Installing a mast on the deck of sailing ships. Design features of sailing ships. Types of sailing ships

The spar and rigging of a vessel mean all moving or at rest equipment - masts, cargo half-masts, yards, gaffs, cargo booms, shrouds, forestays with all related parts. This name has been preserved since the days of sailing ships, however, its meaning has changed significantly during this time. Thus, initially the spar and rigging of a sailing ship ensured the ship’s forward movement, and now their main task on modern cargo ships is to place the cargo device, and on passenger ships, icebreakers, tugs and similar floating craft - signaling equipment.

Armament of a sailing ship

a - armament of a barque with an auxiliary engine; b - types of sailing weapons; c - types of sailing ships.

1 - mizzen boom; 2 - mizzen; 3 - mizzen mast; 4 - mizzen-gaff; 5 - cruise topsail; 6 - topmast; 7 - main topmast; 8 - main-bom-bram-ray; 9 - main-bom-bramsail; 10 - main beam; 11 - mainsail topsail; 12 - cruise-top staysail; 13 - cruise-staysail; 14 - upsel; 15 - upper mainsail; 16 - lower mainsail topsail; 17 - grotto; 18 - main topmast; 19 - mainmast; 20 - upper grotto-Mars-ray; 21 - lower grotto-Mars-ray; 22 - mainsail; 23 - main-bom-top-staysail; 24 - mainsail staysail; 25 - mainsail-staysail; 26 - for-bom-bram-ray; 27 - fore topmast; 28 - fore-bom-bramsel; 29 - fore-frame; 30 - fore-bramsel; 31 - fore-bom-stay; 32 - boom-jib-rail; 33 - upper fore-Mars-yard; 34 - upper fore-topsail; 35- fore topmast; 36 - lower fore-Mars-yard; 37 - lower fore-topsail; 38 - foquere yard; 39 - fore-mast; 40 - foresail; 41 - fore-topmast-staysail; 42 - middle jib; 43 - jib; 44 - boom jib; 45 - bowsprit; 46 - lateen sail; 47 - straight rack sail; 48 - luger or rack sail Tretyak; 49 - luger or quarter sail; 50 - sprint sail; 51 - gaff sail; 52 - guari; 53 - Bermuda sail; 54 - evers; 55 - logger; 56 - ketch; 57 - de-masted gaff schooner; 58 - two-masted topsail schooner; 59 - brigantine (schooner-brig); 60 - brig; 61 - three-masted gaff schooner; 62 - three-masted topsail schooner; 63 - three-masted topsail schooner; 64 - barquentine (barque schooner); 65 - barque; 66 is a ship with full armament.

The main part of the spar is the mast. Depending on the purpose of use, there are signal, cargo and special masts made of wood or pipes made of steel or light metal. To absorb the forces arising from roll and pitch during strong seas, the masts are attached to the sides or in the center plane using shrouds and stays consisting of steel wire ropes. The signal masts contain signal and radio antenna yards, and often also a gaff for hoisting the country's flag. We have the latest information on rigging work. In addition, they contain flag halyards and a lantern holder.

Spars and rigging of cargo ships

a - cargo and signaling devices of a cargo ship of an old design; b - cargo ship with cargo booms and ship cranes.

The simplest design is made by tubular masts (Fig. below a), which have one load boom at the front and rear. To accommodate other cargo booms, a saling is mounted on the top of the mast, and a traverse is attached to the mast two to three meters above the deck. The ends of the traverse rest on short ventilation struts. The saling and traverse often consist of a single box beam (picture below b). The most common bipedal masts usually have no standing rigging, thereby increasing visibility to the open deck. Sometimes when working with heavy load-bearing devices, stays are installed on the opposite side (Fig. below c).

Cargo masts

a - tubular mast; b - tubular mast with saling and cargo boom traverse; c - two-legged mast. 1 - antenna yard; 2 - yard; 3 - searchlight beam; 4 - observation post on the mast (“crow’s nest”); 5 - shrouds; 6 - topmast; 7 - saling; 8 - ventilation column; 9 - foundation of the cargo boom.

Cargo half-masts, unlike masts, are rarely equipped with topmasts and are installed in pairs outside the centerline of the ship between hatches or on hatches. As a rule, they do not have forestays, but are often connected to each other by means of a connecting forestay or traverse. Cargo half masts are often used for cargo hold ventilation; in this case, they are provided with deck fan sockets.

Cargo half masts

a - location of half masts; b - half mast with traverse; c - half mast with top and shrouds; d - half masts without stays. 1 - topmast; 2 - traverse; 3 - cargo half mast; 4 - topik; 5 - shrouds.

Masts and half-masts are secured by cables and stays, which in almost all cases consist of steel cables. They are attached at one end to the mast (saling) or to the half-mast with strong butts (cable shrouds), and the other end to the bases of the shrouds (stay-stays) in the immediate vicinity of the bulwark. The shrouds or stays with butts are attached to the mast or to the shrouds using cleats; If there are fork rope locks, no locks are required. Between the shrouds or stays and shrouds there are turnbuckles for tightening the cables.

- (Dutch boegspriet, from boeg bend, curvature, and spriet pole). A mast placed at an angle towards the front of the ship. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. BUSHPRIT bowsprit, tilted over the bow and... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

A horizontal or inclined beam projecting from the bow of a sailing vessel. Serves to move forward triangular sails (jibs and staysails) in order to improve the maneuverability of the vessel and partially for attaching the foremast. Naval... ... Naval Dictionary

BUSHPRIT, male bowsprit, marine. the front mast on a ship, lying inclined forward, beyond the cutwater. The continuation of the bowsprit is a jig, and the transverse tree is a blindar. The sails on the bowsprit are triangular: forestays jib, jib and boom jib. Dictionary… … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary

Bugsprit, mast, spar Dictionary of Russian synonyms. bowsprit noun, number of synonyms: 3 bowsprit (1) mast ... Synonym dictionary

- (from the English bowsprit) a horizontal or inclined beam protruding beyond the stem of a sailing ship. Serves mainly for attaching bow sails... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

AND BUGSPRIT, bowsprit, husband. (from the Dutch boeg bow of the ship and spriet pole) (nautical). A beam protruding obliquely in front of the bow of a ship. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

A tree that extends overboard at the bow of a ship horizontally or at some angle. The greatest angle to the horizon reaches 35°. B. can be either fixed or retractable, that is, one whose outboard part can be reduced by sliding it inward... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

A; m. [Gol. boegsprit] Pestilence. A horizontal or inclined beam used to carry the bow sails forward. * * * bowsprit (from the English bowsprit), a horizontal or inclined beam protruding beyond the stem of a sailing ship. Serves mainly... encyclopedic Dictionary

Bowsprit (English bowsprit, Dutch boegspriet), a horizontal or inclined beam protruding beyond the stem of a ship. On sailing ships, the propeller serves to move the bow sails (jibs) forward, thereby increasing total area… … Great Soviet Encyclopedia

M. Horizontal or inclined beam on sailing ship, serving to move the bow sails forward. Ephraim's explanatory dictionary. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern Dictionary Russian language Efremova

Books

Set "Sea of Wonders. Ghost Ship" (147261) , . We bring to your attention the interactive aquarium "Ghost Ship". Includes: aquarium, mast, bow of the ship (2 pcs.), bowsprit, front deck (tank), railings (6 pcs.), middle deck...
Developmental audio encyclopedia. Ships. Water transport (audiobook MP3), A. Lukin. The "Transport" series includes four discs, by listening to which children will learn a lot about airplanes and airships, cars and bicycles, ships, subways and railway. In this issue: How...

Bowsprit

a tree pushed overboard at the bow of a ship horizontally or at some angle. The greatest angle to the horizon reaches 35°. The boat can be either fixed or removable, that is, one whose outboard part can be reduced by sliding it inside the vessel (the tackle that serves this purpose is called a boat-shot), or a latrine, that is, raised upward, for free action as a ram on battleships. The end of the belly, which enters the vessel, is called a spur and is fixed in a specially made place called a partner; the other end is called the top and the ezelgoft is put on it.

1. Bowsprit. 2. Bowsprit ezelgoft. 3. Carpenter. 4. The stem. 5. Tension yoke. 6. Bracket. 7. Water backstays. 8. Water stays. 9. Forestays. 10. Folding yoke. 11. Spur jig.

B., like masts, are made from resinous coniferous trees; on large ships, the mast is not a single tree, but a composite one, mainly of 4 pieces, fastened with yokes and bolts (see Masts). B. serves to remove some of the sail from the center of gravity of the ship, and thereby makes it possible to increase the rotational force of the front oblique sails; in addition, the bow serves to support the foremast in front, for which it is strongly fastened to the stem.

B. does not count masts; Thus, a two-masted ship has two vertical masts and a mast; three-masted - three masts and a boat, etc. The boat is put in place either with a crane or with arrows and is secured in its position with water-woolings, brackets or clips, water-stays and water-backstays. When determining the slope of a boat, the location of the general center of windage is taken into account. As the slope increases, the center of sail approaches the bow, which, assisting the rudder, is especially beneficial during fresh winds, in which most of The ships rudder moves in the wind and thus reduces the speed. The fore-staysail and fore-topmast-staysel are hoisted on the B. Both of these sails balance the action of the rear sails and serve to tilt the bow of the ship into the wind.

Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron. - S.-Pb.: Brockhaus-Efron. 1890-1907 .

Synonyms:

See what "Bowsprit" is in other dictionaries:

Vessels Falls of Clyde Bowsprit, bowsprit (Dutch boegspriet (from boeg nose and spriet peak, in ... Wikipedia

Bugsprit, mast, spar Dictionary of Russian synonyms. bowsprit noun, number of synonyms: 3 bowsprit (1) mast ... Synonym dictionary

- (from the English bowsprit) a horizontal or inclined beam protruding beyond the stem of a sailing ship. Serves mainly for attaching bow sails... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Bowsprit (English bowsprit, Dutch boegspriet), a horizontal or inclined beam protruding beyond the stem of a ship. On sailing ships, the wing is used to move the bow sails (jibs) forward, thereby increasing the total area... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

M. A horizontal or inclined beam on a sailing ship, used to carry the bow sails forward. Ephraim's explanatory dictionary. T. F. Efremova. 2000... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova

Books

Set "Sea of Wonders. Ghost Ship" (147261) , . We bring to your attention the interactive aquarium "Ghost Ship". Includes: aquarium, mast, bow of the ship (2 pcs.), bowsprit, front deck (tank), railings (6 pcs.), middle deck...

Flemish carrack - shrouds

Shrouds are guy ropes that hold the mast so that it doesn’t fall, of course.
A. Nekrasov. The Adventures of Captain Vrungel

Model of a karakka from Nuremberg ( Schlüsselfelder Schiff), silver, gilt, 1503. The author is believed to be Albrecht Durer the Elder.

The design of the fastening of the mainmast shrouds to the hull of the Flemish carrack is unusual. The first few tackles are attached directly to the board, the rest - to the wide channel.

The appearance of a wide horizontal channel in the engraving, which is believed to date from the wedding of Charles the Bold and Margaret of York in 1468, with a detailed depiction of the deadeyes on it, is quite unusual. At that time, shrouds were attached mainly to the deck or directly on the sides, and the methods by which they were stuffed were impossible to recognize in the available images (you can read about shrouds on galleys and the terms associated with this process in one of our previous posts). Usually artists limited themselves to some incomprehensible zigzags. One of the first reliably dated (1493) images of a horizontal channel is the engraving of Michael Wolgemut "Ulysses and Circe" in the "Nuremberg Chronicle" by Hartmann Schedel.

Wood engraving from Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle ( Schedel"schen Weltchronik), sheet 41 recto

But even on it, the device for stuffing the shrouds is just some zigzags around the gear.

The unusual image of the Flemish karakka is reinforced by the difference in the style of this engraving from the style of other surviving works of the WA Master: the image of the karakka does not in any way correlate with the period of 1468, but is more consistent with the style of the Master’s last works, dating back to the years 1485-1490. The problem can be resolved by assuming that the original image, made for the wedding, was redone in later years. If you look again at the enlarged image of the karakka in the area where the cables are attached

then you can see traces of a removed fragment of the image between the cargo port on the side of the carrack and the channel above it. The partially removed detail apparently represented cargo port, which was located higher and closer to the stern than the port in the final image. The relocation of the port to a new location can be easily explained. Loading of heavy objects through the cargo hatch on board was often carried out using hoists on the main yard, which was used as a cargo boom. The wide channel, as depicted in the engraving, located immediately above the old image of the port, made loading through this port impossible. Apparently, the ruslen is a later addition to the engraving, and along with it changes were made to the location of the cargo port.

Now about the method of attaching the cables. Let's take a brief look at its evolution. Increase in size sailing ships and the resulting increase in the tension forces of the standing rigging required new ways of stuffing the cables. There are three such methods in total. The first was similar to the method used in stringing musical instruments. The ends of the cables were wound around pegs (like pegs on a violin). The tension of the gear was carried out using wings attached to these pins, which is also very similar to the method of tuning stringed instruments. Nice illustration this option can be seen in the engraving of Hans Burkmair (1511), located in the book of comments of the Strasbourg preacher Guyler von Kaisersberg to Sebastian Brant's poem " Ship of Fools» .

Thus, in this case, the tension of the cables was carried out using a kind of gate, a small windlass, equipped, as some researchers believe (H.H. Brindly, 1913), with a ratchet mechanism (ratchet with a pawl). However, it cannot be ruled out. that the pins were held in position using a conventional clutch, which was more natural in that era. It should be noted that no other images of a similar method of tensioning cables have been found, so it is hypothesized that the image resurrects a long-forgotten, perhaps historically first, method.

Another possible way of stuffing the shrouds was the method of twisting the gear. To understand its essence, let’s look at the cable-stayed cables that existed at that time. In principle, there are two types of twisted cables: left descent and right descent. In 1973, a special international standard ISO 2 was even introduced to designate these two types of cable winding:

The capital Latin letter S denoted the cables of the left descent, and the capital Z - the right. These letters were chosen because the direction of the line in their middle part corresponds to the direction of the strand in the corresponding cable. It would be more convenient for us, I think, to have another rule: if you look along the cable, then for the left descent cable the strand, moving away from the observer, goes in the left direction, and for the right one, accordingly, in the right direction. (For connoisseurs of rifled weapons, there is a direct analogy with determining the direction of cutting the barrel: right - “left, up, right” (historically this is Russia, the USA, etc.) and left (England, France, etc.)) Right trigger cables are the most common, and, as a rule, they were used to make cables.

If the right descent cable (a) is “twisted” counterclockwise (b), then it becomes shorter, the cable tension increases, if clockwise (c), the cable lengthens. This property of twisted cables was used for stuffing cables.

A brake was attached to the lower end of the shroud, which passed through the hole in the side (we have already discussed brakes). By rotating the brake in the desired direction, the cable tension was increased or decreased.

There are images and even models of sailing ships with a similar method of stuffing shrouds. For example, in an illuminated Luttrell Psalters(1320–1340) the miniature for Psalm 89 shows shrouds with brakes.

Luttrell Psalter (British Library), fragment of a miniature for Psalm 89

And of course, a wonderful silver model of a karakka from Nuremberg, a photograph of which is shown at the beginning of the post, and an enlarged image is given below.

Kohlhausen (H. Kohlhausen. Nürnberger Goldschmiedekunst des Mittelalters undder Durerzeit 1240 to 1540, Berlin, 1968) makes the assumption that the possible author of the model, Albrecht Dürer the Elder, took an engraving of the Flemish karakka by Master WA as a model for it. However, there is one obstacle: on Dürer’s model, the method of attaching the shrouds using brakes is used, and on the Flemish karakka, as we have seen, dead eyes and rules are used.

And finally, let's consider the third method of tensioning cables - using blocks. Initially, the cables were stuffed using a single-pulley block, which, as is known, gives a double gain in strength. Further improvement of this method led to the replacement of a simple block with a pair of deadeyes - pulleyless blocks with three through holes in the cheeks, arranged in the form of a triangle, through which the turnbuckles are passed (see the above enlarged image of the Flemish karakka in the shroud area). The new design theoretically made it possible to achieve a fivefold gain in strength.

Historically, the introduction of deadeyes coincided with the introduction of channels for their fastening: increasing the tension of the cables in the new method of fastening them threatened to tear off the side skin, so the blocks were no longer fastened over the side, but on a special horizontal board - the channel. Initially, this board was attached to the board vertically. We see this method of fastening, for example, on a carrack from Hans Memling’s painting “The Seven Joys of Mary”

Hans Memling The Seven Joys of Mary (1480). Old Munich Pinakothek

The artist depicted eighteen different episodes from the lives of Mary and Christ within one huge board. We are interested in the scene in the background depicting the loading of the Magi and their horses onto ships (on the way back from the Holy Land after worshiping Christ).

The resolution of the existing reproductions of this picture is not enough to see the ships on the horizon in detail. Let us therefore present an illustration from the article by A. W. Sleeswyk The Carrack of Hans Memling (1987)

Carracks of the Magi (1480)

Although in this image we do not particularly distinguish the details that interest us, we are invited to take our word for it that on the left ship the shrouds are fastened through dead eyes, which are mounted on a board, with their plane pressed against the ship's bore.

Let's continue this topic next time.

Installing a mast on the deck of sailing ships. Design features of sailing ships. Types of sailing ships

Armament of a sailing ship

a - armament of a barque with an auxiliary engine; b - types of sailing weapons; c - types of sailing ships.

Spars and rigging of cargo ships

Cargo masts

Cargo half masts

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