” a hostel is a special world in which you can and should communicate and make new friends.A distinctive feature of the hostel is that there are shared showers and toilets on the floor, and not in each room. However, this does not mean that hostels are inferior to hotels in terms of their conditions. Hostels are distinguished by their cleanliness and even stricter rules of residence than five-star hotels. In many hostels abroad you cannot smoke; in some places men will not be allowed on the same floor as women. Every day, floors and toilets are subjected to the most stringent sanitary treatment. Hot and cold water is required in the hostel. In most hostels, breakfast is included in the price. The client can leave his things in the hostel storage room, which he will have access to at any time. Hostels are usually open 24 hours a day.

There is a Hostel movement, including the Russian one. Among its main tasks:

Creation of infrastructure in the field of international youth cooperation (youth hotels, youth tourism operators, information centers);

Providing young people with the opportunity to travel abroad to get acquainted with the culture of other countries and establish direct contacts;

Expanding cultural and social connections of young people living in different regions of the Russian Federation and abroad.

6. Types of tourism

By mode of transportation – walking (including skiing), automobile, caravanning (using trailers and motorhomes), horseback riding, cycling, rail, water, sea (including cruises), and hitchhiker (a type of unorganized tourism using passing cars for transportation for free or for a small fee, which appeared in the early 1920s and is associated with the massive spread of cars in Western Europe andUSA; There are associations of hitchhikers in different countries of the world).

By geography– domestic and international (exit and inbound).

By level of regulation – organized and unorganized.

By purpose– gastronomic, cultural, medical and recreational, museum, nostalgic (ethnic), educational (including language), hunting, pilgrimage, adventure, recreational (many entertainment and entertainment programs), sports, environmental (including rural or agricultural) , excursion, business, shopping tourism.

By number of participants – group (with the formation of a temporary team; attractive with group discounts) and individual.

According to the characteristics of the participants – children (groups accompanied by adults), youth, disabled, wedding, family, student.

7. Problems of youth tourism in Russia:

Outdated technologies

Lack of infrastructure

Low level of well-being

Lack of travel culture.

At the end of the 20s of the 20th century, the Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions announced the All-Union Research Campaign “For Raw Materials for the Five-Year Plan Machine Tools,” in which a large number of groups of young tourists took part. Academician A.E. Fersman, who immediately appreciated the possible benefits of hiking, wrote that “from tourism we are moving on to a whole series of stages of our work in the field of not only scientific discoveries, but also conquests of great economic importance.”

In the thirties of the 20th century, tourist trips and excursions occupied a significant place in the practice of many Soviet teachers. The experience of A.S. is interesting. Makarenko, who widely used collective hikes for educational purposes. The outstanding teacher used the trips as an incentive, as a gift to the team for the success of the academic and working year. Analyzing the experience of tourist work in the commune named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky, Makarenko believed that there is no better method of education and development of youth than summer excursions and hikes, organizing them annually for his pupils.

In the pre-war years, a number of measures contributed to the strengthening of tourism and local history work among children. In 1932, the board of the People's Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR adopted a resolution “Excursion and tourism work among children at the highest level,” which instructed “territorial, regional and district departments of public education, together with children's communist organizations, to take all measures to organize in cities, workers and the most important collective farms areas of children's excursion and tourist stations and bases on them, carrying out methodological work through the latter.” In 1937, the All-Russian campaign of pioneers and schoolchildren for mineral raw materials was announced.

In 1940, the order of the People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR “On children's tourism” was issued. Clubs for young tourists were created in schools. “Children’s tourism and excursions,” said People’s Commissar of Education Potemkin at the board of the People’s Commissariat for Education, “this is a type of educational work in which all students should be involved.” Tourism and excursions pursue, first of all, general educational objectives and, in their very organization, carry elements of physical hardening and preparation of the future fighter. In 1940, 261 thousand schoolchildren were involved in participation in the campaigns. At the beginning of 1941, All-Union expeditions of pioneers and schoolchildren to places of military glory of the Civil War and to study small rivers were announced.

During the Great Patriotic War, the tourist and local history activities of schoolchildren were aimed at helping the front and rear. Children collected wild useful plants, wrote down biographies of heroes of the Great Patriotic War, and helped the families of front-line soldiers and disabled people.

In the post-war and early 50s, children's tourism became widespread. Many teachers - former front-line soldiers - organized trips to battle sites and introduced children to the glory and feat of our people. It was at this time that many teachers began to use tourism as an effective means of education and training. V. A. Sukhomlinsky wrote: “True moral education is impossible without emotional communication with nature.” His numerous walks with children into the forest, to the river, and into the fields were educational in nature and were lessons in humanism. In the late 40s and early 50s, annual gatherings of young tourists from cities, regions, and later All-Russian and All-Union gatherings came into practice.

On December 24, 1958, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the law “On strengthening the connection between school and life.” New curricula and programs were approved, which emphasized the special role of the local history approach to the teaching of school subjects, the importance of excursions and observations in nature.

In the mid-60s, the All-Union campaign “The Road to the Glory of the Fathers” began. The first All-Union gathering of participants in the campaign to places of revolutionary, labor and military glory took place on September 19, 1965 in the hero-fortress of Brest. More than three million people took part in the campaign. During the campaigns, monuments to the dead were built, burial sites were put in order, and the names of those buried in mass graves were established. There were 11 stages of the hike. All-Union rallies were held in Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv, Ulyanovsk, Volgograd, Ivanovo, Minsk, Yerevan, the 12th (and last) rally was held under a different name.

In the 70s, the practice of conducting All-Union expeditions of pioneers and schoolchildren continued. The All-Union Expedition “My Motherland is the USSR” was announced.

The expedition was dedicated to the 50th anniversary of the formation of the Soviet Union and the 50th anniversary of the naming of the Komsomol and Pioneers named after V.I. Lenin. The main goal was to educate students on the revolutionary, military and labor traditions of the Soviet people, on examples of friendship and brotherhood of the peoples of our multinational country. In schools, it was planned to create an expeditionary force in each class. As reports from the field subsequently showed, such units were created in more than 20% of classes. Meetings of the best expedition teams, conferences, exhibitions of local history materials were held, museums were created, and patronage work was carried out with veterans.

For more active participation of tourist and excursion organizations of trade unions in conducting the tourist expedition of Soviet youth “My Motherland - USSR”, the Presidium of the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions decided to propose to the republican, regional and regional councils for tourism and excursions: to more widely involve working and student youth in hikes, travel and excursions around the native land with visits, comprehensive familiarization and in-depth study of the objects of the All-Union Tourist Expedition "My Motherland - USSR", paying special attention to the active participation in the expedition of young people of conscription and pre-conscription age; more effectively use the expedition’s tourist routes to pass the standards for the “Tourist of the USSR” and the All-Union Physical Education Complex “Ready for Labor and Defense of the USSR” badges; with the participation of the commissions of the Federation of Tourism, develop new tourist routes around the native land, weekend hikes and multi-day trips with the obligatory inclusion of a program of expedition sites; determine a list of topics for excursions organized by excursion agencies for participants of the tourist expedition; include in the curricula and programs of training seminars and training camps for the training of public tourist personnel of all categories and levels sections related to the organization and conduct of the expedition; to practice more widely holding evenings and meetings of participants of the “My Motherland - USSR” expedition with noble workers, leaders and heroes of the five-year plans, participants of the Great Patriotic War, veterans of tourism and excursion business; regularly cover the progress of the expedition in the local press, use radio and television to promote the experience of the best tourist clubs, tourism and excursion councils and tourist clubs of enterprises, institutions, and educational institutions.

In the thirties - early fifties, children's excursion and tourist stations (DETS) were created, which became

instructive, methodological and organizational centers for tourism, local history and excursion work in the field. In their circles, the research method in the tourism and local history activities of students is widely developed.

Analyzing the work of circles at young tourist stations and Pioneer Houses, S. Istomin wrote: “The forms and methods of search and research work in school tourism are so multifaceted that they make it possible to satisfy the ever-increasing interests of schoolchildren.”

With the aim of developing international youth tourism, the international youth bureau “Sputnik” was formed in June 1958. The Bureau dealt with issues of exchange of youth groups of the USSR with other countries. However, between 1960 and 1970, only 0.4% of USSR citizens traveled abroad.

In the 60s of the 20th century, the development of tourism during this period occurred in accordance with plans, the implementation of which was mandatory. They were developed for long periods (5-10 years) and approved by the highest tourism authorities. The standard indicators of the plans, which were taken as the basis for the development of the tourism industry and services, were subject to strict control.

Tourism was used as a means of educational influence on the younger generation. Thus, in the 1970s, all-Union hikes and expeditions of schoolchildren and youth were held. The goals of such mass tourist enterprises were to instill patriotism, excursion and local history work, sports training and hardening.

Since that time, new forms of recreation began to be introduced: some tourist centers began to accept parents with children. The range of tourism services in tourism enterprises has increased.

In the period 1980-1992. The material and technical base of medical and health tourism gradually grew, new hotel complexes appeared in large cities of the country (“Izmailovo” and “Salyut” in Moscow, “Tourist” in Pskov, “Velingrad” in Kislovodsk, etc.), new types of services – family holidays and course treatment. During the course of treatment, vacationers lived in apartments and houses in the private sector, and received a course of treatment and recovery in a sanatorium. Recreational services were well developed on the basis of sanatoriums and holiday homes.

The main features of the administrative-normative period are: the development of tourism in conditions of strict regulation and planning; distribution of new forms of service (family holidays, course treatment); creation of large and comfortable hotel complexes; creation of a scientific basis for the study of tourism.

In 1986, the Soviet Union operated 17 equestrian routes in Altai, the Southern Urals, the Northern Caucasus, Transcaucasia and other regions. Cycling routes have appeared in a number of places. Local planned routes also included transport travel: motor ships, railways, and air.

Sea excursions were also organized along the Black Sea, the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk, the White, Barents, and Red Seas. Air tour routes became widespread in the 80s. More than 160 bureaus used aviation services, which allowed 2 million people to vacation annually.

To resolve issues of youth international exchange, the Sputnik Bureau of Youth International Tourism was created in June 1958.

Perestroika in the second half of the 80s ultimately led to the collapse of the USSR and the collapse of the unified tourist and excursion system of the Soviet Union. The process of creating independent states, as well as national tourist and excursion organizations, began.

Since 1990, the period of development of Russian tourism has been characterized by a transition from administrative regulation of tourism to economic incentives based on new Russian laws relating to both entrepreneurship and the market in general, and tourism activities in particular.

Since 1992 Russian Federation The program of the tourist and local history movement “Fatherland” is being implemented, which replaced the expedition “My Motherland - USSR”.

1.2 Tourist societies, their educational role for young people

Let's look at the main tourist societies that have existed in Russia since the 20th century.

In 1900, the “Russian Mining Society” arose. Its founders were famous scientists: V.I. Vernadsky, P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, N.M. Przhevalsky and others. In 1901, the “Russian Touring Club” was transformed into the “Russian Society of Tourists,” which existed until the summer of 1928. According to the charter, students, youth and low-ranking military personnel could not be members of the ROT. ROT members were privileged moneyed people. The society set as its task the organization of tourist trips in Russia and abroad, acquaintance with the sights of Russian cities, as well as the organization of trips “to holy places.”

In 1907, a commission was created under the “Russian Society of Tourists” to organize educational excursions around Russia for schoolchildren, which was engaged in excursions around Russia and acquaintance with ancient Russian cities. In 1911, the board of the company moved from St. Petersburg to Moscow. In 1914, the Russian Society of Tourism numbered 5 thousand people.

ROT published the magazines “Russian Tourist”, “Excursion Bulletin”, “School Excursions and School Museum” (Odessa), “Russian Excursionist” (Yaroslavl), theoretical, methodological and reference literature, and guidebooks. After the 1917 revolution, many organizations and societies were banned.

The emergence of Soviet tourism can be dated back to the 20s of the 20th century.

In 1918, the first tourist organization, the Bureau of School Excursions, was created. In 1919, decrees on healing areas were adopted. Resorts of various directions began to be built on their basis. In 1920, a decree “on the use of Crimea for the treatment of workers” was signed.

In 1921, a decree was adopted on the organization of rest homes. Active construction of tourist centers, sanatoriums, resort centers, pioneer camps, etc. begins. Churches, country houses, estates of landowners and other houses of rich people, which today are considered architectural monuments, were given over to holiday homes.

Since the 20s, the “Russian Society of Tourism” began its active work again. In 1928, ROT was closed, and on its basis the “Society of Proletarian Tourism OPT RSFSR” was created, and in March 1930 - the “All-Union Voluntary Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions” - OPTiE, with 6.5 million members. The “Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions” united excursion and tourism societies and organizations, such as “Soviet Tourist”, “Tourist of Georgia” and others.

In 1929, the All-Union Joint Stock Company "Intourist" was created to serve foreign tourists and organize tourist trips for USSR citizens abroad. Over time, Intourist opened branches in many cities of the USSR and representative offices in foreign countries. Subsequently, the State Committee for Tourism of the USSR owned 4 travel companies and over 20 representative offices abroad, some of which were registered under the sign of VAO Intourist.

In the spring of 1936, management of domestic tourism and excursions was transferred to the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions. The Center for Tourism and Excursion Management was established under the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, with corresponding departments in the republics, territories and regions.

In 1958, the Central Committee of the Komsomol created its own tourism organization - the Bureau of International Youth Tourism "Sputnik" to organize trips of Soviet youth abroad and foreign youth to the USSR. The organization of tourist and excursion work with schoolchildren is carried out by the Central Children's Excursion and Tourism Organization, created in 1918 and reorganized in 1932.

On May 31, 1983, by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the society was transformed into the Committee on Foreign Tourism of the USSR.

Youth tourism is a means of harmonious development of adolescents and young men, implemented in the form of recreation and socially useful activities, a characteristic component of which is travel (excursion, walk, hike, expedition). This definition first of all indicates that tourism should integrate all the main aspects of education: ideological and moral, labor, aesthetic, physical, patriotic and international, mental development, polytechnic education, etc. Based on the history of the development of tourism activities, the cognitive function in to one degree or another is inherent in any tourist event, therefore, learning new and unusual things for children on excursions, hikes, expeditions, field camps is based on one of the main components of tourist activity.

This form of organizing the educational process in children's tourism is based, in addition to the above, on the theoretical foundations of the research method of teaching on hikes, which determines the activities of the leader of the children's group in preparing and conducting educational events and hike participants.

It should be noted that when organizing and conducting this form of educational process, a person-oriented pedagogical paradigm is used. Within the framework of this paradigm, the following basic principles and approaches to educational work in a tourist camp with vacationing children are implemented:

Personal-activity;

Dialogical or polysubjective

Individually creative;

Cultural conformity;

Feasibility;

Natural conformity;

Local history;

integrity of the educational process and unity of pedagogical influence.

Based on these theoretical positions, it is possible to determine those fundamental pedagogical views on which to base the practice of organizing and conducting tourist children’s camps. The main task of a teacher in a health camp is to create a certain hypothetical model for creating a developmental and learning environment for children.

It is the teacher-educator, the tourism instructor in the children's tourist camp who should set the conditions, forms and methods of research activities during hikes, thanks to which the child will develop internal motivation to approach any first information that appears in front of him from a creative position.

It follows from this that one of the most significant tasks is to resolve the issue of ways to form internal motivation, that is, transforming the external need to explore new and unknown things that a child encounters on hiking trips into an internal need.

One of the most important principles for organizing educational recreation for children in tourist camps, especially successfully implemented in the process of tourism and local history activities, is the principle of the integrity of the educational process and the unity of pedagogical influence. This activity can simultaneously influence the intellectual, emotional and volitional spheres of the personality of a young tourist, and carry out an organic fusion of educational, educational and health-improving processes.

The joint practical activities of children on a hike should be based, first of all, on interest, passion for a specific activity, comprehension of work, and secondly, on theoretical and practical classes to study the fundamentals of tourism and health improvement.

The tourist-local history form of educational work is an emotionally vibrant and very meaningful side of children’s lives. This form of work helps to improve health, diversified education, and the formation of citizenship and patriotism of the younger generation. Particularly relevant at present for residents of urbanized spaces are: strengthening the health of students through dosed physical activity, getting to know the country’s most beautiful landscapes, and direct contact with nature.

For students in adolescence and adolescence, various travels, getting to know different parts of their country, studying in practice their historical, cultural, and natural attractions is the most natural, or, as the classics would say, nature-conforming activities.

The use of a variety of tourist and technical means in a recreational tourist camp: climbing rocks, swimming on kayaks, boats and catamarans, working with various instruments and mechanisms, conducting radio communications, to which middle-aged and older children have an increased interest, creates an additional attractive factor of participation on a hiking trip.

Youth hiking trips and expeditions take place in a form as close as possible to a real research expedition in sports tourism.

1.3 Main achievements and problems of the Soviet youth tourism system

After the liquidation of the Russian Society of Tourists in 1928, a society of proletarian tourism was created on its basis in 1929, which in 1930 was transformed into the All-Russian Society of Proletarian Tourism and Excursions.

On April 11, 1929, the Resolution of the Council of Labor and Defense “On the organization of the State Joint Stock Company for Foreign Tourism in the USSR” was adopted. In fact, from that moment on, tourism was divided into external and internal. Management of external tourism is transferred to the State Committee for Tourism.

In 1936, the management of domestic tourism was entrusted to trade unions represented by the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, in which the Central Tourism and Excursion Administration was formed with branches in the republics and cities of the country. In 1969, this department was transformed into the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions.

The organization of youth tourism was entrusted to the Central Committee of the Komsomol, which in 1959 created its own tourism structure - the Bureau of International Youth Tourism “Sputnik”. In addition, the Ministry of Defense, the Ministry of Education and a number of other departments were involved in tourism, organizing holidays for workers in their industries.

There was no single regulatory act regulating tourism activities. Legal regulation of tourism was carried out on the basis of departmental instructions.

The transition from command-administrative economic management to a market economy also affected the tourism sector. Former tourism monopolists Sputnik, Intourist, and the Central Council for Tourism and Excursions have transformed into joint-stock companies and holdings.

After the liquidation of the State Committee for Tourism of the USSR, for three years in our country there was no department responsible for the development of the tourism sector in general and youth tourism in particular.

The main achievements of the Soviet youth tourism system were the attraction of young people to the educational and health value, the ideological and patriotic orientation of tourist trips, the content and versatility of tourism as an active form of recreation and sports.

Soviet mass tourism was one of the effective means of communist education. The educational significance of tourism was linked to the principles of the moral code of the builder of communism; specific examples were used to show how camping life, which takes place in a team and involves overcoming various difficulties, helps to form high moral and volitional qualities, including courage, comradely solidarity, high discipline, and hard work. and etc.

The educational significance of Soviet mass tourism lies in the fact that tourist trips, rallies and competitions are important means of instilling practical skills useful both in professional activities and in service in the ranks of the Soviet Army. Such professional and military-applied skills include knowledge of topography, provision of first-aid medical care, organization of search and rescue operations, techniques for transporting a victim with available means, techniques for moving and overcoming natural obstacles in various terrain conditions and with different means of transportation, organization bivouac, etc.

In Soviet times, trade union organizations, as well as tourism departments of the Ministry of Defense and military districts, were involved in solving the problems of developing the tourism and excursion business in the country.

Youth tourism in Soviet times was considered as one of the means of mass physical culture along with gymnastics, running, skiing, swimming, and sports games. Certain types of tourism (hiking, skiing, water, cycling, and at the level of sports tourism also mountain, auto, motorcycle, and speleotourism) require the involvement of various elements from the field of physical culture and sports: skiing, cycling, rowing, auto and motor sports, mountaineering and always, for all types of tourism - the ability to navigate the terrain. This inevitably aroused interest in sports, involved in cross-country running, swimming, cross-country skiing, rowing and water slalom, sports games, mountaineering, orienteering, etc. Regulatory requirements of the GTO complex for track and field athletics, swimming, shooting, gymnastic exercises, cross-country skiing became norms for tourists, and these types of physical exercises were included in the year-round training cycle.

1.4 Problems of development of youth tourism in the Russian Federation

Until 1990, youth tourism, as a social movement, was implemented through a system of tourist clubs under the Councils for Tourism and Excursions.

The number of republican, regional, regional, city and district clubs in 1989, which can be considered as a turning point, in the RSFSR was more than 700. About 80 regional sports tourism federations were formed on the basis of the clubs. More than 30 thousand tourist sections and commissions worked on a voluntary basis at enterprises, institutions and educational institutions. More than 3 thousand classified sports and recreational routes were developed and operated. By 1989, 5,240 passes in high mountain areas and about 1 thousand caves were classified and included in the all-Union list.

The tourism community and its public organizations were able to involve 6.8 million people a year in tourism, while conducting hikes, rallies, and competitions for 15.2 million people. The number of participants in sports category trips, giving the right to assign sports categories and titles, was 136,021 people, and the number of sports tourist groups was 14,252.

This work was carried out at the expense of insignificant appropriations - about 6 million rubles. per year, received in 1989 from trade union funds.

The state system of children's and youth tourism in Russia is based on federal and municipal educational authorities within which there are about 500 centers, stations, clubs and bases for young tourists, as well as over 2,000 palaces and houses of children's and youth creativity, in which tourism departments and sections operate . More than eleven thousand qualified teachers work in specialized children's tourism institutions.

In 220 centers and stations for young tourists, tourist ranges and rock training facilities (climbing walls) are equipped, and about 400 equipped educational tourist and excursion trails are constantly used.

Every year, over 3,400 specialized camps are organized in the Russian Federation, in which over 350 thousand children acquire tourism skills and improve their health.

More than 300 thousand children are constantly involved in tourism and local history clubs and sections of additional education institutions alone, and more than 1.5 million children participate in hikes, expeditions and trips organized by them.

Since the 1990s, many of the previous sports tourism management structures have largely ceased to exist. The state budget, the budgets of trade unions and sports organizations have decreased significantly, and in some places they do not provide for the allocation of financial assistance to sports tourism at all.

The number of tourist clubs has decreased to 300; territorial sports tourism federations continue to operate on their basis. A significant number of clubs have lost their premises and operate on a voluntary basis.

The number of people involved in sports tourism has approximately decreased by 3-4 times compared to 1989, and the proportion between organized and unorganized sports tourism has changed from 1/3 to 1/9, and traffic control has noticeably dropped.

Over the past ten years, prices for tourist equipment, means of transportation for tourists themselves, as well as transport services have increased - all this has primarily affected the flow of sports tourism, even to such well-known and traditional areas as Karelia, the Urals, Altai, Sayan Mountains, Baikal and etc.

The social and amateur foundations of sports tourism are being replaced by commercial technologies, which significantly affects the internal spirit of the movement.

Budget funding has decreased tenfold compared to 1989 and does not provide even the minimum needs for the development of sports and health tourism in the country. As of 2000, the estimated amount of funding for sports and health tourism from budgets of all levels and other extra-budgetary sources is no more than 0.03 billion rubles, while appropriate conditions have not been created for investors willing to invest in sports tourism. This point is aggravated by the fact that there is a noticeable bias in the distribution of budgetary funds at all levels in favor of elite sports of the highest achievements.

If earlier sports tourism still somehow used the most run-down property of trade unions, then after its privatization by the administrative and economic apparatus of tourist centers and hotels, it became completely separated from any property, both in the city (clubs) and the natural environment (shelters , tourist camps, tourist centers).

Due to the continued departmentalization of the organizational and management structures of sports tourism (state management bodies for physical culture, sports and tourism and the Federation of Sports Tourism on the one hand) and children’s and youth (Ministry of Education and young tourist stations on the other hand), the gap between children and adults is constantly growing tourism, there is duplication of the regulatory framework, and there are few joint activities. On the other hand, today, with the stroke of a pen, in a number of regions, without proper justification, child care institutions are being merged, reorganized, or simply liquidated. The leaders of the social movement - basically representing the technical intelligentsia - eke out a miserable existence, while the administrative staff of clubs, federations, and government bodies has decreased by no less than 30 times compared to the period before the 90s.

The legislative and regulatory framework, which is the basis for the implementation of state policy in the country in the field of socially oriented sports and health tourism, currently does not guarantee its development. The Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation”, adopted in 1996, is limited to international outbound and inbound tourism. Sports and health tourism, which in 1987 constituted one third of the country's tourist flow, is completely excluded from the general scheme of the law; it is almost only mentioned in passing, since its importance in the life of Russian citizens cannot be directly translated into ruble equivalent. At the same time, the unique social significance of sports and health tourism is not available to most representatives of the tourism industry.

The decline in the current level of citizen involvement in sports tourism is largely due to the almost complete lack of promotion of a healthy lifestyle in the media, especially on television; ineffective economic levers for regulating and encouraging sports tourism and curtailing forms active rest in recreational institutions.

Since 1998, sports and health tourism has passed the critical point of its decline and positive trends have emerged in its development. This became possible thanks to the organizational, methodological and financial support from the state committees for physical culture and tourism, the efforts of public tourism activists and, most importantly, the desire of the socially vulnerable segments of the population themselves to solve the problem of their recreation and healthy lifestyle in a difficult situation in the city in a cheap and effective way . Against this background, territorial state committees are undergoing a steady process of creating full-time units involved in the development of sports and health tourism. The Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation is showing great interest in the movement, as a source of specialists with rescue skills and unique equipment for action in extreme situations.

Considering that today the most acute problem in the country is children and youth, who continue to lose their last healthy moral guidelines and are increasingly sliding into the soulless, drug-addicted and criminal environment of the city, and also taking into account the fact that the majority of the population cannot recover from stress and find the strength to survive in extreme situations, the state and public institutions should demand sports and health tourism, as one of the most modern technologies for producing healthy, spiritual and physical qualities in a person, as well as cognitive and self-saving principles at minimal cost to the state and itself traveling.

Youth tourism at the present stage requires special attention. On the territory of the Russian Federation there are a sufficient number of tourist centers built on the principle of collective accommodation in rooms, with on-site amenities, which today are experiencing difficulties in occupancy due to moral and physical depreciation of fixed assets and the low quality of services offered. Investment is required in the construction of new and reconstruction of existing youth hostels. The financial situation of students and students, their undemanding conditions for living conditions, make it possible to reorient tourist bases into youth camps with the provision of a range of animation, tourist, sports and entertainment events.

In the Russian Federation, competitions in tourist sports all-arounds are regularly held, namely: walking, water, mountain tourist all-around. Orienteering competitions are also held, and tourist rallies are held 4 times a year. There are all the necessary natural resources for holding the above events, except for the conditions for holding extreme tourism and sports competitions. There is a positive trend in the involvement of the population of all age groups in the field of sports tourism. Sports and health tourism is an independent and socially oriented sphere; an effective means of spiritual and physical development of the individual, allowing to harmoniously solve the problems of personal health and conservation of nature through sports tourism. Over the past three years, the Russian Federation has seen a steady increase in the number of people interested in sports and health tourism. According to the Federation of Sports Tourism of the Russian Federation, in 2004, compared to 2001, the number of people involved in sports tourism increased by 2.25 times, the number of participants in tourist all-around competitions - by 1.5 times. The number of tourist clubs and sections is growing. The direction of sports tourism is most attractive to socially vulnerable segments of the population: people with disabilities, orphans, families with low incomes, children, youth and families in general. Unfortunately, the level of development of sports and health tourism in the country does not meet the requirements of the time. Little attention is paid to sports tourism in many regions of Russia. Due to the lack of promotion of tourist and sports events in the regions of the Russian Federation, an insufficient number of young people are attracted to competitions in tourist all-around sports.

2. FEATURES OF ORGANIZING YOUTH TOURISM

2.1 Features and directions of youth tourism

Traveling for young people is a lifestyle of a developed social society. There is a concept that young people at the stage of their life journey up to 25 years old, until they start a family and children, should see the world, travel, find out how other peoples live. This will help them choose the right path in life and form their own life principles. Students of full-time educational institutions and non-student youth under 25 years of age are universally provided with significant benefits for travel, reduced tariffs are set for transportation by almost all types of transport (but in tourist or economy class), for accommodation in special youth hostels (hostels), for visiting museums, attractions and theme parks. Moreover, they are given a special discount in price, and sometimes even given the opportunity to call their parents for free.

There is a concept that young people have a freer lifestyle in terms of having time for rest and travel; they have long holidays in winter and summer. Students travel in groups accompanied by a teacher or employee of the educational institution. Students often unite in small groups of 3-5 people and independently make quite long trips around the country and abroad. It is noteworthy that the accompanying person is also provided with certain discounts.

International youth organizations are organizing preferential treatment for travel. For example, organizing travel for young people is part of the functions of the Federation of International Youth Travel Organization - the International Federation of Young Traveler Organizations. The Federation was created in 1951, the headquarters is located in Copenhagen, the Federation operates under the auspices of UNESCO.

2.2 ISIC and other international certificates for youth

Young people and students are the most traveled part of the world's population. At the same time, representatives of this category cannot be called wealthy people.

Student travelers are:

· Thrifty consumers who use specialized tourism products, services and routes that suit their individual needs, interests and wallet;

· Frequently traveling consumers going on study or vacation;

· Independent tourists who prefer more flexible prices;

· Enterprising people for whom travel is an integral part of their life experience;

· Loyal consumers devoted to companies that provide quality products and services at reasonable prices;

How do they manage to actively travel not only to the capitals of many countries of the world, but also to climb into the remote wilds of the planet? Everything is very simple. The interests of students were taken care of by the International Student Travel Confederation (ISTC), established in 1949, which includes 5 associations, including the International Student Identity Card Association (ISIC).

Transport companies have a unique opportunity to take their place in this expanding market through the highly specialized network of student bureaus of the International Student Land Travel Association (ISSA).

MSANT was created in 1992 as one of the five Associations of the International Student Tourism Confederation (ISTC).

The purpose of the ISANT is to support the development of land-based tourism products for students and young tourists around the world, assist in the development of coordinating marketing strategies, and encourage practical cooperation between its members.

Through ISSTC, ICSANT members work together to create programs and services specifically for student travelers around the world. The International Student Tourism Confederation sets standards for the conduct of students holding an International Student Identification Card (ISIC), represents the interests of students and young people and negotiates beneficial services on their behalf.

Most MSANT members are official companies focused on student tourism in their countries. SITC members annually serve more than 10 million tourists and receive a turnover of about $3 billion.

International Student Tourism Confederation - a global network of student tourism. As a member of the SITC International Student Land Transport Association, it is an integral and active part of the global network of student tourism. ISIC is a confederation of 5 associations operating in the field of student tourism services.

· Inland travel (ISSA)

· International Student Identification Cards (ISIC)

· Air travel (SATA - Student Air Travel Association)

· Insurance (IASIS - International Association of Student Insurance)

· Exchange programs (IAEWEP - International Association of Educational and Exchange Programs)

With 50 years of experience, an international network spanning every continent, customized products and services, and a commitment to making student travel accessible and affordable, SITC members enable land-based tourism operators to position themselves in local and international markets. ISSA works closely with its sister association International Student Identification Cards, which works with various discount organizations.

Today's students are the vanguard of the future global community - informed, knowledgeable and very interested in various types of tourism.

The student tourism market has huge potential in rail, bus, sea, road and urban transport. MSANT members provide direct access to about 4 million potential clients - full-time students are clearly identified by International Student Identification Cards. Holders of these cards have the unique opportunity to use all products and services worldwide with a discount specified for them in the specifically specified special ISIC directories issued by the ISIC Head Office in Holland.

Focusing on the student market is an important and profitable market strategy because past brand preferences, consumer loyalty, and purchasing power influence future purchasing decisions.

MSANT members work together with transport companies to introduce and market a special student tourism product. They help develop and regulate the dedicated student travel pass network and evaluate consumer feedback.

ISIC is the only officially registered international identity document.

Young people have the opportunity to purchase international student and youth cards ISIC and G025, which provide ample opportunities to travel to almost any region of the world. International Student Idenity Card (ISIC) - identification of an international student organization. Similar certificates are issued not only to students, but also to young people under 25 years of age - International Youth Travel Card (GO 25), a. also for teachers (accompanying groups of students on tourist trips) - International Teacher Idenity Card (ITIC).

The main goal of the Association for International Student Identification, ISIC, created at the initiative of UNESCO, is to promote the development of student tourism, educational and cultural exchanges, encourage the dissemination of knowledge about other countries and cultures and, thereby, contribute to strengthening mutual understanding between peoples. The introduction of a single student card with a fixed validity period (16 months) was a simple but quite effective step towards creating a whole system of benefits and discounts, direct access to which significantly expanded the possibilities of student tourism.

Since the founding of the Association, more than 30 million students around the world have at various times become happy owners of ISIC. The card has proven its viability by being extremely popular among students. Until recently, it was possible to use an ISIC card only abroad (90 countries, 17,000 discounts). Today this can be done without leaving Russia:

Cardholders can receive discounts on accommodation and food in hostels, visits to museums and attractions, as well as on transport tickets, for example, at the STA or KILBOY airline fare. Air tickets of these fares have significant benefits (validity for one year, the possibility of changing the route, unlimited terms for purchasing tickets and booking them, the possibility of refusing a flight with the least penalties, etc.). ISIC card holders are provided with medical, financial and other assistance in critical situations that happen abroad.

To protect against counterfeiting, provide greater trust and recognition, the ISIC card is equipped with:

1. durable topographic layer to protect student data and photographs

2. Micro printing and four color design

3. magnetic tape

4. place for the cardholder’s signature

5. unique identification number

IS 1C and ITIC cards are valid for a calendar year, G025 cards are valid for one year from the date of purchase. Detailed information on the procedure for obtaining ISIC, GO 25 and ITIC cards can be obtained from the International Student Idenity Card Handbook or on the Internet.

For small youth groups, it is possible to travel with minimal transport costs to 14 countries in Europe and the UK using the EUROBUS discount program. The general distributor in Russia is Sinbad Travel.

2.3 Benefits provided by ISIC in the world and in Russia

The bearer of the certificate has the right to significant discounts (up to 50%) when using air, rail, water transport, buses, car rental; when staying in youth hotels, hostels; when visiting museums, exhibitions, parks, attractions, cinemas, cultural and historical centers; when eating in youth cafes, restaurants, visiting nightclubs, discos, libraries...; when attending sporting events and renting sports equipment. In addition, the holder of the certificate has the right to urgent information assistance on visa, legal issues, and on issues of receiving preferential and medical assistance.

ISIC - Campus Access Card

ISIC - Access card to international preferential communications

· HELP LINE support information service

· ISIC - Discount card that provides discounts on:

· air/railway tickets;

· travel by intercity buses, accommodation in hotels, motels, inns, youth hostels;

· visiting museums, exhibitions, cultural and historical centers;

· visiting restaurants, cafes, night clubs, discos;

· attending sporting events, renting sports equipment;

· up to 70% discount on international phone calls (more than 80 countries);

· free email;

· virtual telesafe;

· telefax;

· free service in many languages.

For example, in Europe the following benefits are provided to ISIC cards:

1. from 33 to 50% of the cost of train tickets;

2. up to 50% of the cost of train tickets on international routes from any EU country to more than 2000 European cities (for youth no older than 26 years);

3. up to 33% of the cost of tickets for international buses;

4. from 15 to 45% of the cost of air tickets (for young people no older than 26 years);

5. up to 50% of the cost of entrance tickets to museums, castles and other attractions; many museums are open for free once a week (monthly or on certain days);

6. from 25 to 45% of the cost of tourist excursions.

ISIConnect is a new system that allows you to use an ISIC card to receive communication services:

a long-distance and international telephone calls. To do this, you need to buy telephone time by properly charging the card. This can be done the first time you contact a multilingual operator, who will activate the card and provide you with a personal four-digit PIN code. The card can be recharged using your credit card or the card of your friends or parents. It is important that when negotiating through the ISIConnect system, favorable student telephone rates are provided;

a voicemail. Voice messages can be left for you, which are sent by your friends or relatives from any part of the world. These messages can be read on any tone cell phone. You can also receive answering machine messages by email. Thus, when leaving home on a trip, it is enough to leave your ISIC card number and communication will be provided through the fSIConnect operator in the USA tel.: 1-732-365-5000.

a telefax If you have a telefax machine, using an ISIC card, you can receive and send fax messages at a reduced rate;

a telesafe. These are unique new virtual telesafe services. If documents are lost, a photocopy of them can significantly facilitate the process of resolving conflicts and issuing new documents to replace them. Therefore, when leaving on a trip, you should make copies of documents and send them by fax to Telesafe. Once you have deposited documents, you can retrieve copies by email or fax at any time;

a email. All ISIC owners receive free email services and their personal mailing address - [email protected]. In any Internet cafe you can use e-mail services and access special databases intended for students, for example the ISIC database on student discounts.

2.4 Hostels in Russia

Hostel (or, in English, youth hostel) literally translates as a youth shelter. The French say: "Auberge de jeunesse", the Germans - "Jugendherberge".

Hostel is a cheap youth hostel-type hotel. Typically has a corridor system, shared toilets, showers, kitchens with refrigerators and microwaves on each floor, a common lounge with a TV, and a payphone. Meals are provided in a cafe or cheap canteen. Hostel rooms usually have 2 to 6 beds (and sometimes more). Hostels are not very comfortable, but are almost always very clean; they are intended for young people, but are popular among tourists with low incomes due to the low cost of services.

For a middle-aged tourist, hostels can be a bit noisy; young people often party long after midnight. However, many tourists, already well past their youth age, use hostels. They are accustomed to the youth spirit and way of life, and the low cost of services also plays an important role. There are hostel options where you can even use your own bed linen. Many hostels close during the day for cleaning, but your luggage can be stored in the luggage room. Among the services provided by hostels are laundry, sale of discounted tickets to museums, theaters, cinema, buses and trains, organization of individual excursions, Internet service, etc.

Student hostels are an excellent alternative to a hotel if the tourist is staying for a short time and prefers active and independent travel. This is also a great opportunity to meet like-minded people from all over the world and find a travel companion.

Hostels are common all over the world, but they are most popular in Europe, where hotels are traditionally expensive. In large cities there are several hostels; in the summer their number increases, since student dormitories are used as hostels. As a rule, hostels are located near train and bus stations, close to the center.

The fact that hostels are student hostels does not mean that only students can live in them. Even older tourists can get accommodation in a hostel. The exceptions in this sense are Bavaria, which has set the age limit for those living in a hostel to be 26 years old, and the Scandinavian countries, where a membership card of the International Hostel Association is required to stay in a hostel. If you have an international or national student card (voucher) in any hostel, you can get a big discount on the price of hotel services and food services.

In the famous Finnish hostel “Eurohostel” in Helsinki, the usual prices are normal rate for YHA members: single, 160 FMK, 145 FMK; double, 2x100 FMK, 95 FMK; triple 3x110 FMK, 95 FMK; family room, 210 FMK. For groups: min 11 pax - 95 FMK room 2-3 bed, every 16 pax bed free charge. Meals: breakfast 25 FM; lunch 35 FM; diner 35-50 FM.

Hostels are united into large hotel chains and are available in almost every major European city and in countries on other continents. An international federation of youth hostels has been organized - Hostelling International. Special hostel catalogs are published and a reservation service has been created.

Youth hostels began in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1901 The youth society “Birds of Migratory” (Wandervogel) arose, whose members were fond of long hiking trips for educational purposes. In addition to meetings for political reasons, they studied German folklore, folk dances and often spent the night outside the house in the open air. In 1910 On the initiative of this society, a special hostel was opened - the simplest and cheapest youth shelter. The idea of creating hostels quickly spread, and they began to be created not only in Germany, but also in the Netherlands, Switzerland and further in other European countries. The First World War somewhat slowed down the process of spreading the Khoete-lei, but already in 1930. In England, the first hostel association was created, The Youth Hostels Association - Y.H.A.

In 1932 The International Youth Hostel Federation - YHF was organized with headquarters in Welwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire (England). The Association of Youth Hostels is an organization that provides young tourists with places in hotels, hostels and camp sites at reasonable prices. The association includes more than 5,500 hostels in all countries of the world. In Australia, the YHA system includes 140 hostels linked by a single booking system. Today the federation includes 70 countries of the world. In 1934 The American Youth Hostels Association has been created in the USA. The network of hostels in the USA and Canada is described in a special guide: Hostelling North America: A Guide to Hostels in Canada and the United States. Fodor and Michelin Guides are also known guides to hostels around the world.

The Russian Association of Youth Hostels was created in 1992. - Russian Youth Hostel Association - RYHA. The association's center is located in St. Petersburg. The association includes 7 hostels. The association has been a member of the IYHF since 1993. Hostelling International Card actively distributes national discount hostel cards (RYH Card) in Russia for members of the IYHF and RYH, which allow them to receive significant discounts on accommodation in more than 5,500 hostels around the world.

St. Petersburg International Hostel is a popular hostel among traveling students in St. Petersburg, owned by RYH - Caron Inc. The hotel was opened in 1991. and is advantageously located in the city center near the Moskovsky railway station and Nevsky Prospekt. This was the first hostel in Russia. It is part of the Russian Hostel Association. The hotel has 56 beds in 2- and 5-bed rooms. The hostel staff is exclusively young. Customer service is responsive and friendly.

The hostel provides cheap services to tour groups and individuals. Toilets, washbasins and showers are on the floors; the hostel has an Internet cafe. The cost of living is from 12 to 15 USD, breakfast is included in the room price. The hostel operates a Sinbad Travel travel agency, where you can book a place in any of 5,500 hostels in 77 countries. Proper visa support will be arranged. Any tourist services can be reserved. There are five terminals of the Amadeus automated reservation system. The sale of air tickets from 15 airlines for students is also organized (with discounts on student and youth fares). We accept payment for services by credit cards of leading payment systems. The hostel has an international telephone connection (payphone). The receptionist is on duty 24 hours a day. There is a separate counter for issuing ISIC student cards.

2.5 Analysis of the most popular tours on the youth tourism market

2.5.1 Sports tours

The demand for sports tours among young people is very high.

Within the Russian Federation, the main interest of travelers who contact travel companies in the Novosibirsk region is caused by the following regions: Altai Republic - 79%, Altai Territory - 13.5%, Krasnodar Territory - 1.2%, Novosibirsk Region - 1.7%.

As for inbound tourism, of the total number of tourists sent throughout the Russian Federation, 8 thousand people (31%) vacationed in the Altai Republic, 6.9 thousand (26.5%) - in the Novosibirsk region, 4.4 thousand. (17%) - in the Altai Territory, 2.8 thousand (10.6%) - in the Krasnodar Territory, 1.2 thousand (4.8%) - in the Kemerovo region, 1.3 thousand people (4, 9%) visited St. Petersburg.

Barnaul travel agencies offer the following types of recreation in the Altai region: recreation at tourist centers and resorts, horseback riding and hiking routes, rafting on mountain rivers, mountaineering, ski tours, fishing and hunting. In 2002, Russian tourists preferred passive recreation at tourist centers (58% of tourists who visited the Altai region), in second place were rafting and resorts - 12% each, horse riding routes - 7%, and walking routes were slightly inferior to them - 6%. Fishing, hunting and mountaineering attracted 1.2% of Russian tourists each.

According to marketing research conducted by Russian travel companies located in the Novosibirsk region, among the active types of tourism, the greatest interest is rafting - rafting on rapids rivers on inflatable frameless vessels, horseback riding routes, hunting (Fig. 1)

Figure 1 – preferences of tourists in the Novosibirsk region in choosing tours

Foreign citizens vacationing in the region were more inclined to active types of tourism. Thus, the share of foreigners vacationing at tourist centers in 2002 was 25%, adherents of walking routes (trekking) - 40%, horseback riding - 5%, fishing and hunting - 10%, rafting - 10%, mountaineering - 10%.

Ski tourism has recently begun to revive. Since there is snow in Siberia for several months of the year, this species is quite promising. True, recreation on snowmobiles was added to it. Today, water tourism is developing dynamically - organizing trips along rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Hiking in the Eastern and Western Sayan Mountains is also popular. More and more tent camps can be seen in Ergaki. And we should not forget that foreign tourists go to Siberia for exotic things, and not for European service. They are interested in hotel amenities only at the exit from the route.

2.5.2 Educational (excursion) tours

Excursion (educational) tours are also in high demand. It may be noted that in Moscow in 1997 a special youth tourism program “Moscow is the capital of the Russian state” was developed.

The purpose of this program was to target the formation of young people's interest in the history, culture, and present day of Moscow - the heart of Russia. This program was aimed at developing and supporting educational tourism for children and adolescents.

The Sputnik Youth Tourism Bureau offered 2-, 3-, 4-hour, one- or two-day excursion programs around Moscow and its attractions in line with the curricula of the subject “Moscow Studies”. Considering the important role of nearby cities in shaping the history of Moscow, Sputnik has developed interesting routes to Sergiev Posad, Vladimir-Suzdal, Borodino, Ryazan-Konstantinovo, Tula Yasnaya Polyana, St. Petersburg, Novgorod and others.

The goal of the program was to create optimal conditions for a wide range of Moscow schoolchildren, students, and youth when choosing targeted trips that encourage young people to travel, broaden their horizons, receive education in the world's best educational centers, and expand contacts with peers.

Along with trips around Russia, Sputnik offers educational and educational tours abroad:

To England /London, Oxford, Brighton/ - English classes;

To France /Paris/ - French language classes;

To Italy /Rome-Florence-Venice/ - historical.

Stay programs in these countries include courses to improve your knowledge of a foreign language. Classes are taught by experienced teachers. Excellent language and audio-video equipment. Another training option may be for children to live in /English, French/ families, which provides an additional opportunity to improve language skills. In addition to the curriculum, tours include excursion activities (5-6 excursions) to the sights of the cities visited.

Unfortunately, there is no such program in the Novosibirsk region, however, the administration of the Novosibirsk region is also considering various projects for the development of student tourism.

2.5.3 Local history

Forming an interest in studying the history of one’s own region among schoolchildren and students is also a popular area of tourism at present.

The history of the city of Novosibirsk and the Novosibirsk region is reflected in the exhibitions of museums with the number of exhibits in the main fund over 4 thousand. They widely include paintings, archaeological objects, numismatics, photographs and documents.

Among the leading museums are the Novosibirsk Regional Museum of Local Lore with its branches and the Novosibirsk Art Gallery. The city has 145 monuments of architecture, history, monumental art and archeology under state protection, among them there are interesting examples of wooden and stone architecture that shape the appearance of modern Novosibirsk.

Suzunsky copper smelter with the Mint. (Suzun. Suzunsky district, Novosibirsk region).

On the territory of modern Suzun, the remains of ancient buildings have been preserved, on the site of which there was once a copper smelter with a Mint. This is a unique object in the history of Siberia.

The mint in Suzun was the only one from the Ural Mountains to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. For almost a hundred years, coins were minted here from Siberian copper. Stone walls and ditches, the site of ore mining are witnesses to the events of the 18th century.

At the beginning of the 18th century. In the foothills of Altai, local miners discovered deposits of silver and copper ores. The Ural industrialist A. Demidov, the largest entrepreneur in Russia of this period, became aware of this. He built metallurgical plants in Altai, which laid the foundation for the Kolyvan-Voskresensky mining district.

In 1729 The first copper smelter, Kolyvansky, began operating in 1744. The Barnaul plant comes into operation. (Ivan Ivanovich Polzunov worked at the Barnaul plant since 1747, who in 1763 developed a project for a universal steam engine - the world's first two-cylinder continuous machine, which he failed to implement.) Along with copper, the ores contained silver and gold, but it was difficult to extract them Demidov had no right, since according to the law, the land and its subsoil were the property of the state or the sovereign, and only they could mine precious metals. The breeder nevertheless risked starting illegal silver smelting. After which the factories were taken away from the Demidovs and became the property of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna (daughter of Peter the Great), under the control of the Tsar’s Cabinet. In 1764, construction of the Suzun Copper Smelter and Mint began on the banks of the Nizhny Suzun River.

The vast Siberia suffered from a shortage of coins; merchants were often forced to use payment in kind in their calculations. The plant and the Mint came into operation in 1766. A large settlement arose near the plant, inhabited by artisans. Both the factory buildings, the mint and the settlement had fortifications in the form of an earthen rampart with a wooden palisade.

The Suzunsky Mint produced coins in denominations ranging from ten kopecks to half a ruble (0.25 kopecks). The Siberian coin differed from the all-Russian coin in its appearance. Initially, it was even larger in size. On the front side, framed by laurel and palm branches, was the monogram of Catherine the Second - the letter “E” with the Roman numeral II woven into it. On the reverse side of the coins of all denominations, except half, the coat of arms of Siberia was depicted - two sables holding in their front paws an oval shield crowned with a crown indicating the denomination of the coin. The entire composition was covered by a circular inscription - “Siberian coin”. After 1781 At the Suzunsky Mint they began to make copper coins of the all-Russian type. The minting of coins in Suzun ceased after the fire of 1847. and never resumed.

In terms of production scale, the Suzunsky plant and the Mint were the largest non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises of the 18th century. in Russia.

Historical and architectural museum - reserve (open air) SORAN.

A memorable object in the history of the city of Novosibirsk is the railway bridge across the Ob, built at the end of the last century. The emergence of Novosibirsk is associated with its construction.

In 1891 railway engineer and famous Russian writer N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky led a survey party that chose the site for the construction of a railway bridge across the Ob near the village of Krivoshchekovo (located on the left bank of the Ob) and the mouth of the Kamenka River on the right bank. But this project aroused objections from merchants of ancient trading cities, representatives of the provincial government, who insisted on the construction of a bridge near Kolyvan, then the railway would pass through the center of the province - Tomsk. N.G. Garin-Mikhailovsky convincingly proved and economically justified the Krivoshchekovsky option. Here, as local residents said, the Ob flows as if in a rocky pipe, which does not allow the river to deviate anywhere.

In March 1897 the bridge was open to traffic. During this time, a settlement of construction workers arose and grew on the site of Novosibirsk. The author of the bridge across the Ob is Professor N. Belelyubsky. The bridge design system proposed by him became known in the world practice of bridge construction as the “Russian system”. The railway bridge across the Ob, along with other bridges of the Trans-Siberian Railway, became the largest and most advanced structure in Russia at the end of the 19th century.

In 2002, the bridge was dismantled and moved to the shore and serves as a historical monument to the city. #"_Toc135793895">2.5.4 Entertainment tours

The target group of tourists consuming services from the entertainment sector of tourism is tourists visiting various countries for the purpose of consuming entertainment services, as well as all vacationers (being treated) at Stavropol resorts.

The basis of the competitive tourist product of the modern entertainment industry are resorts that include casinos, clubs, water parks, ice skating rinks, amusement parks, hippodromes, holding events dedicated to memorable dates.

Resorts provide short rest and entertainment from 2-3 days to 2 weeks in order to have time to spend the money allocated for pleasure.

2.5.5 Extreme tours

Extreme tourism includes water, land, mountain and exotic types of tourism.

TO aquatic species extreme tourism include:

Diving, wakeboarding, water skiing, windsurfing, kayaking, rafting.

Therefore, many of our fellow citizens prefer to travel to Sharm el-Sheikh or Southeast Asia than in Sochi. For a little more price they will get a lot more fun, not cheap. General training and equipment will cost a beginner up to $1000, but then he will only spend on tickets and hotels. If you don’t buy equipment, then the cost of preparing for the first round is reduced to $250. True, then you will have to pay $30-40 for renting a suit, scuba gear and other things needed at depth. Well, really good equipment costs from $1500 for a complete set.

Russian divers are mostly young - their average age is 30 years (in the USA - 36). These are intelligent urban youth: in Russia the vast majority (77%) of divers have higher education(in the USA - 50%).

In general, diving in our country is very poorly developed, and by our standards it is very expensive. And there are few travel agencies in Russia offering this type of vacation directly in our country.

Wakeboarding is a combination of water skiing, snowboarding, skateboarding and surfing. The boat tows a raider standing on a short, wide board. Moving at a speed of 30-40 km/h with additional ballast on board, the boat leaves behind a wave, which the raider uses as a springboard. You can perform many different tricks while jumping.

Wakeboarding began to develop especially dynamically in the early 90s. It revolutionized water sports in the same way that snowboards revolutionized alpine skiing. From a hobby of a small group of enthusiasts, it has grown into a popular sport with its own philosophy and culture. Many tricks came to wakeboarding from related “board” sports – snowboarding and skateboarding. And this gives the wakeboarder the opportunity to progress all year round. All you need to do is just change the board!

The cost of a full set of wakeboard equipment starts from $400. For wakeboarding, you need a specialized boat, but such boats are expensive, which is why they rarely appear in Russia. Consequently, in our country this type of recreation is almost undeveloped due to its very high cost.

Water skiing is one of the most famous outdoor activities. This is a worthy replacement for mountain and cross-country winter skiing.

Water skiing first appeared in 1922, when an American, a resident of Minnesota, Ralph Samuelson, experimenting with ordinary winter skis, decided to try them on the water. He equipped two wide pine boards with fasteners for the legs. After which, the inventor successfully tested the skis on the waters of the lake in Lake City. Then this sport constantly progressed. Today it has become so spectacular and popular that in 1998 the Greek Olympic Committee recommended introducing water skiing into the program of the 2004 Olympics in Athens. However, the IOC has not yet made a final decision on this issue.

Well, to practice water skiing you will need four things: the water ski itself, a life jacket, gloves and a wetsuit.

The cost of skis varies from $120 to $1000, plus the rest of the equipment (wetsuit, gloves, life jacket) costs about $150.

Water skiing is currently actively practiced on the Black Sea coast. But they ride there for a fairly short period of time, for which you will have to pay quite a lot of money. Therefore, in Russia you can really enjoy riding water skiing It’s difficult for an ordinary tourist, and to be more precise, it’s very expensive.

Windsurfing is an oval board made of carbon fiber with a rough surface for stability and with stabilizer fins on the bottom plane, and a small sail that is attached to the board. Surfing is the same thing only without a sail. Actually, windsurfing originated from surfing. In good wind, you can reach speeds of more than 10-12 m/s. Well, the record today is more than 70 km/h.

And all the equipment is not cheap either. Windsurfer included $1000, spare sailing kit (mast, boom, sail) $500, wetsuit $200, total $1700.

Kayaking is very popular abroad and is becoming increasingly popular in Russia. This singles sport, although lacking a team spirit, provides an opportunity to challenge the elements and be left alone with it.

In modern kayaking, three main directions are developing - rowing slalom, rodeo and rafting.

Slalom kayaking is the ability to maneuver a kayak while feeling the boat and the water.

Rodeo, unlike slalom, is not only a virtuoso technique, but also an element of the game. Freestyle kayak is performing various tricks on a boat due to the features of the river topography.

And finally, the alloy. Using a kayak, you can go on a water trip along a river of any complexity, or carry out play rafting on a small section of a mountain river, choosing individual obstacles in the form of barrels, shafts and waterfalls and passing them lightly. Naturally, in order to feel confident during rafting, you need to master the basic techniques of slalom and rodeo.

A kayaker's equipment includes: a boat, a helmet, a life jacket, a skirt (to prevent water from entering the boat), rubberized slippers and a paddle.

Rafting is an exciting descent down a mountain river in a canoe or special rafts. Rafting is one of the most visited tours, completely safe even for the youngest tourists. IN last years it arouses such enormous interest from lovers of extreme recreation that most of the mountain rivers suitable for this tourism have been developed by professionals who now offer rafting tours to almost anywhere in the world.

Rafting tours generally come in the following forms: day trips (from 60 to 150 $) or half-day trips (around 25-75 $), and multi-day trips. During the latter, tourists find themselves in remote corners of the mountains, with untouched nature, set up camp as they pass the river and explore the wild surroundings around the sites. The minimum cost of such raft tours is from $1000-1500.

Land-based forms of extreme tourism include mountain biking, caving, caving, and X-racing.

Mountain biking is becoming more and more popular, despite its high cost. To seriously engage in mountain bucking you will have to spend quite a bit of money. So a bicycle for a beginner costs from 300 to 500 dollars, and there are mountain bikes with a rear shock absorber that cost up to $10,000. And of course you will need to spend money on ammunition and various spare parts, and this is more than 800 dollars. And this amount is aimed at a beginner, while a professional biker spends significantly more money.

But although this is an expensive form of recreation, every weekend there are dozens of international mountain biking competitions around the world - from World Cup stages and national mountain bike association championships to festivals in a Scottish town or on a Polynesian atoll. Among all this competitive diversity, there are starts that are organized for non-professional mountain bikers from all over the world. Such events become for them a real test, a celebration, and the discovery of a new place and new friends.

Speleology is a branch of geology, namely karst science and hydrogeology. And most importantly, caves are the last white spots on the world map, the last opportunity to go where not only has no man set foot before, but also where the gaze of his eyes or cameras has never fallen. Speleologists explore this mysterious underground world.

Of course, not everyone is involved in serious, scientific speleology. Beginners participate in training expeditions. There are “teams” that only go on recreational or “sports” trips.

To engage in speleology, you must have serious training, not only physical, but also technical, as well as psychological. After all, a cave is a completely different world, where a person is deprived of the usual landmarks: the sky above his head, the horizon line... It can only be compared with underwater or outer space.

Spelestology is a fascinating mixture of tourism and science that studies cavities of artificial origin. In the broadest sense of the word, spelestology is the science of artificial underground structures.

Spelestology is closely related to speleology, but spelestologists are not interested in caves. They are interested in penetrating some underground city structures that are inaccessible or uninteresting to others.

In order for any dungeon to be of interest to spelestologists, it must be unused at the present time and be of a certain historical interest. These include abandoned quarries, mines, water conduits, wells, underground passages, underground temples and monasteries, and so on.

X-races are when the same people are so well and universally fit that they can climb rocks, ride horses, kayak or raft down rapids, race through mountains on bicycles and abseil under waterfalls... These people unite in teams and participate in competitions, where their goal is to cover a distance of 3-4 hundred kilometers as quickly as possible, using their skills. This is called “multi-sport”, or “extreme” (and more often even “adventure”) racing.

More than 200 extreme races are held annually in the West. For example, the largest races in the UK, organized by the Extreme Racing Association of the United Kingdom and Ireland.

Mountain types of extreme tourism are represented by mountaineering, alpine skiing and snowboarding.

Mountaineering is considered the most extreme vacation. Today, mountaineering is an entire industry that is gradually developing and popularizing. As a rule, it is customary to choose summer for ascents, when the weather allows you to reach the intended peak with minimal losses. However, thrill-seekers do not stop even in winter. Difficult weather conditions and avalanches only add spice to the trip. People go to the mountains to test themselves, take risks, overcome everything and get to the top. The taste of victory is sweet, even if the climber did not conquer Elbrus, but just a wall at a local climbing wall. To do this, you need to be well physically prepared, it is advisable to have strong forearms, good “stretch” and light weight that you will have to hold on your fingers alone. When lifting, you will have to work not only with your muscles, but also with your head in order to correctly choose which holds to grab onto.

Climbing gear is expensive; a full set of high-quality equipment will cost an extreme sports enthusiast $1,500-2,000. However, if you just want to climb Elbrus once in your life, you can rent equipment. Such a 10-day tour will cost about $200.

The main problem of mountaineering in Russia, in addition to its high cost, is the small number of experienced instructors. But they are necessary for amateur climbers to climb. Basically, there are few instructors due to low salaries. By the way, it’s not uncommon to meet a Russian instructor abroad.

Alpine skiing is one of the oldest forms of active recreation. Over the years, the number of people wanting to ski has not decreased, but rather increased. In addition, now the ski service is much better and more diverse than 10 years ago, not to mention the 80s and 70s. Almost every ski resort has slopes for both professionals and beginners. Local instructors can always teach you how to ride correctly. Equipment: a set of skis, bindings, poles, boots, suit, helmet, mask, gloves will cost an average of $700-800. And rent is approximately $30-40 per day.

Snowboarding is a descent through snow from mountain slopes on a specially equipped board. This is a more aggressive, active and extreme type than alpine skiing. Snowboarding as a separate sport appeared in America in the 60s of the 20th century. The ardent fans of the newfangled hobby were mostly surfers who did not want to sit idle waiting for the summer days. In our country, snowboarding gained mass recognition only in the mid-90s. However, now in Russia you can purchase a variety of equipment from the world's leading manufacturers and get skating lessons from experienced instructors.

Now there are many special tracks with springboards and other various obstacles on which snowboarders can perform various acrobatic tricks. But recently, the Half-pipe (from the English half-pipe “half-pipe”) has become especially popular among snowboarders - a structure made of snow, similar to a ramp for roller skates.

In general, extreme hobbies associated with alpine skiing and snowboarding can be divided into several groups: freeskiing or freeride is a descent down steep, unprepared slopes with difficult terrain; heliskiing - the same thing, but using a helicopter as a means of delivery to the mountain; ski-touring (randonee ski) - ski tour, mountain tourism using skis and special bindings for climbing uphill;

ski-mountaineering (ski mountaineering) - climbing a mountain with the aim of descending from the top on skis or a snowboard (the use of insurance or any additional equipment other than skis on the descent violates the “purity” of such an ascent); In recent years, a new school has appeared - something like freestyle snowboarding.

Ski tourism is perhaps the most developed of all types of extreme tourism in Russia. We have fairly high-level ski resorts. And although they are significantly inferior to their analogues, for example, in European countries, our tourists with average incomes enjoy visiting Russian resorts. A ski resort Krasnaya Polyana is also popular among foreigners, most of them from of Eastern Europe. And this resort is still actively developing.

Exotic types of extreme tourism are represented by space tourism, kitesurfing, jailoo tourism, cruises to the Arctic and Antarctic, and extreme places.

Space tourism is the most expensive and, perhaps, the most exotic type of extreme tourism - a trip to Earth's orbit. So far, space tourists can be counted on one hand - American millionaire Denis Tito and South African citizen Mark Shuttleward. The first one's week-long stay on the International Space Station cost $12 million, the second one - $14 million. Later, the lead singer of the group N'Sync, Lance Bass, was preparing to launch on the ISS, but due to a lack of funding, his launch did not take place. However, Rosaviakosmos claims that in the future they will be able to reduce the cost of tours and will gladly accept applications for space travel from any citizen of the Earth.

But after the famous Shuttle crash, sending tourists into space stopped indefinitely.

The essence of kitesurfing is that a person standing on a board accelerates with the help of a kite, the rope from which is in his hands. Kitesurfing can be done both in the mountains and on flat terrain, the only prerequisite is the wind. You can even ride on any fields, as flat or lumpy as you like. But it’s considered especially chic to ride a board through bodies of water covered with an ice crust and dusted with snow. In addition, riverbeds or lakes are usually the windiest places. Amazing all-season versatility allows you to use kites winter and summer. And some professionals make jumps of up to 100 meters in length and 30 in height. The kite allows you to reach speeds that are more than twice as fast as the wind. The realistically achievable speed of movement is 60-70 km/h, and the highest speed was recorded on September 22, 1990 in Ocean City, USA - Pete Giaconno, flying an aerobatic kite, reached a speed of over 193 km/h.

Kiting is more popular in Europe, namely in France, than in Russia.

Jailoo tourism is one of the types of exotic extreme recreation - life in a primitive tribe with all the delights of a nomadic life. This fascinating type of tourism is successfully developing in the high mountain pastures of Kyrgyzstan. It offers sleeping right on the floor of a shepherd's yurt, next to a smoky fireplace, fresh lamb and kumiss, as well as horseback riding in the mountains and pastures. A great opportunity to take a break from the big city.

Relatively recently, cruises to the Arctic and Antarctic began. And more and more people want to visit extreme climatic conditions and look at exotic animals such as the penguin. In addition, the North and South Poles are the most environmentally friendly places on Earth.

There are also such exotic tours as a trip to Chernobyl or a trip through the jungle.

For obvious reasons, there are not many people who want to go to Chernobyl. After all, even after 16 years, the environmental situation in this area is far from optimal. Of course, thrill-seekers are sent there in special suits, accompanied by specialists with dosimeters. However, access to the restricted 30-kilometer zone is closed to pregnant women and minors, since radiation directly near the power plant exceeds permissible limits many times over.

For $105 you can see a breathtaking picture: an extinct city, tall grass everywhere and wild nature. Without human intervention, the area turned into a unique natural park. New plant species appeared here, and populations of extinct animals were revived. White-tailed eagles, lynxes, gray wolves, and feral horses have taken over the area.

When hiking in the jungle, a tourist has the opportunity to literally fit into nature, but at the same time find himself cut off from the civilized world. And even if such a tour group has modern satellite communications, it may take several hours or days for help to arrive. Therefore, any emergency can lead to serious consequences.

Extreme tours are not very popular among young people, as they are very expensive.

2.5.6 Study abroad

Studying abroad is carried out under student exchange programs. Student exchange programs between different countries as a type of international cooperation appeared in the late 1940s. Their goal is to give young people from different countries the opportunity to get to know each other better and get acquainted with the culture of other countries. To make these programs accessible, students are given the opportunity to work in the host country, which covers part of the costs or the full cost of the programs. Since 1989, students from the former USSR have also had the opportunity to participate in similar programs.

Such programs include: Work & Travel, Anglo Training, Au Pair, CAMP AMERICA, Florida Summer Term, International youth camp AFS, Internship, American Work Experience, English Work Experience and IHTTI: Study of the hotel business in Switzerland.

Work&Travel program participants get a real opportunity to realize their American dream. Everyone, without exception, is given a job in the service sector for a period of 2-4 months, and then travel around the USA for a month.

In order to become a Work&Travel member you must:

· be over 18 but under 24 years of age;

· be a non-final year student at one of the Russian universities;

· be physically able to work 40 hours a week;

· acutely feel the need to receive $5.45 per hour for your work.

Now England can be visited not only by those who want to admire the beauty of this unique country, but also those who want to work there.

The student is 18 years old but not yet 26 years old;

Full-time student at a university;

The student specializes in hotel business, tourism or catering;

The student speaks good English.

Anglo Training participants gain employment in good hotel anywhere in the UK, except London, for a period of 3 to 12 months.

Au Pair for those who

· wants to see the life of the country “from the inside”, since the main responsibility of the participant - looking after children - requires living in a foreign “unit of society”;

· dreams of getting to know a new culture, improving knowledge of a foreign language, communicating with members of the host family, as well as attending language courses (2 - 3 times a week);

· don’t mind receiving a sufficient amount (usually 400 DM) for pocket expenses for the work done.

Age: 18-26 years

Student graduated from high school

The student speaks a foreign language

Do you have some experience interacting with children?

The responsibilities of an Au Pair program participant include:

Childcare (up to 40 hours per week)

Keeping their room (and yours) tidy

The Au Pair should never do heavy housework, gardening, mowing lawns, caring for pets or running the entire household.

If there is a need to change the family, you can contact the supervising organization and explain the reasons for changing the family.

In this program, counselors from around the world routinely teach American “pioneers” how to shoot a bow, cross-stitch, and sculpt clay toys. There are “regular” scout camps, family camps, student camps, religious camps, and farm camps.

The minimum period of work is 9 weeks, after which you can work more - for additional money or go on a trip to the American open spaces, which must be left no later than September 30.

AFS International Youth Camp. Schoolchildren aged 12-17 can spend their holidays in the camp, where teenagers from various countries will take part in the work of the camp along with them.

For 50 years, AFS has been conducting training camps for students around the world as part of its exchange programs. In Russia, AFS international camps have been held since 1996 as an independent program, open not only to foreign students coming to Russia, but also to Russian teenagers interested in learning foreign languages and international communication.

AFS conducts international exchange programs and is today the world's largest community of organizations representing 55 countries in Europe, Northern and South America, Asia, Africa, as well as Australia and New Zealand. Every year, about 10,000 students and schoolchildren participate in AFS programs and more than 100,000 volunteers ensure the high quality of these programs according to uniform international standards.

The Tutorial Program provides classes in small groups (4-5 people) at the teacher’s home or at the local library. Classes are held in the first half of the day - from 9 to 12 am. The total duration of the program is 4 weeks, 3 of which are devoted to classes. Those who are 13-18 years old can take the course.

Home Lessons is distinguished by the fact that classes are taught by a teacher who comes to your home. This teacher knows the participant's language. You can choose the intensity of training - 15, 20 or 25 hours per week.

ESL Courses & Activities are group classes (12-15 people in a group with the same level of language knowledge). Classes take place in the first half of the day, the rest of the time is devoted to various interests of the participants. One day a week is completely occupied by excursions. You can choose one of several options for this program: 12 hours of classes per week; 9 hours of English / 9 hours per week of training in your favorite sport; 15 hours of language per week.

English Courses & Sport Activities. By becoming a participant in this program you will learn English language, you will be able to devote 27 hours a week to your favorite sport. In addition, excursions will be organized for you, and on Saturdays - youth parties and discos. The duration of the program is 1 month.

Discovery Tours: a group of 20-50 people aged 15-25 exploring Canada, the USA, the European Union or New Zealand. For those wishing to go to short term(7-10 days) - Mini Discovery Tours.

Internships are internships in a specialty, lasting 4-8 weeks. You can start work any Monday! The main thing this practice gives is work experience. Internships are designed for 4 - 8 weeks and are conducted in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Spain, and the USA. If you are interested in any other country, the internship will be booked according to your wishes.

Now everyone can take part in the following special internship programs:

Hotel Management in Paris is an internship in the hotel business for those who are over 18 years old and whose specialty is directly related to the field of internship. The duration of the internship is 8 weeks.

Work Study Experience in Australia - practice in your specialty for a period of 4 weeks to 6 months. The application for participation must be submitted at least six months before the expected start of the internship.

Work Study Program in London - you can apply for an internship in the field at least 6 months in advance hotel business in London. You can choose the duration of the internship yourself - 8, 10, 12, 14 weeks.

Students can get an education in a country whose name is synonymous with stability and quality.

Switzerland is a country where tourism originated and developed in a multinational and multicultural environment. Tourism is a sector of the world economy that is developing at a very fast pace. Therefore, many people can find themselves in this field, realize their abilities and realize their dreams.

IHTTI is not just education, but also a world of individual development, real-life work experience and research opportunities.

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