Travels and geographical discoveries. Travels of the Age of Great Geographical Discoveries Find out how a tourist differs from a traveler

There are many reasons why your travels are beneficial. This is one of the most interesting things you can do. And this is exactly what you will remember throughout your life. I recently had the opportunity to live in London for 4 months while studying. I was lucky to be able to visit some other countries and this is my richest experience.

While it's not always practical to pack up and leave for any amount of time, there are many opportunities to travel, both domestically and internationally. Traveling today is easier than ever. With proper planning, this is possible even with the smallest budget, but the investment in travel is worth it. Here are 10 reasons why you should travel!

1. It's refreshing

How important is the root cause of travel? Your travel destination is not the place where you usually eat, sleep, work or have fun. It's a completely new place with an endless number of new attractions and new activities for you to explore. It's very easy to become a couch potato, and it's boring! So try to get out of the house the world. Visit other countries or at least a few neighboring cities.

2. It's easy

Yes, it is not a simple and easy walk, but traveling is becoming easier and easier every day. Of course, you should always plan your vacation so that everything goes without a hitch. Keep your travel documents together, make sure all your bookings are confirmed, make sure you know how to get from the train station to your accommodation. By following just a few simple steps in your plan, traveling can be truly easy.

3. You will learn new things

About yourself, about other people, about other food, about the world in which you live. Traveling is perhaps the most fun way to learn something new. It's interesting to explore the world outside of yours small town, so use this opportunity!

4. You can customize everything to suit you

While you are traveling without a guide or group, you have complete control over where and how to spend your time. It's so wonderful to do what you want. Is not it? Traveling gives you a great excuse to discover and explore new interests.

5. You will meet new people

Traveling is a great way to meet new people. If you're a backpacker, it's often very easy to find groups of people going the same route as you. Hostels, for those on a budget, also good way meet new people. Because many travelers travel alone or in small groups and choose a hostel to stay overnight. There are plenty of opportunities to meet both travelers and locals.

6. You will acquire new skills

You can learn a lot of new skills. This could be learning a new language or how to tie a sea knot. Or maybe you gain time management skills by simply planning your day. A good plus The thing about traveling is that you often gain new skills without difficulty and without even noticing it.

7. You have something to look forward to.

Sometimes it's really great to have something on your calendar that you look forward to. Just a little reminder that in just a couple of weeks you will be on a plane to another country or have a road adventure. This anticipation and excitement is almost as enjoyable as the trip itself.

8. And something that you will remember

Photos, memories, memorabilia, everything with which you want to remember your trip. Travel is wonderful because even if the trip is over, you have the opportunity to remember every moment over and over again.

9. You will try new things.

Traveling is a wonderful way to experiment with new things. You can try ziplining over the abyss, go rafting and just relax on the beach if you have never done this. You will have plenty of opportunities to try something for the first time.

10. It can make you a better person.

Visiting new places is a wonderful way to expand your horizons. Travelers are more interesting, well-read and, most often, more cheerful. Surround yourself with those who share your passion for travel and your interests in becoming a global citizen. And as a result, you will find that you gradually become a better person.

Travel has always attracted people, but before it was not only interesting, but also extremely difficult. The territories were unexplored, and when setting off, everyone became an explorer. Which travelers are the most famous and what exactly did each of them discover?

James Cook

The famous Englishman was one of the best cartographers of the eighteenth century. He was born in the north of England and by the age of thirteen began to work with his father. But the boy turned out to be incapable of trading, so he decided to take up sailing. In those days, all famous travelers of the world went to distant countries on ships. James became interested in maritime affairs and rose through the ranks so quickly that he was offered to become a captain. He refused and went to the Royal Navy. Already in 1757, the talented Cook began to steer the ship himself. His first achievement was drawing up the river fairway. He discovered his talent as a navigator and cartographer. In the 1760s he explored Newfoundland, which attracted the attention of the Royal Society and the Admiralty. He was entrusted with a journey across the Pacific Ocean, where he reached the shores of New Zealand. In 1770, he accomplished something that other famous travelers had not achieved before - he discovered a new continent. Cook returned to England in 1771 as the famous pioneer of Australia. His last journey was an expedition in search of a passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean s. Today, even schoolchildren know the sad fate of Cook, who was killed by cannibal natives.

Christopher Columbus

Famous travelers and their discoveries have always had a significant influence on the course of history, but few turned out to be as famous as this man. Columbus became a national hero of Spain, decisively expanding the map of the country. Christopher was born in 1451. The boy quickly achieved success because he was diligent and studied well. Already at the age of 14 he went to sea. In 1479, he met his love and began life in Portugal, but after the tragic death of his wife, he and his son went to Spain. Having received the support of the Spanish king, he set out on an expedition whose goal was to find a route to Asia. Three ships sailed from the coast of Spain to the west. In October 1492 they reached Bahamas. This is how America was discovered. Christopher mistakenly decided to call the local residents Indians, believing that he had reached India. His report changed history: two new continents and many islands, discovered by Columbus, became the main direction of travel for colonialists in the next few centuries.

Vasco da Gama

The most famous traveler of Portugal was born in the city of Sines on September 29, 1460. From a young age he worked in the navy and became famous as a confident and fearless captain. In 1495, King Manuel came to power in Portugal, who dreamed of developing trade with India. For this, a sea route was needed, in search of which Vasco da Gama had to go. There were more famous sailors and travelers in the country, but for some reason the king chose him. In 1497, four ships sailed south, rounded and sailed to Mozambique. They had to stop there for a month - half the team by that time was suffering from scurvy. After the break, Vasco da Gama reached Calcutta. In India, he established trade relations for three months, and a year later returned to Portugal, where he became a national hero. Opening sea ​​route, which made it possible to get to Calcutta by east coast Africa became his main achievement.

Nikolai Miklouho-Maclay

Famous Russian travelers also made many important discoveries. For example, the same Nikolai Mikhlukho-Maclay, born in 1864 in the Novgorod province. He was unable to graduate from St. Petersburg University, as he was expelled for participating in student demonstrations. To continue his education, Nikolai went to Germany, where he met Haeckel, a natural scientist who invited Miklouho-Maclay to his scientific expedition. This is how the world of wanderings opened up for him. His whole life was devoted to travel and scientific work. Nikolai lived in Sicily, Australia, studied New Guinea, implementing the project of the Russian Geographical Society, visited Indonesia, the Philippines, the Malacca Peninsula and Oceania. In 1886, the natural scientist returned to Russia and proposed to the emperor to found a Russian colony overseas. But the project with New Guinea did not receive royal support, and Miklouho-Maclay became seriously ill and soon died without completing his work on the travel book.

Ferdinand Magellan

Many famous navigators and travelers lived during the era of the Great Magellan is no exception. In 1480 he was born in Portugal, in the city of Sabrosa. Having gone to serve at court (at that time he was only 12 years old), he learned about the confrontation between home country and Spain, about travel to the East Indies and trade routes. This is how he first became interested in the sea. In 1505, Fernand got on a ship. For seven years after that, he roamed the seas and took part in expeditions to India and Africa. In 1513, Magellan traveled to Morocco, where he was wounded in battle. But this did not curb his thirst for travel - he planned an expedition for spices. The king rejected his request, and Magellan went to Spain, where he received all the necessary support. Thus began his journey around the world. Fernand thought that from the west the route to India might be shorter. He crossed Atlantic Ocean, got to South America and discovered the strait, which would later be named after him. became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean. He used it to reach the Philippines and almost reached his goal - the Moluccas, but died in a battle with local tribes, wounded by a poisonous arrow. However, his journey revealed a new ocean to Europe and the understanding that the planet was much larger than scientists had previously thought.

Roald Amundsen

The Norwegian was born at the very end of an era in which many famous travelers became famous. Amundsen became the last of the explorers trying to find undiscovered lands. Since childhood, he was distinguished by perseverance and self-confidence, which allowed him to conquer the South Geographic Pole. The beginning of the journey is connected with 1893, when the boy dropped out of university and got a job as a sailor. In 1896 he became a navigator, and the following year he set off on his first expedition to Antarctica. The ship was lost in the ice, the crew suffered from scurvy, but Amundsen did not give up. He took command, cured the people, remembering his medical training, and led the ship back to Europe. Having become a captain, in 1903 he set out to search for the Northwest Passage off Canada. Famous travelers before him had never done anything like this - in two years the team covered the path from the east of the American continent to its west. Amundsen became famous throughout the world. The next expedition was a two-month trip to the Southern Plus, and the last enterprise was the search for Nobile, during which he went missing.

David Livingston

Many famous travelers are associated with sailing. He became a land explorer, namely the African continent. The famous Scot was born in March 1813. At age 20, he decided to become a missionary, met Robert Moffett and wanted to go to African villages. In 1841 he came to Kuruman, where he taught local residents maintaining Agriculture, served as a doctor and taught literacy. There he learned the Bechuana language, which helped him in his travels around Africa. Livingston studied in detail the life and customs of the local residents, wrote several books about them and went on an expedition in search of the sources of the Nile, in which he fell ill and died of a fever.

Amerigo Vespucci

The world's most famous travelers most often came from Spain or Portugal. Amerigo Vespucci was born in Italy and became one of the famous Florentines. He received a good education and trained as a financier. From 1490 he worked in Seville, in the Medici trade mission. His life was connected with sea travel, for example, he sponsored Columbus's second expedition. Christopher inspired him with the idea of ​​​​trying himself as a traveler, and already in 1499 Vespucci went to Suriname. The purpose of swimming was to study coastline. There he opened a settlement called Venezuela - little Venice. In 1500 he returned home, bringing 200 slaves. In 1501 and 1503 Amerigo repeated his travels, acting not only as a navigator, but also as a cartographer. He discovered the bay of Rio de Janeiro, the name of which he gave himself. From 1505 he served the king of Castile and did not participate in campaigns, only equipped other people’s expeditions.

Francis Drake

Many famous travelers and their discoveries benefited humanity. But among them there are also those who left behind a bad memory, since their names were associated with rather cruel events. The English Protestant, who sailed on a ship from the age of twelve, was no exception. He captured locals in the Caribbean, sold them into slavery to the Spaniards, attacked ships and fought with Catholics. Perhaps no one could match Drake in the number of captured foreign ships. His campaigns were sponsored by the Queen of England. In 1577, he went to South America to defeat the Spanish settlements. During the journey he found Tierra del Fuego and the strait which was subsequently named after him. Having sailed around Argentina, Drake plundered the port of Valparaiso and two Spanish ships. Having reached California, he met the natives who presented the British with gifts of tobacco and bird feathers. Drake crossed the Indian Ocean and returned to Plymouth, becoming the first British person to visit trip around the world. He was admitted to the House of Commons and awarded the title of Sir. In 1595 he died on his last trip to the Caribbean.

Afanasy Nikitin

Few famous Russian travelers have achieved the same heights as this native of Tver. Afanasy Nikitin became the first European to visit India. He traveled to the Portuguese colonialists and wrote “Walking across the Three Seas” - a most valuable literary and historical monument. The success of the expedition was ensured by the career of a merchant: Afanasy knew several languages ​​and knew how to negotiate with people. On his journey, he visited Baku, lived in Persia for about two years and reached India by ship. Visiting several cities exotic country, he went to Parvat, where he stayed for a year and a half. After the province of Raichur, he headed to Russia, laying a route through the Arabian and Somali peninsulas. However, Afanasy Nikitin never made it home, because he fell ill and died near Smolensk, but his notes were preserved and provided the merchant with world fame.

Each era has its own people who are not limited to the idea of ​​the world given to them. Their whole life is a search. It was thanks to such restless natures that America, Australia, New Zealand and many other points on the map were discovered. And Europe became the richest in travelers in the 15th-16th centuries - the time of colonization.

Miklouho-Maclay (1846-1888)

The future traveler and ethnographer was born in St. Petersburg into the family of an engineer. He was quickly expelled from the university for participating in the student movement. So he finished his education in Germany. From there he set off on his first trip to Canary Islands, then to Madeira, Morocco, the Red Sea coast. I went there as a fauna researcher, and returned as an ethnographer. He was more interested not in animals and flowers, but in people.

Miklouho-Maclay explored the indigenous population South-East Asia, Australia and the Pacific Islands. Lived for several years on the northwestern coast of New Guinea, visited the islands of Oceania. Made two expeditions to the Malay Peninsula. Studying the indigenous inhabitants of these little-explored lands, the scientist came to the conclusion about the species unity and kinship of different races. Last years He spent his life in Indonesia and Australia and even proposed a project for a Papuan Union in New Guinea. According to the researcher, he was supposed to resist the colonial invaders. One of his latest ideas is Russian artel communities in New Guinea - an ideal version of a government system.

The scientist died in his native St. Petersburg in a hospital bed; by the age of 42, numerous expeditions had completely worn out his body. Collections and papers of Miklouho-Maclay - sixteen notebooks, six thick notebooks, plans, maps, own drawings, newspaper clippings, magazine articles, diaries different years- were transferred to the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and placed in the museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences.

Christopher Columbus (1451 – 1506)

Christopher Columbus became a real navigator thanks to his father-in-law, the owner of one of the islands in Portugal. While studying geography, Columbus decided that the treasured India could be reached through the Atlantic Ocean. Indeed, in those days, strong Turkey blocked the routes to the East, and Europe needed a new road to this land of spices. Only the Spanish crown agreed to sponsor Columbus, and in 1492 the three caravels "Santa Maria", "Nina" and "Pinta" set out on open water. First, the ships headed for the Canary Islands, then to the west. Several times the crew demanded to return, but Columbus insisted on his own. As a result, they landed on the island of San Salvador (Guanahani). Then the islands of Juana (present-day Cuba) and Hispaniola (Haiti) were discovered. True, the traveler was sure that they were on the coast, washed by Indian Ocean. He returned to Spain in triumph, and a squadron consisting of 14 caravels and three merchant ships set off on a new journey.

But Columbus was not a scientist, but pursued completely selfish goals: to provide for his family and himself. And this affected his future fate: the indigenous population rebelled. In the colonies, where the main principle was acquisitiveness and greed, even the colonialists themselves wrote complaints to Spain about Columbus and his brother. But he did his job - he opened the Greater Antilles archipelago, the mouth of the Orinoco River, and Central America to Europe. True, until the end of my life I was sure that all this was adjacent to India.

Columbus, in illness and poverty, and even after death, did not find peace. His remains were transferred from city to city several times.

Vasco da Gama (1460 – 1524)

P was the first to travel across the ocean from Portugal to the East. The future discoverer grew up in a noble family in Portugal. He went on an expedition to the East instead of his father, a traveler, who died suddenly. In 1497 his ships left the port. Few people believed in the Portuguese's success. But he did it. Da Gama rounded the cape Good Hope and headed for India. Sailors died from scurvy and in skirmishes with Muslim traders who flooded Africa. They saw the traveler as a competitor. And for good reason. Two years later, the Portuguese brought back ships of spices - one of the most expensive goods at that time.

The second expedition was also successful. Da Gama already had warships at his disposal to protect himself from ill-wishers.

The third expedition was the last for Vasco da Gama. He was appointed as the royal family's representative in India. But he did not stay in this position for so long. In 1954 he died from a serious illness.

Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521)

Born in 1480 in northern Portugal. The first time he went to sea was as part of the fleet of Admiral Francisco Almeda. He took part in several expeditions before setting out on his own to find new routes to the Malay Archipelago in Indonesia. Spain supported Magellan - it sponsored a journey across the Atlantic Ocean. In 1519, five ships reached South America. The expedition made its way south along the coast of America with sweat and blood. But in 1520, a strait into the Pacific Ocean was found - later it would be called Magellanic. A year later, the traveler had already arrived at his destination - the Moluccas. But on the Philippine Islands, the traveler was drawn into a local war among the leaders, and he was killed. The return of the rest of the crew to their homeland was not easy. Only one ship out of five and 18 people out of 200 made it.

James Cook (1728-1779)

Cook was born into the family of an English farm laborer. But he made a career from a simple cabin boy to the leader of an expedition. Skill, intelligence and ingenuity were quickly appreciated. James Cook's first expedition began in 1767 on the ship Endeavor. Official version- observation of the passage of Venus through the disk of the Sun. But in fact, colonial England needed new lands. In addition, among the tasks was the exploration of the east coast of Australia. During the voyage, Cook did not stop studying cartography and navigation. The result of the expedition was the information that New Zealand- that's two independent islands, and not part of an unknown continent. The scientist also compiled a map of the eastern coast of Australia and discovered the strait between Australia and New Guinea.

The results of the second expedition (1772 - 1775) became even more impressive. New Caledonia, South Georgia, Easter Island, Marquesas Islands, and Friendship Island were mapped. Cook's ship crossed the Antarctic Circle.

The third voyage took 4 years. Several others have also been explored. Exactly on Hawaiian Islands During one of the conflicts between the natives and the British, James Cook died - a spear pierced the back of his head. But evidence that the aborigines ate Cook has not been found.

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A) 54 B) 9 C) 30 D) 18

A) Nile B) Congo C) Amazon D) Cupid

A3. The topography of Africa is dominated by:

A) lowlands (0 – 200m) B) high mountains (from 2500m)

C) high plains (200 - 1000m) D) depressions (below sea level)

A4. In the Congo River basin, on both sides of the equator, there is a natural area:

A) deserts B) equatorial forests

C) savannah D) taiga

A5. The Sahara Desert is inhabited by:

A) pygmies B) Bushmen

C) Berbers D) Russians

A6. Driest continent:

A) Africa B) Australia C) Madagascar D) Antarctica

A) Kosciuszko (2230m) B) Kilimanjaro (5895m)

C) Fuji (3776m) D) Elbrus (5033)

A) Amazon B) Volga

C) Murray D) Congo

A9. Australia is home to the most primitive mammals:

A) echidna and platypus B) zebra and elephant

C) parrots and kangaroos D) koala and emu

A10. The capital of Australia:

A) Sydney B) Melbourne C) Canberra D) Cairo

IN 1. Indicate the capitals of African states:

A. Egypt 1. Algeria

B. Algeria 2. Cairo

B. Nigeria 3. Addis Ababa

G. Ethiopia 4. Abuja

Put your answer in a table.

A
B
IN
G

AT 2. Please indicate the match:

A. Madagascar 1. river

B. Congo 2. island

V. Tasmania 3.lake

D. Eyre – North

C1. Why is Australia the driest continent?

C2. Describe natural areas Africa.
(Thank you)

the rivers do not freeze, are deep in winter, and become very shallow in summer: what type of climate?
the rivers do not freeze and often dry up in summer: what type of climate?
rivers do not freeze, warm winters, rain floods and floods in the summer season: what type of climate?
rivers may partially freeze, winters are cool or cold, rain floods and floods in the summer season: what type of climate?
rivers freeze in winter, flood in spring, and become shallow in summer: what type of climate?