Transport of India. Industry, agriculture, transport What type of transport predominates in India
IndiaPopulation
- 1,340,468,000 people
Territory - 3,287,263 km²
Capital - New Delhi
Ranks second in the world in terms of
population and seventh largest
territories
And by all these indicators, India
is the largest country in South
Asia
Ground transportation
Public, private and railwayPublic and private transport
Valid throughout IndiaLeft side traffic.
Total length of road
roads of the country - 3,316,452 km, of which 200 km
expressways (data on
year 2009). The basis of urban transport is
buses Poor technical condition
most buses, overcrowding
many lines, a large number
stops and an abundance of pickpockets, both on
stops and in the cabin - based on everything
this is what many tourists are advised to do
use bus routes
recommended with great caution.
At the same time, the bus remains the most
cheap (albeit the most inconvenient)
way to travel around the country. There are also three types of taxis in India:
actually a taxi,
auto rickshaws
and pedicabs The overwhelming number of roads in the country
is in a deplorable state. Trails
narrow, often lacking any
markings and road signs. State
the canvas is bad. Lots of potholes, holes,
cracks And all this against the backdrop of dense
traffic flow. Indian drivers do not comply
minimum rules of the road
movement, in the general flow often
oxcarts appear,
elephants regularly appear on the canvas,
sacred cows here (with their
when the traffic jam appears, it will remain there until
until the animal leaves on its own
roads)
Rail transport and metro
Indian territory coveredan extensive network of railways.
Total length of railways:
63.327 km.
Broad gauge: 49820 km - 1.676-meter gauge
(17,786 km electrified)
Narrow gauge: 10,621 km - 1,000-m gauge (135
km electrified). Such large cities have their own subway
Indian cities like: New Delhi,
Mumbai, Kolkata,
Chennai The main volume of passenger and cargo
transportation is provided by railways.
They run between major cities
high-speed trains and express trains. Mountain areas served
many lines built
the British, so the rolling stock
is far from new, but the road rut has
often different widths, hence the small
speed and frequent transfers
when traveling.
Air Transport
Airports:345
Airports (with paved runway): 251
With a dirt runway:
94.
Helipads: 30 Air freight in India last years
are experiencing a real boom. About
three
dozens
airlines
carry out transportation throughout the country.
Airlines are well served
modern aircraft.
Water transport
Waterways: 14,500 km.Water transport is rather poorly developed.
Shipping in India lower reaches Ganges rivers,
Krishna, Godavari, Kaveri. Sea communication exists between
Port Blair, Kolkata and Madras (only
during the tourist season), and
between Calcutta and Madras. More
modern line - between Cochin and
Lakshadweep
islands.
There are regular services along the Kerala coast
passenger ships, several flights, including
number
real
wheeled
steamship,
connects Allapuja and Kovalam.
Runs between Mumbai (Bombay) and Goa
small catamaran
India is one of the richest countries in natural terms. Beneficial climate, colossal agroclimatic resources. Reserves of some types of mineral raw materials (iron and manganese ores, chromites, titanium, zirconium, muscovite) are of global importance. There are large reserves of coal, non-ferrous metal ores, and gold. Many areas and coastal waters are promising for oil. Numerous rivers are a source of irrigation and hydroelectric power. The land resources of India are vast, the territory of which is only slightly less area all countries of Western Europe. The abundance of heat in the monsoon subtropical and tropical climate makes it possible to harvest two to three crops per year over a large area.
A diversified industrial complex has been created. As a result of the “green revolution,” grain production increased several times, thanks to which mass hunger was eliminated in the country.
Along with further development Traditional industries for the country (agriculture, light industry) have received significant development in the mining and various manufacturing industries. Today, India is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of coal, iron and manganese ores. Enterprises have been created for ferrous metallurgy, heavy and transport engineering, electrical equipment, for the production of consumer electronics products, chemicals, etc.
India is the first developing country to begin developing nuclear energy.
The structure of industrial production was previously dominated by light industry. Currently, the share of light and food industries is declining (although still quite significant).
Mechanical engineering and metalworking are developing (including the automotive industry and other branches of transport engineering; the electronics industry).
With government support, high-tech industries (electronics industry, information technology) are developing at the fastest pace.
The creation of a powerful production base continues software, microprocessors, personal computers.
The country has reached the world level in the production of supercomputers. India has its own space industry.
In the territorial structure of the Indian economy, the traditionally largest industrial centers - Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, and Delhi - retain a leading role. The development of these centers causes economic growth in the adjacent territories. Railways and highways are laid between the cities, along which unique “growth corridors” have emerged that attract the country’s main industrial new buildings. These are the Rihan-Singrauli fuel and energy complex, oil refineries in Barauni, Koyali, Mathura, industrial centers in Bokaro, Durgapur, Visakhapatnam, Bokaro, Rourkela, Bhilai, etc. “Growth corridors” play a very important role in modernizing the territorial structure of the Indian economy.
Energy. The creation of a modern energy base began with the construction of a hydroelectric power station. They are built as part of complex hydraulic units, including power plants and irrigation systems.
The use of coal, oil and gas is expanding in the fuel industry. Thus, coal accounts for * the production of primary energy carriers. Coal production in 2000 amounted to 310 million tons, which is 7.5% of world production. Oil production is 36.7 million tons, but the volume of oil imports is still significant. The former Soviet Union and Western countries provided assistance in the development of Indian oil fields (on the shelf of the Gulf of Cambay). Currently, there are over a dozen oil refineries operating in India.
India's nuclear energy industry is based on its own raw materials (uranium, thorium). There are 14 power units with a capacity of 2994 MW, including in Tarapur (Maharashtra state) and Rana Prathar Nagar (Rajasthan state).
Ferrous metallurgy is represented by enterprises located in the east of the country. As a result of intensive development of deposits of coal, iron and manganese ores, the coal and metallurgical base of the country “Indian Ruhr” was formed here.
Large metallurgical plants have been built and are operating: in Bhilai (Madhya Pradesh); in Bokaro (Bihar); in Visakhapatnam (Adhra Pradesh, the newest and most modern enterprise in the industry). The industrial hubs of Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Rourkela are also highlighted (See Appendix 2).
Non-ferrous metallurgy is also developed in the east of the country. The aluminum industry, based on local bauxite resources (Asansol, Korba), stands out. India's share in the production of primary aluminum is 5.75% of world production and amounts to 215 thousand tons in 2000.
The Indian engineering industry produces a variety of products: metal-cutting machines, diesel locomotives, ships, cars, tractors, airplanes and helicopters.
The leading centers of mechanical engineering are Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Hyderabad, Bangalore. Heavy engineering is represented in the cities of Durgapur, Chittarajan, Ranchi, Bhopal (northeast of the country); in Hardwar (north) - power engineering. The largest carriage-building plant is located in Madras. Precision engineering is represented in Hyderabad, aeronautical and electrical engineering is represented in Bangalore, and shipbuilding is represented in Visakhapatnam. Many engineering plants in India were also built with the help of the former USSR.
In terms of production volume of the radio-electronic industry, India is ranked 2nd in Foreign Asia. The country produces a variety of radio equipment, color televisions, tape recorders, communications equipment, and computers. In terms of the number of scientific and engineering personnel, India is second only to some developed countries peace. However, India does not yet fully satisfy its needs for mechanical engineering products, but this industry is developing intensively.
The chemical industry focuses on the production of mineral fertilizers. The importance of petrochemicals is growing. Resins, plastics, chemical fibers, and synthetic rubber are produced. Pharmaceuticals are developed. The chemical industry is represented in many cities of the country. The largest of them: in Koyali (Gujarat), Bombay, Mathura (Uttar Pradesh), Madras, Haldia (near Calcutta). The location of the main oil refineries near seaports is explained by the fact that they are focused on using mainly imported oil.
Light industry is a traditional sector of the Indian economy. The cotton and jute industries stand out in particular. India is one of the leading countries in the world in the production of cotton fabrics, and in the production of jute products (technical, packaging, furniture fabrics, carpets) it ranks first. The largest centers The cotton industry is Bombay and Ahmedabad, the jute industry is Calcutta. There are textile factories in all major cities countries. Textile and apparel products account for 25% of India's exports.
The food industry produces goods for both domestic consumption and export. Indian tea is the most widely known in the world. Its production is concentrated in Kolkata and the south of the country. India ranks first in the world in tea exports.
It should be noted that handicrafts are widespread - the production of fabrics, jewelry, and souvenirs. Labor-intensive small-scale and cottage industry will remain an important area of employment for the majority of India's industrial population for the foreseeable future.
The high hereditary qualifications of Indian craftsmen ensure the stable development of such a specific industry as the diamond industry. In the history of India's foreign trade, there is no other example of such a rapid expansion of exports as the growth of diamond exports.
India is a country of ancient agricultural culture. The South Asian region is home to rice, cotton, eggplant, cucumber, lemon, orange, mango, sugarcane, and sesame. It is still one of the most important agricultural regions in the world.
The agricultural sector of the Indian economy employs 50% of the economically active population. However, mechanization and fertilizer application are clearly underutilized. In many villages, subsistence and semi-commodity lifestyles are still preserved (about a third of farms do not sell their products).
The leading branch of Indian agriculture is crop production (4/5 of the cost of all products). Cultivated area - 140 million hectares. but there is practically no scope for new development of land resources. Agriculture requires irrigation (40% of the cultivated area is irrigated).
The main part of the cultivated area is occupied by food crops: rice, wheat, corn, etc. India has two agricultural seasons - summer and winter, which is associated with the agroclimatic features of the monsoon climate. In summer, rice, cotton, and jute are grown; in winter - wheat, barley, etc.
Most of the crop is harvested in summer, during the monsoon season. The main areas for rice cultivation are river deltas and plains with fertile soils in places where there is a lot of rainfall. Wheat is sown there, mainly in winter, with artificial irrigation. Other important grain crops - corn, barley, millet - are grown without irrigation. The cultivation of legumes and potatoes is widespread.
A traditional Indian export is spices, the main ones among which are black pepper, as well as cloves and cardamom. They are grown in the south of India - mainly in the state of Kerala.
Almost all known fruits grow in India, both tropical and subtropical, as well as those characteristic of the temperate zone. There are many varieties of mangoes. India ranks second in the world in banana harvesting. Throughout the country you can find papaya, guava and chica fruits all year round. IN mountain ranges Citrus fruits are widely cultivated in central, southern and northeastern India, and pineapples are cultivated in the valleys of the northeast and in the coastal lowlands of the south. In the temperate regions of the Kashmir Valley and Himachal Pradesh, there are extensive apple orchards. However, per capita fruit consumption is very low.
The main industrial crops of India are cotton, jute, tea, sugar cane, tobacco, and oilseeds (rapeseed, peanuts, etc.). Short-staple cotton is grown without irrigation on the Deccan plateau, while long-staple cotton is cultivated on irrigated lands. India is the third tobacco-growing country. India is the world's largest tea producer. It accounts for 1/3 of the world's harvest. Tea plantations in the northeast and south of the country are confined to the foothill areas. The main tea producing states in India are Assam, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Hence the name of the three most famous varieties of Indian tea - Assamese, Darjeeling (from Darjeeling district in West Bengal) and Nilgirpi (from the Nilgiri mountains in South India) total area tea plantations - 382 thousand hectares. There are almost 13,300 tea estates in India, of which 1,200 are large. The country ranks 1st in terms of sugar cane plantation area. Rubber trees, coconut palms, bananas, pineapples, mangoes, citrus fruits, herbs and spices are also grown.
As a result of measures taken by the state for the development of agriculture, combined with favorable conditions, the collection of grains and leguminous crops increased significantly and amounted to almost 230 million tons (2001). India has practically eliminated grain imports.
Animal husbandry is the second most important agricultural sector in India, far behind crop production. Cattle (buffaloes, cows, oxen) are used in peasant farms mainly as draft power. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the development of the dairy industry. In terms of total milk production, India ranks third in the world. India ranks 2nd in the world in the production of animal oil (butter and ghee).
Fishing. In India, about 2.5 million tons of fish are caught per year (7th place in the world), including 2/3 of sea fish. Sea fishing is most developed in the coastal southern and western states, river fishing - in the East and North-East of the country. For residents of a number of regions, especially Bengal, fish is one of the essential foodstuffs. The main marine fishery item on the Malabar coast is shrimp, which are exported in frozen form mainly to the USA and Japan. Frogs are also exported.
The use of seafood can improve the food situation in the country.
Among developing countries, India stands out for its relatively developed transport network. Many roads were built during the colonial regime.
In domestic transportation, the main role is played by railways, the length of which is over 60 thousand km. Railways account for 55% of India's land freight transport, amounting to 800 thousand. tons of cargo and 9 million passengers daily. India ranks 5th in the world in terms of cargo transportation volume. The main highways run along the Ganges valley, as well as along the sea coasts. From major cities(Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Delhi) railway lines were laid into the interior of the country (double-track, broad gauge railways). But the condition of the road network and rolling stock is often unsatisfactory.
National highways connect major cities and often double as railways. Road transport occupies second place in domestic transportation. Total length highways India 1970 thousand km. Including roads with hard, so-called “all-weather” surfaces, there are 960 thousand km. However, only about 1/3 have access to such roads. settlements India. Most Indian roads, especially in the outback, are unpaved. During the rainy season they become impassable, and thousands of Indian villages then find themselves cut off from the outside world.
River transport is not of great economic importance. The length of inland waterways is 16,180 km. Foreign trade transportation is mainly carried out by sea transport. The role of the domestic merchant fleet is growing. standard of living;
Transport India
International connections
India has a well-developed network of international air transport carried out by Air India and other airlines. Indian Airlines provides flights on domestic routes and to nearby countries. In addition to air, there are sea and land routes with the following countries: Sri Lanka (ferries from Rameswaram (the line is not serviced during the monsoons); Pakistan (currently the only route ground transport, connecting Amritsar and Lahore); Nepal (the most practical and popular route is by rail to Raxaul (Bihar) and then by bus to Kathmandu; there is a train to Nanthanwa (Uttar Pradesh) and then by bus to Kathmandu/Pokhara or from Bhairawa to Lumbini transiting to Pokhara; you can drive by bus through the southern valleys from Darjeeling to Kathmandu); Bhutan (by train to Siliguri, then by bus to Phuntsholing; there are also flights from Kolkata to Paro (Thimphu) operated by Druk Air); Bangladesh (by train from Kolkata to Bangaon (West Bengal), by rickshaw across the Bengal border, changing at Khulna or Jessore for further travel to Dhaka or from Darjiding via Siliguri, then by train or bus to Haldibari); Burma (no land connections); China (no land connection).
Aviation transport
There are 4 largest airports in India, of which two are international - Delhi and Bombay.
Delhi ("Delhi International"), 21 km southwest of the city. From the airport there are charter buses along Conut Place and taxis (at a fixed rate, order within the airport).
Mumbai (Bombay), 29 km north of the city(travel time 40 minutes). Charter buses to Air India office and major hotels. Taxi to the city at a fixed rate.
Kolkata, 17 km northeast of the city (travel time 20 minutes). There are charter buses to the Indian Airlines office and major hotels. You can also get to the city by taxi.
Chennai (Madras), 16 km southwest of the city. The charter bus meets all flights arriving between 09:00 and 23:00. Train every 20-30 minutes from 05:00 to 23:00. Regular bus every 35 minutes from 05:00 to 22:00. Taxi.
Indian airlines serves one of the world's largest networks of domestic flights - about 70 cities. Indian airlines also carry out regular flights V neighboring countries- Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Maldives.
If you are traveling during the peak tourist season (September-March), then book your tickets in advance as flights are very busy at this time. You must arrive at the airport 2 hours in advance for check-in and special security controls at the airport. Some cities have air terminals from where buses will take you to the airport.
Passengers flying to Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, including children, are charged a fee of Rs 50 or more; from passengers flying to other countries - from 100 rupees.
In-flight service is world class, but alcoholic drinks are only served on international flights. An adult passenger can carry 20 kg of baggage, and in business class - 30 kg.
The refund fee for tickets purchased locally is very high, but this does not apply to tickets for local flights included in a single international ticket.
The “Discover India” program operates in India, which provides an unlimited number of economy class flights for all domestic airlines. The same point can be visited only once, with the exception of transfers. Price: US$750. The program is valid for 21 days, starting from the date of the first flight.
India Youth Tariff Program. Passengers aged 12 to 30 years old can travel at the youth fare in economy or business class on domestic Indian routes and India-Nepal flights. 25% discount on ticket price in US dollars. Valid for 120 days.
Program "Excursion to south india". Flight in economy class between any points in South India - Chennai (Madras), Trichy, Madurai, Thiruvananthapuram, Cochin, Coimbatore and Bangalore. For single tourists, this program is valid subject to the purchase of tickets for a flight from Maldives or from Sri Lanka to India via Chennai (Madras), Tiruchirappalli or Thiruvananthapuram.
New domestic airlines
Recently, the Indian government has given permission for private airlines operating under the name "Aviataxi" to operate flights. Along with the state-owned Indian Airlines, nine private companies can offer convenient and profitable programs throughout the country.
Private airlines "Jagsons", "Modiluft", "Jet Airways", "East-West Airlines", "Sahara" serve only certain domestic airlines.
Flight schedules are published in the magazines "Divan" and "Excel" and shown in teletexts. You can also find them at travel agencies and major airports.
Railway
Indian network of international rail transportation largest in Asia and second largest in the world. It consists of 62,300 km of rails, more than 7,030 railway stations and more than 11,200 locomotives. The fare is relatively inexpensive. A large number of express trains connect major cities. Where railway connection is interrupted, you can get from station to station by bus.
Categories of travel are different, starting with the most expensive 1st class with air conditioning (the ticket price is comparable to the cost of travel of a similar class in other countries), and ending with the cheapest option - a general carriage with a ticket without a seat. There are also air-conditioned sleeping carriages with two-berth compartments, as well as air-conditioned seating carriages (both II class); There are II class carriages with fans.
Upon arrival in the country, it is advisable to book train tickets in advance according to your route. On many railway stations There are computer systems that allow you to reserve tickets for travel from other cities. In large cities there are special tourist sections, whose staff speaks English, where they provide tickets to foreigners, but they must pay for them in US dollars (travelers' checks or cash are accepted). If it is not possible to book a ticket, but there is a huge need to travel, try talking to the station commander, perhaps he can allocate you a ticket from a tourist reservation or ticket refund office.
Excursion bureaus at railway ticket offices can provide assistance in planning trips and booking tickets.
Fans of railway travel can purchase a detailed timetable - "All India Railway Time-Table" or short but detailed timetables "Trains At A Glance".
Don't forget to check which station your train departs from, and arrive at the station at least an hour to half an hour before the train departs to find your carriage and seat. Passenger lists indicating compartment numbers and seats are posted one hour before train departure. The station employee and conductor responsible for dispatching the train will be able to assist you.
Trains in India are slower than in Europe, so if you are in a hurry, use the express trains. Train fares are relatively low.
Be careful with your luggage on the train. Stock up on locks and chains in advance in order to fasten it below the seats.
Food can be ordered through the carriage conductor, and on some trains the cost of food is included in the ticket price. Sleeping mattresses are issued for a fee on certain routes in class I and II carriages, but you can also pay the cost when ordering a ticket. Bed linen is provided only in 1st class carriages with air conditioning.
Rest rooms (for short stays only) are available at more than 1,100 stations; You can get into them on a first-come, first-served basis, but usually they are all busy. All first class lounges have couches for passengers, but you will need to bring your own bed linen. At the stations in New Delhi and Kolkata, lounges have been built for transit passengers; rest rooms in them can be booked in advance.
Luggage storage facilities where passengers can leave their luggage are available at most train stations, but be sure to lock your suitcases and bags and don't lose your receipts. Check the operating hours of the luggage storage rooms to ensure you receive your luggage on time.
In India, there is a special program “Pass in India”, when with one ticket a tourist can travel without restrictions on any trains during the validity period of the ticket. Only foreigners and Indian citizens living abroad with a valid passport can avail this program. The “Pass” can be purchased while in India or through travel agencies abroad. Payment is accepted only in freely convertible currency. Children aged 5 to 12 years old can travel with a Kids India Pass for just half the adult fare. Children under 5 years old travel free of charge. The ticket must be purchased before arriving in the country. Not sold in India. The “Pass” is personalized and cannot be transferred for use to another person. Travelers are required to have their passport ready in case of control. Pass holders are exempt from paying seat reservation fees and surcharges for sleeper seats. By purchasing the Pass, you are freed from the need to go through all other formalities or worry about purchasing additional travel documents wherever you go. The "Pass" must be used within one year from the date of purchase. The validity period is calculated from the start of the first trip and ends at midnight after the expiration date indicated on it. The cost of the Pass is not refundable and cannot be replaced if lost or damaged. The “pass” can only be returned at the office where it was purchased, and the cost is reimbursed if the use of the document has not been started and if seats on the train have not yet been booked. "India Pass" can be purchased (it is recommended to do this at least a month in advance) from some agencies different countries or in India, at railway tourist escort offices, as well as at a number of official distributors of the Pass in New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. You can also purchase a "Pass" at international airports Delhi, Bombay and Madras.
Motor transport
There is an extensive network within India bus routes, connecting all parts of the country. This is especially true for those areas where there is no railway connection, in particular for high mountain areas. Older buses run on most rural roads, but express buses with air conditioning are increasingly appearing on main roads. On many routes, even local ones, tickets can be booked in advance. The bulk of luggage is transported on the roof of the bus, so suitcases must be locked and checked during stops.
Many cities have bus services.
IN big cities There are taxis and autorickshaws that pay by tax. They don't always have meters, but if there is a meter, request that it be switched when you board. Prices for taxi services change from time to time and therefore do not always correspond to the meter readings, but the driver must have a copy of the current tariff. Taxis come with or without air conditioning. Prices range from 325 to 450 rupees if the car is air conditioned. For trips outside the city, there is a per-kilometer rate, usually 2.30-3 rupees per kilometer in flat areas (usually 6 rupees per 1 km in mountainous areas), and a night trip rate of 100 rupees.
As Dr. Marshall clearly stated, “The most effective economic fact of our time is not the development of manufacturing but of transportation services.” And that's true. Features of transport development in India are the basis of economic infrastructure. This helps in improving trade and industry.
Briefly about transport in India
Transportation eliminates disruption and facilitates the movement of goods from producers to consumers. It also helps eliminate regional inequalities.
Transportation has become of great importance for economic development and rapid economic growth. Nowadays, transport is known as a symbol of civilization.
Railway transport in India is the most important form of transport system. The first railway line was laid between Bombay and Thane in 1853. After this, railway services developed even further. At the time of independence, the total length of the route was 53,596 km with 8,209 engines, 19,536 passenger bogies and 206,000 freight wagons.
The British created an extensive network of railways. This was necessary in order to exercise and maintain strict control over the territory of India, as well as to open up for the country a source of food and raw materials for its industries.
At present, the local railway is the largest enterprise in the country with a total capital investment of about Rs. This is the largest enterprise in Asia (ranked 4th in the world). It provides direct employment to nearly 18 lakhs.
Advantages and features of railway transport
They are also worth talking about. Here is a list of the advantages of railway transport:
1. Development of agriculture.
2. New sources and areas of production.
3. Growth of markets and specializations.
4. Assistance in domestic trade.
5. Mobility of labor and capital.
6. Check for price fluctuations.
7. Eliminate hunger.
8. Employment.
9. Strategic importance.
10. Social significance.
Disadvantages of railways
Although railway development in India has occurred at a rapid pace, challenges continue to stand in the way of sustainable growth.
1. Poor condition of rolling stock.
The main problem faced by Indian Railways is that the tracks are old. They cause many serious train accidents. This also results in speed limits.
2. Travel without tickets.
Another problem facing India. A large number of passengers actually travel without purchasing tickets! Some “hares” simply sit on the roof and drive off like that.
Next to railways, road transport plays a key role in the country's transport system.
Types of roads
Roads in India have been classified as follows:
1. National automobile:
They refer to the main roads that connect the state, capitals, ports and large cities.
2. State highways:
These are the main roads of the state. They connect the capital and cities of the state. State Govts are responsible for their content.
3. Regional roads:
They connect regional highways and production areas. Their condition is monitored by district councils.
4. Village roads:
They connect villages with regional roads. Panchayats (local government bodies) build these roads.
5. Border roads:
They were built using the border road organization. This company built 18,500 km of highway.
Means of road transport
The two main means of road transport in India are:
1. Ox cart.
It is the main mode of transport in Indian villages. According to F P Bhatia, there are around 1 million carts in India. They provide jobs, respectively, to a million people.
2. Motor transport.
It appeared in India after 1913. To properly control it, the 1939 Law was passed on vehicles X. It has now been replaced by the 1988 Act. It was amended in 1994. There are currently 303 Lac vehicles, up from just two in 1947.
Advantages of road transport
1. Expansion of agriculture is possible. U public transport There is no such feature in India.
2. Production of perishable products.
3. Benefits for industries.
4. Employment.
5. Less investment.
6. Flexibility.
7. Saving time and costs.
Problems of road transport
1. Bad roads.
They are practically undriveable in India. Per 100 sq. km in India there are 34 km of roads. For comparison, in Japan - 270 km. And in Western Germany - 167 km long per 100 sq. km. The government should spend more on road development.
2. High taxes.
Heavy tax burden on motor vehicles in India. For one vehicle in India it is 3500 rupees. In America - 860 in the same currency, and in Great Britain - 470.
3. No proper maintenance.
In India, roads are not maintained properly. Less than 0.1% of national income is spent on road maintenance in India, while in Japan it is 3% of national income.
It is the cheapest way to travel both long and short distances. Water transport does not use the most expensive resources, as is the case with air transport. However, in ancient times, shipping was one of the major industries of India, known as the Queen of the Eastern Seas.
Types of transport in India
1. Inland waterway.
It has played a very important role in the Indian transport system since ancient times. Its length is 14544 km. The Ganges, Brahmaputra, Godavari, and Krishna rivers are navigable. Transport of goods in an organized manner is limited to West Bengal, Assam and parts of the North Eastern region and Goa.
In 1945, the Central Commission for Irrigation and Energy was created to develop inland water transport. Later, the Central Inland Water Transport Corporation was established in 1967 and the Inland Waterways Authority of India was established in 1986, which was a step forward and should help accelerate development.
2. Coastal transport.
India has a long coastline, 7516 km, with 11 large and 139 small working ports and a vast territory. Despite its importance (being the cheapest and most energy efficient mode of transport), there has been a sharp decline in coastal shipping operations. The number of ships fell from 97 in 1961 to 56 in 1980 and the gross registered tonnage fell from 3.1 lakh to 2.5 lakh during the same period. It rose to 6.3 lakh in 1995-96.
After independence, seven major ports were built at Kandla in Gujarat, Haldu near Kolkata, Nava Sheva in Mumbai, Paradip in Orissa, and Karnataka in Goa. The main ports are being modernized, expanded and re-equipped. India currently has 450 vessels, including tankers, liners and cargo carriers.
3. Ocean transport.
India has built a navy from scratch. In 1951, 24 Indian ships were developed with a total cost of 0.17 million. The number of the fleet at the end of December 1994 was 438 ships for 6.3 million. In 1993-1994, the volume of foreign trade amounted to 122.3 million tons, which is equal to 34% of the total volume of sea cargo.
Advantages of water transport
1. Important for foreign trade.
2. Defense of the country.
3. Cheap vehicle.
4. Transportation of heavy loads.
5. Useful during natural disasters.
6. Less maintenance costs.
Disadvantages of water transport
1. Limited area.
Rivers and oceans are free gifts of nature. Accordingly, the operational area remains fixed. Unlike railways and roads, man cannot build waterways.
2. Slow speed.
The failure of the monsoons leads to a drop in water levels in rivers, making navigation difficult.
3. Less security.
Everything is obvious here. The danger of boats and ships sinking is always great.
He is the fastest in this country. And the development of transport in India in this area can be promising. On this moment There are several dozen airlines in the country. The most popular is Air India, and it flies to 89 destinations around the world.
Advantages of air transport
Below is a description of transport in India.
1. High speed.
2. Transportation of expensive and light goods.
3. Minimum cost.
4. No geographical restrictions.
6. Strategic importance.
Disadvantages of air transport
1. High costs.
Air transport in India is becoming more expensive every day with increasing operating costs.
2. Non-cooperation of staff.
Indian airlines are facing problems due to lack of cooperation from workers such as pilot strikes etc.
3. Outdated aircraft.
It changes very quickly. Airplanes in India are outdated. They are no longer safe. Hence, it is difficult for Indian airlines to compete with global airlines.
4. Significant investment.
The creation of aviation facilities requires huge investments. The government is unable to increase the number of aircraft and airports in the country.
5. No educational institutions.
The country does not have adequate facilities to train large numbers of pilots. With the privatization of airlines, we are again faced with the problem of a sufficient number of trained personnel.
6. Maximizing risks.
On air transport The risks are increasing every day due to crime and terrorism, violence, theft etc. all over the world.
Like any other country, India has various modes of transport. There are air and rail connections. There are buses, including so-called sleeper buses. This type buses are unusual for Russia, but I think it’s in vain. For example, driving from Yalta to Sochi takes about 18 hours. It's not always possible to sleep while sitting. Sleeper buses are another matter. You can stretch your legs if you are not tall and get some sleep. However, the berths on buses are double, and if you are traveling alone, then you may be unlucky with a neighbor... or you may be lucky.
Trains in India are a different story; I wrote about how I traveled on the railways earlier. It is only worth noting that in addition to classic trains and electric trains, there are also luxury trains. Their route passes through Indian attractions.
In India, the main vehicles on the roads are scooters and motorcycles. The whole family rides them, some transport things, and sometimes things that seemed impossible to transport.
Those who have not saved up for a scooter ride a bicycle.
You can take an Indian taxi, but if you neglect comfort a little and take a rishka, or as it is also called a tuk-tuk, you can literally ride in a breeze.
Another interesting Indian transport is the bicycle taxi. The driver pedals, and you sit in the carriage. For the owner of a bicycle taxi, this is his only income and he often rides in his carriage. Those who do not have a bicycle will carry you with the help of their two.
Although most of The territory of India is coastal; maritime transport in the country is poorly developed. There are many fishing boats that, for a fee, can take you to beautiful beach. What the Indians caught with their boats is immediately sold and can be cooked for your dinner.
The most popular means of transport in India is on your own two legs. But since you are already in such a fabulous and warm country, you can also walk.