History of sailing ships. Types of sailing ships Sailing ships sailed on

While selecting wallpaper for my desktop, I came across several photographs of sailing ships flying the Russian flag. Surprised and interested me. And they forced me to raise materials on this issue. So the sailboats of Russia.

Bark "Kruzenshtern"

The Lajes und K company, which existed in Hamburg at the beginning of the 20th century, owned a total of 56 barges that had steel hulls and spars and excellent sailing performance. Their names traditionally began with the letter "P" - "Flying P". The last of them was the four-masted barque Padua, built in 1926 at the shipyard in Geestemünde. Until 1936, he transported saltpeter and phosphates from Chile and wheat from Australia to Germany, making two record crossings to Australia in 67 days with an average voyage duration of 88 days. At the beginning of the war, the barque was used as a cargo lighter, and when the fleet of Nazi Germany was divided, it was transferred as an indemnity to the Soviet Union.

In January 1946, the Soviet flag was raised on the ship, and it received a new name - in honor of the great Russian navigator Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770 - 1846), commander of the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the sloops "Nadezhda" and "Neva".

The condition of the ship was not the best, there were no funds for repairs, and the Kruzenshtern served as a floating barracks until 1955, without going to sea. In June 1955, it was first deployed for testing. The bark easily completed all the given maneuvers, and it was decided to use it as a training vessel, equipped according to modern requirements. In 1959 – 1961 the ship was overhauled. It was equipped with two 588 kW diesel engines and all the necessary equipment.

From 1961 to 1966 "Kruzenshtern" is a research vessel of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Bark visited with expeditions Bermuda, Jamaica, Gibraltar, Casablanca, Halifax and other ports. Since 1966 - a training sailboat with a home port of Riga, since 1981. – Tallinn, and since 1991 – Kaliningrad.

“Kruzenshtern” is the winner of the Boston–Liverpool races in 1992 and 1994, showing a record speed of 17.4 knots. This was not the limit, but given the age of the ship, it was considered dangerous to develop high speed.

In 1993, the bark again underwent a major overhaul in Wismar (Germany) with the replacement of engines and the installation of the most modern navigation and communication systems. It is still one of the largest sailing ships in the world (only the sail-motor training ship “Sedov” is larger).

Now, on the motor-sailing barque “Kruzenshtern”, under the guidance of qualified mentors, cadets of nautical schools receive their first maritime knowledge and skills. Every year about 800 young men who choose a maritime specialty undergo internship here.

TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL DATA

Maximum length with bowsprit, m - 114.5
Length between perpendiculars, m - 95.5
Midsection width, m - 14.05
Side height, m ​​- 8.5
Freeboard height, m ​​- 2.22
Draft at full displacement, m - 6.85
Lightweight displacement, t – 3760
Displacement fully loaded, t – 5725
Maximum speed under engines, knots. - 9.4
Speed ​​under sail, knots - up to 16
Power of two main engines, l. With. – 1600
Sail area, m2 – 3655
Navigation area – unlimited
Crew number – 70
Number of places for cadets - 203

Bark "Sedov"

The ship was built at the Krupp shipyard in Kiel (Germany) in 1921. Its first owner, Karl Winnen, named the ship after his daughter Magdalena Winnen. The vessel was designed and built for the purpose of transporting bulk cargo between European ports and South America, Australia, South-East Asia and Oceania. In 1936, Karl Winnen sold this four-masted barque to the Norddeutscher Lloyd shipping company. The new shipowner equipped the ship with quarters for 70 cadets and began using it as both a cargo ship and a training vessel. The bark was given a new name - "Commondor Jensen".

After the defeat of Nazi Germany and the end of the Second World War, in accordance with the decisions of the Potsdam Conference, the military and auxiliary German fleets were divided between the Allies. The Soviet Union, in order to compensate for the sailing ships lost during the war, received, in particular, the ship "Commodore Jensen", renamed in honor of the famous Russian polar explorer Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov (1877 - 1914).

On January 11, 1946, the sailing ship "Sedov" was transferred to the Soviet Navy as a training ship. He made his first sea voyage in this capacity in 1952.
Since 1957, "Sedov", remaining in the class of a training ship, began to perform the functions of an oceanographic vessel. During these studies, the crew and a team of scientists jointly erased many “blank spots” from the map of the Atlantic Ocean.

In 1965, the ship was transferred to the jurisdiction of the USSR Ministry of Fisheries for the purpose of training personnel of the fishing fleet. Riga became the home port of the Sedov. In the early 70s, the bark went through difficult times and almost died. Awaiting long-overdue repairs, the ship sat in Leningrad for almost four years and waited for its fate to be decided. The new owners essentially planned to scrap the barque, proving the futility of the idea of ​​updating the training vessel. But more than 100 famous sailors and heads of maritime schools came to the veteran’s defense. At different times, each of them lived the same life with Sedov, sharing together the difficulties and romance of sailing travel. The initiative of the sailors was heard and the ship was sent for repairs to Kronstadt, where during six years of reconstruction the old 500-horsepower engine was replaced with a new one with a power of 1180 hp, electronic navigation equipment was supplied and places were equipped for 164 students. The ship was put into service again in 1981.
“Sedov” made its first voyage, now as the flagship of the training fleet of the USSR Ministry of Fisheries, to Denmark, where at that time the 300th anniversary of the birth of the Dane Vitus Jonassen Bering was celebrated.

In 1983, for the first time during its stay in the Soviet Union, the ship visited its home port of Bremerhavn, where our sailors invited former members of the sailing ship’s German crews, including one of its first owners, on board.

In 1984, "Sedov" made a voyage dedicated to the 400th anniversary of the founding of the city of Arkhangelsk. The voyage, which began in the Baltic, went around Scandinavia. In July, the sailboat arrived in Arkhangelsk, where the holiday began.

During this voyage, declared a voyage of peace, visitors to the Soviet barque "Sedov" signed the Sail of Peace. There was also the signature of the Danish cartoonist Herluf Bidstrup.

In 1986, the Sedov took part in its first international races and has since become a frequent participant, including the 1992 Columbus Regatta. Since 1989, in addition to domestic cadets, the ship has also accepted foreign adventure enthusiasts for training.

In April 1991, in connection with Latvia's independence, Russia transferred the ship from Riga to Murmansk and transferred it to the Murmansk State Technical University.
The Sedov, a four-masted barque, is the largest traditionally built sailing ship in the world and the second largest after the 5-masted Royal Clipper. The Sedov UPS is included in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest sailing ship that has survived to this day.

Despite its venerable age, the sailboat continues to participate in regattas.

TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Nationality: Russia
Home port: Murmansk
Year of construction: 1921
Shipyard: Friedrich Krupp Germaniawerft, Kiel
Vessel type: 4 mast barque
Case: steel
Displacement: 6148 t
Length: 117.50 m.
Draft: 6.70 m.
Width: 14.70 m.
Mast height (from waterline): 58 m
Sail area: 4.192 m²
Number of sails: 32 pcs
Wind power: 8.000 hp
Engine make: Vyartsilya
Engine power: 2,800 hp
Sailing speed: up to 18 knots
Hull length: 109 m
Tonnage: 3556 tons.
Sail area: 4192 m2
Crew: 70
Cadets: 164

At the end of the 80s, similar ships were built in Poland: “Dar Molodezhi” for the city of Gdynia, “Druzhba” for the city of Odessa, “Mir” for the city of Leningrad, “Khersones” for the city of Sevastopol, “Pallada” and “Nadezhda” for city ​​of Vladivostok.

Training sailing ship "Mir" (training frigate)

The training sailing ship "Mir" was built in 1987 in Poland at the Gdansk shipyard. As one of the five educational sailing ships this type. December 1, 1987 - the flag of the Soviet Union was raised on the stern flagpole of the Mir and then the ship arrived at its home port - Leningrad. State Academy named after. adm. S.O. Makarova (at that time the Leningrad Higher Marine Engineering School) became its shipowner. The first captain was V.N. Antonov.
From 1989 to 1991, the ship belonged to the Baltic Shipping Company, then the Academy again became the shipowner.

From the very beginning, the ship was designed and built as a training vessel, intended for sailing practice for cadets of the navigating department and taking part in sailing ship races.

IN different times On board the ship, from 70 to 140 cadets of not only the State Maritime Academy, but also other maritime educational institutions of the former Union, as well as England and the USA, underwent internship.

"Mir" actively participates in sailing ship racing. A significant event was the participation of the Mir in the international grand regatta Columbus 92, dedicated to the five hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus. "Mir" came to the finish line of this race as an absolute winner. The prize was presented to the crew by King Juan Carlos I of Spain.

"Mir" took part in the Transatlantic regatta "Tall Ships 2000". "Mir" is the only "A" class vessel to win the main prize of this race two times in a row (2003 and 2004).

The training sailing ship "Mir" is the current symbol of maritime St. Petersburg, the bearer of the idea of ​​international cooperation of port cities, a kind of ambassador of St. Petersburg in foreign countries.

According to the current last years In practice, Mir operates from April to October in the Baltic and North Seas, visiting 15 to 20 ports per season. Cadets of the State Maritime Academy and other maritime educational institutions undergo practical training on the ship.

Main technical characteristics:

Maximum length (with bowsprit) - 110 m
maximum width - 14 m
draft - 6.7 m
displacement - 2256 t
total engine power - 1100 hp.
mast height: foresail and mainsail - 49.5 m, mizzen - 46.5 m
sail area - 2771 sq.m.
crew (including 144 cadets) - 199 people

Training sailing ship "Nadezhda" (training frigate)

"Nadezhda" is a three-masted training ship owned by the Maritime State University named after. G. I. Nevelskoy (Vladivostok). Built in Poland at the Gdansk shipyard in 1991. Flag Russian Federation was raised on June 5, 1992.

This three-masted vessel was built according to the prototype of sailing ships of the early 20th century; has a full sail rig of the "ship" type. 26 sails are controlled exclusively by hand and are the main propulsion of the vessel. Two engines driving one adjustable pitch propeller are used for sailing in stormy conditions, as well as when entering and leaving port. The frigate has full sailing equipment.

The history of the Russian fleet knows several sailing ships with the name "Nadezhda". The modern frigate "Nadezhda" is a continuation of the life of sailing ships that left a good memory of themselves: as the first training sailing ship in Russia, as the first Russian ship to circumnavigate the world, as a ship whose name is given to straits, capes, and an island. In the history of the fleet there are few ships with such rich history, ships that served their Fatherland so well, leaving their mark both in military affairs and in science.

The sailboat has dozens of expeditions and voyages to different latitudes. Each sea voyage is a difficult test both for the ship itself, and for its crew, and for the cadets who are undergoing their sixth “floating” semester on the open sea. During long voyages, cadets not only perform all the ship’s work, participate in emergency situations, stand navigational watches on the bridge, but also study. Several basic subjects are studied on the voyage. According to the frigate captain, it is important to develop among cadets an understanding of the real scale of the World Ocean. For example, during the “circumnavigation” with the participation of cadets, laser and acoustic sounding of the sea strata was continuously carried out, water samples were taken from various depths and subsequently analyzed. Laser sounding of the atmosphere was regularly carried out, for which there is a unique Lidar installation on board the sailing ship.

Currently, the frigate continues the glorious traditions of its predecessors and is used as a sailing training and scientific research vessel.

Performance characteristics
Maximum length (with bowsprit) – 109.4 m
Maximum width – 14.0 m
Maximum draft – 7.3 m
Displacement – ​​2,984 t
Engine power – 2x450 kW
Main mast height – 49.5 m
Sail area – 2768 sq.m.
Crew – 50 people
Number of places for trainees – 143

Training sailing ship "Pallada" (training frigate)

"Pallada" is a three-masted training ship owned by the Far Eastern State Technical Fisheries University (Vladivostok).

Named in honor of the frigate "Pallada" of the Russian navy, which in 1852-1855 sailed from Kronstadt to the shores of Japan with the diplomatic mission of Vice Admiral E.V. Putyatin. This three-masted vessel was built according to the prototype of sailing ships of the early 20th century; has full frigate-type armament. Two engines driving one adjustable pitch propeller are used for sailing in stormy conditions, as well as when entering and leaving the port. The adjustable pitch propeller can be moved to the so-called “feathering position” to reduce drag when sailing.

The frigate Pallada set an official speed record of 18.7 knots for Class A sailing ships. However, during the 2007-2008 circumnavigation of the world, the Pallada set a new record of 18.8 knots. This record was recorded in logbook, and also filmed, but not officially documented.

Currently, the frigate is used as a sailing training and research vessel.

Maximum width - 14.0 m
Maximum draft - 6.6 m
Displacement - 2,284 t
Engine power - 2 × 419 kW
Mainmast height - 49.5 m
Number of sails - 26
Sail area - 2771 m²
Crew - 51 people.
Number of places for trainees - 144

Training sailing ship "Khersones" (training frigate)

"Khersones" is a three-masted training ship (a vessel with a full sailing rig), owned by the Kerch State Maritime Technological University (home port - Kerch).

Built in Poland at the Gdansk Lenin Shipyard in 1989. The first name was “Alexander Green”, but upon completion of construction, due to political and religious considerations, in honor of the 1000th anniversary of the baptism of Rus', it was named “Chersonese”.

From 1991 to 2006 it was operated under lease conditions travel company"Inmaris" as a cruise ship. Since 2006, due to a financial dispute between the lessee and the shipowner, operation has been discontinued, and the ship is laid up in the port of Kerch. The ship has not gone to sea since 2006.

Currently, the frigate is the flagship of the training fleet of the Kerch State Maritime Technological University. Although there is a dispute over the right to own the vessel between Rosrybolovstvo and the Russian Ministry of Transport. But on October 9, 2015, Khersones arrived to undergo repairs at the Sevastopol branch of the Zvezdochka CS. As of December 10, 2015, the frigate was docked for repairs.

Maximum length (with bowsprit) - 108.6 m
Maximum width - 14.0 m
Maximum draft - 7.3 m
Displacement - 2,987 t
Main mast height - 51 m
The ship's power plant is two main Zultzer-Zigelski diesel engines with a total power of 1140 hp. s.(2 x 570)

Two-masted sail-motor schooner "Nadezhda"

There is a legend that the schooner, later known as Nadezhda, was the Sterna yacht of Felix Graf von Luckner, a German national hero during the First World War.

"Sterna" was built in 1912 in Leiderdorp (Netherlands) at the Gebrouders shipyard as a steel sailing logger for fishing. When built in 1912, the schooner was equipped with a two-stroke two-cylinder engine produced by Deutsche Werke with a power of 70 hp. With.

On August 2, 1927, the schooner was sold to Bernhard Heinecke of Hamburg, who converted her into a general cargo ship and renamed her Edelgard.

On July 3, 1936, the schooner was sold to Count Felix von Luckner. Luckner rebuilt the schooner, changing the bow, installed a new 140-horsepower main engine and converted it into a comfortable seaworthy yacht. The schooner received a new name “Seeteufel” (“Seeteufel” - German “Sea Devil”). Under this name and under the command of von Luckner, the schooner circumnavigated the world route from April 18, 1937 to July 19, 1939.
The ship's crew consisted of scouts and cartographers. Under cover trip around the world The main goal was to collect information about the ports of a potential enemy before the start of the war. The voyage was prepared by the propaganda and naval intelligence services of Nazi Germany.

In 1943, the schooner was purchased by the outstanding sea diver Hans Haas for the marine research institute he was creating. The schooner was supposed to become an expedition vessel and a base for underwater filming and photography. However, it turned out to be impossible to transfer the schooner from Stettin, where she was located at that time.

On February 12, 1947, the schooner was transferred as a trophy to the Naval Academy named after Lenin. K. E. Voroshilova. The schooner was named “Nadezhda” and, together with another schooner “Ucheba”, was included in the detachment of training ships of the Leningrad Naval Preparatory School. On June 14, 1948, the schooner was transferred to the Leningrad Nakhimov Naval School. On July 24, 1956, the schooner was transferred to the yacht club of the Leningrad naval base. In 1958, the schooner was renamed PKZ-134.

On June 18, 1958, she was expelled from the USSR Navy and transferred free of charge to the Central Yacht Club of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, receiving the name “Leningrad” and becoming the flagship of the yacht club. In 1962, the schooner underwent major repairs and re-equipment at the Almaz plant. A 3D12 diesel engine (300 hp) was installed as the main one, and a new pilothouse appeared, noticeably changing the silhouette of the schooner.
The schooner served as an internship for cadets of naval schools, students of the Children's Youth School, and oceanology students. The schooner repeatedly participated in filming by Soviet, Russian and foreign filmmakers, playing the roles of both frigates and Pomeranian schooners.

From 1970 to 1979, the schooner was the main participant in the city's Scarlet Sails alumni celebrations. After the city of Leningrad became St. Petersburg, in 1993 the schooner was returned to its former name “Nadezhda”. Due to financial difficulties and unsatisfactory technical condition, the schooner has practically not been used since 2005.

In 2009-2010, at the Rechnaya shipyard in St. Petersburg, work was carried out to repair the schooner's hull, the lower rooms were redesigned, the architecture of the hull above the main deck was changed, the standing and running rigging was replaced, new sails were sewn, the main engine was rebuilt, two new ones were installed diesel generator, new radio navigation equipment.

Since 2014 - Fund for the support, reconstruction and revival of historical ships and classic yachts of the St. Petersburg Yacht Club.

In 2004, the Felix von Luckner Society was founded in Halle. One of the goals of this society is “the repatriation of the schooner Seeteufel to Germany.”

Displacement - 180 (200) t
Length - 36 m
Width - 6.6 m
Side height - 3.5 (3.2) m
Draft - 2.8 m
Mast height - 22.0 m from overhead line
Number of sails - 9
Sail area - 340 (460) m²

Training sailing ship "Young Baltiets"

The training sailing ship "Young Baltiets" was laid down on February 4, 1988 at the Baltic Shipyard named after. S. Ordzhonikidze in the city of Leningrad. On June 2, 1989, the state flag of the USSR was raised on the ship.

The first independent exit from the plant's pier in May 1989. The ship's crew consists of 52 people, of which 32 are trainees, cabin boys aged from 12 to 18 years. In the summer of 1990, the sailing ship visited the ports of Germany: Kiel, Travemünde, Bremerhaven. After these visits, invitations began to arrive to participate in sailing festivals held in Germany. In 1993, in the Cutty Sark race, at the first stage in Group A, the ship took sixth place after well-known sailing ships like Mir, Kruzernshtern and Sedov. Abroad they began to show interest in the sailboat, because it turned out to be the only sailboat on which school-aged children do internships. Over the years, "Young Baltic" has received many invitations from both Europe and America, and visited many European ports.

Performance characteristics:
Length – 48.4 m
Width – 8.4 m
Height – 36.0 m
Displacement – ​​441t/132t
Sail area – 500 sq.m.
Main propulsion power – 408 hp.
Speed ​​under the main propulsion – 9.5 knots
Sailing speed – 10.5 knots
Crew – 20 people
Trainees – 32 people

A working replica of the historical frigate "Standart".

"Standart" is a copy of the frigate "Standart" from the time of Peter I, built by the non-governmental non-profit organization "Project "Standart".

In 1994, Vladimir Martus and an initiative group took up the construction of a historical replica of the ship. On September 4, 1999, the Shtandart was solemnly launched at the Petrovskoye Admiralty shipyard. The frigate is used by the non-governmental non-profit organization Project Standart.

The crew of the Shtandart is made up of volunteers, trained and prepared before the start of each voyage. In June 2000, the “Standard” set off on its maiden voyage along the route of the Grand Embassy - those cities and countries that Peter I visited while learning ship craft. At the beginning of 2012, the frigate "Standart" had been on twelve voyages around Europe, visiting 54 ports in 12 European countries. In 2009, the Shtandart sailed from St. Petersburg to the Norwegian port of Kirkenes, rounding the North Cape. From 2005 to 2009, he repeatedly entered the Neva waters to participate in the Scarlet Sails festival. “Standard” actively takes part in international sea regattas, festivals, and filming.

But in June 2009, “Standard” was presented to inspectors of the Russian River Register. During the dock inspection, registry inspectors identified a number of “significant” non-compliances with the requirements. To restore the vessel to the classification register, on June 18, 2009, the Russian River Register presented the shipowner with a requirement to eliminate all non-compliances with the Register rules before departure for the voyage.

The shipowner, the non-profit partnership “Project “Standard””, considering the requirements presented as fundamentally impossible to fulfill given the historical design of the vessel, decided to stop operating the vessel in the waters of the Russian Federation until the issues of Russian legislation on historical and traditional vessels are resolved.

Since 2009, the Shtandart has been conducting training voyages in the waters of European countries. The vessel has been tested for compliance with the safety standards of the German maritime administration BG Verkehr, and is certified by the Dutch Register of Historic and Sailing Ships Register Holland. On June 15, 2010, Shtandart applied to the Russian Maritime Register with a request to inspect the vessel as a sports sailing vessel according to the newly approved rules. But the review of documents has not been completed. The Shtandart is forced to remain outside the territorial waters of the Russian Federation.

The Shtandart is currently being used for the filming of the film Set Michiel De Ruyter.

A working replica of the historical battleship "Goto Predestination" ("God's Providence")

A historical copy of the Russian battleship “Goto Predestination” from the time of Peter I, built in 2011-2014. The ship is moored at Admiralteyskaya Square in Voronezh and is a museum ship.

At the beginning of 2010, we began to create drawings based on archival documents. The work on creating the project was complicated by the fact that most of the documents related to the construction of the battleship have not been preserved. When creating a replica of the ship, notes from the state archive, as well as paintings and engravings of the 18th century were used, and the design of the ship was based on a watercolor by Peter Bergman.

On June 15, 2011, the foundation board for the future sailboat was solemnly installed at the Pavlovsk plant. The wooden part of the ship was recreated from a watercolor by Peter Bergman painted in 1700. According to the designer of the superstructure, Alexander Tikhomirov, the same materials from which the original ship was built were used for its construction: pine and oak, and at least 100 years old.

On July 21, 2013, the lower part of the vessel from Pavlovsk with the help of 2 tugs along the Don and Voronezh rivers went to the Voronezh reservoir to Petrovsky Island, where it was moored on July 25. The next day the ship was moored to Petrovskaya embankment. At the end of August 2013, the upper part was sent from Petrozavodsk of the future ship In mid-September, installation of the superstructure began. At the end of December 2013, the ship was moved to Admiralteyskaya Square.

In January 2014, construction of the coastal parking lot for the ship began. In April, all the ship's masts were installed. On July 2, 2014, the ship set out on its maiden voyage for sea trials.

On July 27, 2014, on Navy Day, the ship “Goto Predestination” was inaugurated near the Admiralty Square in Voronezh. St. Andrew's flag was raised on the ship. After this, the ship set off on its first voyage, in which workers from the Pavlovsk shipyard who built the ship took part. During departure, a salvo was fired from the ship's cannons. The ship made a circle of honor and moored back to the pier near Admiralty Square. A total of about 40 people worked on the ship. It took a little over 3 years to create the vessel from the moment it was laid, while the original during the time of Peter the Great was built in just under 1.5 years.
In addition to the existing operational copies of the historical ships, there was another copy. Replica of the frigate "Holy Spirit".

A working replica of the historical frigate "Holy Spirit"
The Polar Odyssey club and the Karelia-TAMP company were recreated in 1992 shipyard"Vanguard".

According to historical fact, during the Northern Russian-Swedish War of 1700-1721, two small frigates “Courier” and “Holy Spirit” in August 1702 were dragged along the “Osudareva” road, 170 miles long through Karelian forests and swamps. Movement of ships and troops by land from white sea to Lake Onega was part of a military-strategic operation to capture the Noteburg fortress at the source of the Neva.

The remake of the ship had the approximate dimensions of its historical prototype and carried 6 bronze cannons on board. But unlike ships of the 17th century, the frigate was equipped with a 90-horsepower diesel engine.

Basic technical data of the remake:
maximum length - 26.8 m
cable length - 17 m
width - 5.2 m
draft - 2.5 m
displacement - 90 t
sail area - 280 sq. m

In 1992, "Holy Spirit" took part in the festival of wooden ships in the city of Kotka (Finland) and on the Alan Islands.
In the same year, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation determined the status of the ship as a military-historical vessel of the Russian Navy and issued a certificate to the frigate for the right to raise the St. Andrew's flag.

In 1993, the flagship of the Russian Historical Fleet "Holy Spirit" was recognized as the best ship of the naval parade in St. Petersburg.

In 1994, the frigate took part in the first international festival of sailing ships in Karelia, "Blue Onego-94".

But on October 20, 1994, the frigate "Holy Spirit", on its way to a festival in the city of Amsterdam, sank off the coast of Holland during a strong storm in the North Sea.

Also, at the moment, the historical shipbuilding shipyard "Poltava" is recreating the first large battleship of the Baltic Fleet, launched at the St. Petersburg Admiralty in 1712 - "Poltava".
Construction of the original 4th rank battleship Poltava began in 1709 and ended in 1712; construction lasted 3 years. Peter the Great took part in the design of the ship, and Fedosei Sklyaev supervised the construction.

A full-size replica of the Poltava ship was conceived in 2013 and is planned to be launched in 2016.

In the summer of 2013, the midship frame was laid, and the production of keel pieces and other frames began. The process was complicated by difficult weather conditions, it became clear that it was necessary to build a large hangar for the future ship. In early 2014, the hangar was built and work accelerated. Soon the keel was laid and the first frames were installed. The ship's hull and carved decorations are made of oak, the ship's spars are made of pine, and the planking is planned to be made of larch. The 54 guns that will be installed on the Poltava ship are cast at the plant from cast iron according to the regulations of 1715.

The shipyard's staff already consists of more than 130 professionals with experience gained during the construction of the frigate "Standart" or at the "Poltava" shipyard.

On May 1, 2014, the shipyard solemnly opened its doors to visitors, it became possible to go on an excursion and see how a real sailing ship of the Peter the Great era was built. Today, the shipyard hosts daily excursions, master classes and events on weekends.

In this topic, I suggest you take a brief excursion into the history of early navigation, during the time of sailing ships. You will learn about how navigation and shipbuilding developed in different parts of the world

Historical sketch of the development of navigation

• Egypt

The first sailing ships appeared in Egypt around 3000 BC. e. This is evidenced by the paintings decorating ancient Egyptian vases. However, the birthplace of the boats depicted on the vases is apparently not the Nile Valley, but the nearby Persian Gulf. This is confirmed by a model of a similar boat found in the Obeid tomb, in the city of Eridu, which stood on the shores of the Persian Gulf.

In 1969, the Norwegian scientist Thor Heyerdahl made an interesting attempt to test the assumption that a ship equipped with a sail, made from papyrus reeds, could sail not only along the Nile, but also on the open sea. This vessel, essentially a raft, 15 m long, 5 m wide and 1.5 m high, with a 10 m high mast and a single square sail, was steered by a steering oar.

Before the use of wind, floating craft either moved with oars or were pulled by people or animals walking along the banks of rivers and canals. The ships made it possible to transport heavy and bulky cargo, which was much more productive than transporting animals by teams on land. Bulk cargo was also transported primarily by water.

The large naval expedition of the Egyptian ruler Hatshepsut, undertaken in the first half of the 15th century, is historically attested. BC e. This expedition, which historians also consider a trading expedition, traveled across the Red Sea to the ancient country of Punt on the east coast of Africa (roughly modern Somalia). The ships returned heavily laden with various goods and slaves.

Hatshepsut

• Phoenicia

When sailing short distances, the Phoenicians used mainly light merchant ships that had oars and a straight rack sail. Vessels designed for long-distance voyages and warships looked much more impressive. Phenicia, unlike Egypt, had very favorable natural conditions for the construction of a fleet: near the coast, on the slopes of the Lebanese mountains, forests grew, dominated by the famous Lebanese cedar and oak, as well as other valuable tree species.

In addition to improving sea vessels, the Phoenicians left another remarkable legacy - the word “galley”, which probably entered all European languages. Phoenician ships set sail from the large port cities of Sidon, Ugarit, Arvada, Gebala, etc., where there were also large shipyards.

Historical materials also speak about the voyage of the Phoenicians in south direction across the Red Sea to Indian Ocean. The Phoenicians are credited with the honor of the first voyage around Africa at the end of the 7th century. BC e., i.e. almost 2000 years before Vasco da Gama.

• Greece

The Greeks already in the 9th century. BC e. They learned from the Phoenicians to build ships that were remarkable for that time and began colonizing the surrounding territories early. In the VIII-VI centuries. BC e. their penetration area covered the western shores Mediterranean Sea, the entire Pontus Euxine (Black Sea) and the Aegean coast of Asia Minor.

Not a single wooden antique ship or part of it has survived, and this does not allow us to clarify the idea of ​​​​the main types of galleys, which has developed on the basis of written and other historical materials. Divers and scuba divers continue to survey the seabed at the sites of ancient naval battles in which hundreds of ships were lost. Their shape and internal structure can be judged by indirect evidence - for example, by accurate sketches of the location of clay vessels and metal objects preserved where the ship lay. And yet, in the absence of wooden parts of the hull, one cannot do without the help of painstaking analysis and imagination.

The ship was kept on course using a steering oar, which compared to the later rudder had at least two advantages: it made it possible to turn a stationary ship and to easily replace a damaged or broken steering oar. Merchant ships were wide and had ample hold space to accommodate cargo.

The ship is a Greek war galley, approximately 5th century. BC e., the so-called bireme. With rows of oars located on the sides in two tiers, she naturally had greater speed than a ship of the same size with half the number of oars. In the same century, triremes, warships with three “floors” of rowers, also became widespread. A similar arrangement of galleys is the contribution of ancient Greek craftsmen to the design of sea vessels. Military kinkerems were not “long ships”; they had a deck, internal quarters for soldiers and a particularly powerful ram, bound with copper sheets, located in front at water level, which was used to break through the sides of enemy ships during naval battles. The Greeks adopted a similar combat device from the Phoenicians, who used it in the 8th century. BC e.

Although the Greeks were capable, well-trained navigators, sea travel at that time was dangerous. Not every ship reached its destination as a result of either a shipwreck or a pirate attack.
The galleys of ancient Greece plied almost the entire Mediterranean and Black Sea, there is evidence of their penetration through Gibraltar to the north. Here they reached Britain, and possibly Scandinavia. Their voyage routes are shown on the map.

At their first big clash with Carthage (in the First Punic War), the Romans realized that they could not hope to win without a strong navy. With the help of Greek specialists, they quickly built 120 large galleys and transferred to the sea their method of combat, which they used on land - individual combat of warrior against warrior with personal weapons. The Romans used the so-called "crows" - boarding bridges. Along these bridges, which were pierced with a sharp hook into the deck of the enemy ship, depriving it of the ability to maneuver, the Roman legionaries burst onto the enemy deck and started a battle in their characteristic manner.

Merchant sailboat.

The Roman fleet, like its contemporary Greek fleet, consisted of two main types of ships: “rounded” merchant ships and slender war galleys

Certain improvements can be noted in sailing equipment. On the main mast (mainmast) a large quadrangular straight sail is retained, which is sometimes supplemented by two small triangular upper sails. A smaller quadrangular sail appears on the forward inclined mast - the bowsprit. Increasing the total area of ​​the sails increased the force used to propel the ship. However, the sails continue to be an additional propulsion device; the main one remains the oars, not shown in the figure.
The importance of the sail, however, undoubtedly increased, especially on long voyages, which took place as far as India. In this case, the discovery of the Greek navigator Hippalus helped: the August southwest and January northeast monsoons contributed to the maximum use of sails and at the same time reliably indicated the direction, much like a compass much later. The road from Italy to India and the return journey, with an intermediate crossing by caravans and ships along the Nile from Alexandria to the Red Sea, lasted about a year. Previously, the rowing journey along the shores of the Arabian Sea was much longer.

During their trading voyages, the Romans used numerous Mediterranean ports. Some of them have already been mentioned, but one of the first places should be Alexandria, located in the Nile Delta, whose importance as a transit point increased as Rome’s trade turnover with India and the Far East grew.

• Famous sailing and rowing ships

William the Conqueror's ship

For more than half a millennium, the Viking knights of the high seas kept Europe in fear. They owe their mobility and omnipresence to drakars - true masterpieces of shipbuilding art
The Vikings made long sea voyages on these ships. They discovered Iceland, South coast Greenland, long before Columbus they visited North America. The inhabitants of the Baltic, Mediterranean and Byzantium saw the snake heads on the stems of their ships. Together with the squads of the Slavs, they settled on the great trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks.
The main propulsion device of the drakar was a rack sail with an area of ​​70 m2 or more, sewn from separate vertical panels, richly decorated with gold braid, drawings of the coats of arms of leaders or various signs and symbols. Ray rose with the sail. The high mast was supported by stays running from it to the sides and to the ends of the ship. The sides were protected by richly painted shields of warriors. The silhouette of the Scandinavian vessel is one of a kind. It has many aesthetic advantages. The basis for recreating this vessel was a drawing of the famous carpet from Baye, telling about the landing of William the Conqueror in England in 1066.

"Vasa" Swedish warship

At the beginning of the 17th century. Sweden has significantly strengthened its position in Europe. The founder of the new royal dynasty, Gustav I Vasa, did a lot to bring the country out of medieval backwardness. He freed Sweden from Danish rule and carried out a reformation, subordinating the previously all-powerful church to the state.
There was a Thirty Years' War of 1618-1648. Sweden, which claimed to be one of the leading countries in Europe, sought to finally consolidate its dominant position in the Baltic.
Sweden's main rival in the western part Baltic Sea There was Denmark, which owned both banks of the Sound and the most important islands of the Baltic Sea. But it was a very strong opponent. Then the Swedes concentrated all their attention on the eastern shores of the sea and, after long wars, captured the cities of Yam, Koporye, Karela, Oreshek and Ivan-gorod, which had long belonged to Russia, thus depriving the Russian state of access to the Baltic Sea.
However, Gustav II Adolf, the new king of the Vasa dynasty (1611-1632), wanted to achieve complete Swedish domination in the eastern part of the Baltic Sea and began to create a strong navy.
In 1625, the Stockholm Royal Shipyard received a large order for the simultaneous construction of four large ships. The king showed the greatest interest in the construction of a new flagship. This ship was named "Vasa" - in honor of the Swedish royal Vasa dynasty, to which Gustav II Adolf belonged.
The best shipbuilders, artists, sculptors, and woodcarvers were involved in the construction of Vasa. The Dutch master Hendrik Hibertson, a well-known shipbuilder in Europe, was invited as the main builder.
Two years later, the ship was safely launched and towed to the outfitting pier, located just under the windows of the royal palace.

Galion "Golden Hind" ("Golden Hind")

The ship was built in the 60s of the 16th century in England and was originally called "Pelican". On it, the English navigator Francis Drake, in 1577-1580, as part of a squadron of five ships, undertook a pirate expedition to the West Indies and made his second circumnavigation of the world after Magellan. In honor of the excellent seaworthiness of his ship, Drake renamed it the "Golden Hind" and installed a figurine of a doe made of pure gold in the bow of the ship.
The length of the galleon is 18.3 m, width 5.8 m, draft 2.45 m. This is one of the smallest galleons.

King Henry VIII's ship Henry Grace e Dew

Warship, built in June 1514 in Wolwich (England) by order of King Henry VIII. The ship had very rich decoration. The front two masts each carried three straight sails, the other two had lateen sails, and the bowsprit had a blind and a bow-blind.
The length of the main deck is about 50 m, the length of the keel is 38 m, the width is 12.5 m, the displacement is 1500 tons. Armament: 184 guns, of which 43 are large-caliber. Crew: 351 people, including 50 gunners. In addition, there were 349 soldiers on board.
In 1535 - 1536 the ship was rebuilt. 122 guns were installed on it and transferred to the karakki class.
In August 1553, the ship docked in Volvich and was burned by a sudden fire.

J. Cook's ship "Endeavour"

Built in England in 1762 to transport coal. Originally it was called "Earl of Pembroke". In preparation for J. Cook's expedition, it was refitted and named "Endeavor". The sailing rig corresponded to a typical 18th century barque. Sail area: 700 sq.m. Length 36 m, width 9.2 m. Armament: 10 cannons and 12 mortars.
In 1768 - 1711, J. Cook made his first circumnavigation of the world on the Endeavor.

English bark "Mayflower"

A three-masted barque, built in 1615. On September 6, 1615, it left Plymouth with 102 passengers on board and 67 days later landed on the American coast in Massachusetts Bay, where the English colony of the first settlers was founded. Length 19.5 m, displacement 180 tons.
In 1947, the Society of Migrants began rebuilding the ship as a museum. In 1957, the restored barque Mayflower crossed the Atlantic Ocean and became permanently moored in the port of Provincetown.

English Carrack "Mary Rose"

The ship was built in 1536 and is one of the largest and most powerful warships of King Henry VIII. Displacement - 700 tons. The vessel is distinguished by the presence of three continuous decks. Armament - 39 large and 53 small guns.
On July 11, 1545, a ship as part of an English squadron was preparing to leave Portsmouth. After raising the topsails, the ship began to list, then lay on the starboard side and sank two minutes later. Of the 700 sailors and marines on board, only 40 were saved. The cause of the disaster, obviously, was the poor stability of the ship due to overload with artillery.
In 1982, the ship was raised to the surface in parts. After recovery, it was decided to create maritime museum

The fully rigged vessel was built in 1783 at River Hull and was originally named "Bethia".
1783 Vessel's keel laid at No.2 Dock in River Hull. May 26, 1787 Purchased by the English Navy through the Bank of Meyers, Sharpe and Bryan for £2,600 st. Transferred to Durford shipyard for refitting. 8 June 1787 Renamed HMS "Bounty".
16 August 1787 Lieutenant William Bligh was appointed Captain of HMS Bounty by the Admiralty. December 23, 1787 Beginning of the voyage to Tahiti.
March 23 - April 21, 1788 An attempt to round Cape Horn was unsuccessful, a course was set for the cape Good Hope.
May 24 - June 28, 1788 Repair and replenishment of food supplies in the port of False Bay. August 20 - September 3, 1788 Resupply at Adventure Bay. On October 26, 1788, the ship reached Matavai Bay, Tahiti. April 4, 1789 The ship leaves Tahiti and heads for the West Indies. April 29, 1789 A mutiny breaks out on the ship under the leadership of Fletcher Christian. On January 23, 1790, the Bounty was burned on Pitcairn Island.

American frigate "Constitution"

The ship was built in Boston at the Edmond Hartt shipyard in 1797 and was intended to protect American shipping routes in the Caribbean and Mediterranean Seas from pirates. The frigate's hull was made of very hard white oak, which could withstand large cannonballs. Length between stems 62.2 m, width 13.6 m, side height 6.85 m. Designed to carry 44 guns, the ship often had up to 55 guns on its two decks, of which twenty-eight 24-pounders and ten 12-pounders. Crew: 22 officers, 378 sailors. Displacement 2000 tons. In 1844 - 1846, the frigate circumnavigated the world in 495 days. The frigate was afloat for 150 years. Since 1947, it has been permanently moored at one of the piers in Boston.

Ship "Eagle"

The ship was laid down in November 1667 in the village of Dedinovo on the Oka River, near Kolomna, to protect trade shipping with Persia on the Caspian Sea. The construction was completed in 1669. This is the first Russian warship. It was a type of naval double-decker, three-masted ship, 25 meters long, 6.5 wide and with a draft of 1.5 meters, armed with 22 cannons and hand grenades. In the summer of 1669, the Eagle, as part of a small flotilla, first moved to Nizhny Novgorod, and from there down the Volga to Astrakhan. In 1670 it was captured by rebel peasants led by Stepan Razin. After the suppression of the uprising by the tsarist troops, the ship failed to play any useful role. According to the surviving documents of those years, there is reason to believe that for many years it stood inactive in the Kutum channel, near one of the Astrakhan settlements, and fell into complete disrepair.

"GRANDFATHER OF THE RUSSIAN FLEET"

In 1688, the attention of young Peter 1 was attracted by a boat that belonged to his great-uncle. The future founder of the Russian regular military fleet on this boat, first on the Yauza, and then on Izmailovsky Pond and Lake Pereyaslavl took his first steps to study the basics of maritime affairs. On Lake Pereyaslavl he soon created a whole “flotilla” of similar vessels. Since then, the thought of the sea and sea voyages has not left Peter for a minute. What is this bot? In the 17th century the length of ships, even the smallest, was assigned in whole feet, so the length of the boat is 20 feet (of course, with the accuracy with which the shipbuilders of that time were able to maintain the dimensions), or more precisely -6 m 5 cm. The weight of the boat is about 1500 kg.

Sailing and rowing frigate "Apostle Peter"

The Azov campaign of 1695 finally convinced Peter I that without a fleet he would not be able to capture even a relatively weak coastal fortress. The city of Voronezh became the center of shipbuilding. Here, at a shipyard 15 versts from the confluence of the Voronezh River with the Don in April 1696, the 36-gun sailing and rowing frigate "Apostle Peter" was launched.
The ship was built according to the drawings and with the participation of the “skilled master of galley buildings”, the Dane August (Gustav) Meyer, who later became the commander of the second similar 36-gun ship, the Apostle Paul.
The length of the frigate was 34.4 m, width 7.6 m. The ship was flat-bottomed. The sides at the top of the hull tumbled inward, making boarding difficult. The quarterdeck was open, and the cut-off forecastle left platforms for the boarding crew to accommodate. The ship had three masts with topmasts and a bowsprit with a vertical jib. The fore and main sails were made up of lower sails and topsails. The mizzen mast had only the mizzen. In addition, there were 15 pairs of oars in case of calm and for maneuver. "Apostle Peter" served quite successfully in the Azov Fleet for 14 years.
In 1712, after the unsuccessful Prut campaign, the Azov fleet ceased to exist. The fate of the ship "Apostle Peter" is unknown, although Peter I gave instructions "to preserve it forever as an example of primacy."

Frigate "Peter and Pavel"

In order to create a coalition to fight against Turkey for access to the Black Sea, Peter 1 in the spring of 1697 sent a “grand embassy” to Holland, England and Venice - the maritime powers of that time. More than 100 people were sent with the embassy to study shipbuilding and maritime affairs. The group of volunteers under the name of Pyotr Mikhailov included the Tsar himself. Peter worked hard for about five months, he studied everything he could, learned all the tricks of a complex specialty. The Tsar participated in the construction of the frigate "Peter and Pavel" from its laying until almost the completion of work.
The construction was led by the shipwright of the East India Company, Garrit Claes Paul. The main dimensions of the ship: maximum length 32.85 m, waterline length 27.3 m, width 7.2 m, draft 2.75 m. Up to 40 guns could be placed on one closed and open deck. Upon completion of work at the shipyard, the master gave Peter I a certificate, which noted that he “... was a diligent and intelligent carpenter... and not only ship architecture and drawing plans... he studied thoroughly, but also understood these subjects to the same extent as we ourselves we understand."
Knowledge of naval science at the shipyards of Holland, and then at the shipyards of England, allowed Peter I to personally design many ships and had a positive impact on the construction of the Russian fleet.

Ship "Fortress"

"Fortress" is the first Russian warship to sail into the Black Sea and visit Constantinople.
Built in Panshin, near the mouth of the Don. Length - 37.8, width - 7.3 meters, crew - 106 people, armament - 46 guns.
In the summer of 1699, the Fortress, under the command of Captain Pamburg, delivered an embassy mission to Constantinople, headed by Duma Councilor Yem. Ukraintsev. The appearance of a Russian warship near the walls of the Turkish capital, and the entire Russian squadron near Kerch, forced the Turkish Sultan to reconsider his attitude towards Russia. A peace treaty was concluded between Turkey and Russia. This voyage of the “Fortress” is also notable for the fact that Russian sailors made hydrographic measurements for the first time Kerch Strait and Balaklava Bay, and also drew up the first plans for the Crimean coast. During the stay in Constantinople, many Turkish and foreign experts visited the Fortress and praised Russian shipbuilding. In June of the following year, 1700, the ship "Fortress" with 170 Russian prisoners returned from Turkey to Azov.

Frigate "Standart"

Already in the initial period, the Northern War convinced Peter I that it was impossible to achieve the conquest of the Baltic Sea coast with the help of one, even a well-trained army. It was decided to begin building a fleet. On March 24 (April 4), 1703, at the Olonets shipyard on the Svir River, the Amsterdam shipwright Vybe Goerens laid down the first Russian warship of the Baltic Fleet - a frigate.
Its length is 27.5 m, width 7.3 m, average draft 2.7 m. Crew 120 people. On a closed deck, forecastle and poop, the ship carried 28 guns: 8-, 6- and 3-pounders.
On May 1(12), 1703, Russian troops stormed the Swedish fortress of Nyenschanz, located near the mouth of the Neva. The path to the Baltic Sea was clear. In connection with this event, changes were made to the royal standard: the double-headed eagle now held in its paws and beaks not three, but four maps - with the outlines of the White, Caspian, Azov and Baltic seas.
Launched on August 22, 1703, the frigate received the name "Standart", and on September 8 (19) of the same year, a new standard was raised on its main topmast. The ship under the command of captain Peter Mikhailov (Peter I) crossed Ladoga lake at the head of seven newly built ships and anchored in the roadstead of the Shlisselburg fortress.
Subsequently, he took an active part in the Northern War. On June 6 and 10, 1705, as part of the squadron of Vice Admiral K. Kruys under the command of Captain J. de Lang, he fought with the Swedish fleet off the island of Kotlin. In 1711 it was timbered in St. Petersburg. The frigate "Standard" was part of the Russian fleet for more than 25 years and was dismantled in 1729.

Training frigate "Nadezhda"

Shortly after ascending the Russian throne, Catherine II said: “We have an abundance of ships and people, but there is neither a fleet nor sailors.” At the initiative of the Empress, urgent measures were taken to revive the fleet in the spirit of Peter the Great. One of them was the reorganization of training for naval cadets.
On June 21 (July 2), 1764, the Admiralty Board decided: “For the training of midshipmen and ... cadets, maintain a three-masted yacht with the corps, which should be built and equipped with all the needs.” There is no doubt that the construction of the ship took place, since the decree contains the categorical resolution of Catherine II: “So be it!”
The three-masted ten-gun frigate "Nadezhda" was laid down at the shipyard of the Main Admiralty in St. Petersburg on December 23, 1765 (January 3, 1766), and launched on June 4 (15), 1766. The builder of the frigate was the famous shipwright Lambe Yames. The main dimensions of the vessel: length between perpendiculars 23.77 m, width without planks 6.71 m, side height 3.1 m, hold depth 2.82 m, average draft 2.34 m, displacement 270 tons, main sail area 445 m. The crew consisted of 28 people, of which 17 were sailors. The frigate could carry 25 cadets. He was swimming in the area Gulf of Finland. However, due to the insufficient maintenance of the scaffolding, the life of the ship was short-lived - in 1774 the ship was “dismantled due to disrepair.”
In the history of the Russian Navy, the frigate "Nadezhda" will forever remain as the first domestic specially built training ship.

Battleship "Slava Ekaterina"

Zeichmeister General (artillery commander) Black Sea Fleet I.A. On May 26 (June 6), 1779, Hannibal laid down the first two 66-gun battleships at the Kherson shipyard. The main one was “The Glory of Catherine”. Presumably, the design of the new battleship was developed by shipwright A. S. Katasonov. It was built by engineer I.A. Afanasiev. The length of the vessel on the lower deck is 48.77 m, the width without plating is 13.5 m, the depth of the hold is 5.8 m. Instead of the 30-pound guns required by the state, it was considered possible to make do with the available 24-pound guns, which “have such a small difference, that they can be used with the same benefit in action.” Construction of the ship proceeded slowly, only on September 16 (27), 1783, in a solemn ceremony, the ship was launched.
The "Glory of Catherine" served in combat during the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1791. Renamed "Transfiguration of the Lord" by Field Marshal General G.A. Potemkin in 1788, the ship took part in all major operations of the Russian squadron, including victorious naval battles under the leadership of Admiral F.F. Ushakov.
The well-deserved glory gained in fierce naval battles puts this ship on a par with other hero ships of the Russian fleet.

Sloop "Vostok"

The ship was launched from the slipway of the Okhtinskaya shipyard in St. Petersburg in 1818. Its length is 40 m, width about 10 m, draft 4.8 m, displacement 900 tons, speed up to 10 knots. The armament consisted of 28 guns. Crew 117 people. On July 3 (14), 1819, the sloop "Vostok" under the command of Captain II Rank F.F. Bellingshausen, head of the round-the-world Antarctic expedition, and the sloop "Mirny" under the command of Lieutenant M.P. Lazarev left Kronstadt and on January 16 (28) of the following reached the shores of Antarctica. After repairs in Sydney (Australia), the ships explored the tropical part Pacific Ocean, and then on October 31 (November 12), 1820, they again headed for Antarctica. On January 10 (22), 1821, the sloops reached the southernmost point: 69° 53" south latitude and 92° 19" west longitude. On July 24 (August 5), 1821, having completed a difficult voyage, the ships arrived in Kronstadt.
In 751 days they covered 49,723 miles (about 92,300 km). The most important result of the expedition was the discovery of the enormous sixth continent - Antarctica. In addition, 29 islands were mapped and complex oceanographic work was carried out. In memory of this significant voyage, a medal was knocked out in Russia.
In 1828, the sloop "Vostok" was excluded from the lists of the fleet and dismantled. Nowadays, two Soviet Antarctic scientific stations bear the names of the sloops “Vostok” and “Mirny”. According to established tradition, the name "Vostok" was transferred to the largest research vessel.

Clipper Cutty Sark

The Cutty Sark was created during the golden age of sailing - the era of clipper ships. Thousands of years of experience in the construction and operation of sailing ships, many scientific and technical achievements accumulated by the middle of the 19th century. - all this was synthesized during the construction of clipper ships - the highest and final stage of sailing shipbuilding. Everything in the design of the clipper was subordinated to speed: a sharp, very elongated bow, streamlined lines, huge sails, a solid hull.
On the transatlantic routes, steamships had already begun to win convincing victories over sailing ships, but on the Australian and Far Eastern ocean routes, stretching half the globe, the clippers still reigned supreme - the embodiment of grace, light, swift, and the best of them was the Cutty Sark.

Ships are resting at the piers,
look into the water with sleepy hawse,
the pull of mother earth
feeling tired sides.
They, like people, sometimes want
after storms and difficult voyages
feel bliss and peace
at the berths of our Good, Quiet Harbor...

January 6, 2011 | Categories: History , Topper