Hiking trip. The meaning of the word "hiking"

What do we mean by the term “hike”? Let us define this most important concept for our subject. Hiking trip – this is a short trip (in most cases from 1-2 to 15-20 days) with active modes of transportation (on foot, skiing, cycling, rowing) along the entire route. Thus, a hike is just a special case (type) of tourist travel, where tourists move along the route using their muscle strength. Consequently, other types of travel, where tourists use any type of transport or animals (pack, sled) to move along the route, are not, strictly speaking, “hiking”.

How is it customary to classify tourist trips? As in the material of previous lectures, we will begin the classification from the most important basis - the purpose of the hike (Fig. 1). Hiking trips, according to your purpose, are divided into trips recreational (educational and recreational) and hikes sports (educational and sports). Taking into account the previously stated classification recreational tourism(Lecture 2), we can, in turn, divide recreational hikes into recreational and health hikes (they are usually called simply health hikes in the literature), recreational and educational hikes (for example, ecological hikes), and recreational and sports hikes (for example, adventure hikes). Dominant goals recreational and health hikes are - complete rest and health improvement for their participants. Before recreational and educational By hiking, in addition, cognitive (educational) goals and objectives are also set.

IN recreational and sports hiking leisure participants are implemented in overcoming a complex route containing natural obstacles (sports component). At the same time, the hike participants do not set far-reaching sports goals for themselves, do not strive to receive a sports title or participate in competitions. Their goal is to “inject” adrenaline into the blood using sports tourism, it’s “cool” to temporarily change the measured flow of life. In educational and recreational hikes, the main goal is to train participants in the necessary tourist equipment and tactics for conducting hikes, as well as mastering the methods of conducting recreational hikes (training future tourist specialists in hiking conditions).

Dominant goal sports Hiking is to improve the capabilities of participants in overcoming classified routes and increasing their sportsmanship and qualifications. In educational and sports trips, in addition, the goal is to train participants in various tourist techniques (techniques for overcoming natural obstacles) and methods of conducting sports trips (training instructors for sports tourism in field conditions). Sports hikes are further classified according to their category of difficulty, which we will discuss below.

Based on travel method Any hikes (recreational and sports) are divided into four types: hiking (in the mountains - mountain-pedestrian), skiing, water and cycling. In the case of sports tourism, only these four types of hikes are included in the category requirements of the Unified Sports Classification (USC) of the Republic of Belarus and only they apply to the “Rules for conducting sports tourism trips” adopted in the Republic of Belarus (hereinafter referred to as the “Rules”). At the same time, in Russian Federation The sports classification includes standards for 10 types of tourism: hiking, skiing, mountain tourism, water tourism, cycling, auto-motor tourism, speleotourism (traveling to caves), sailing (collapsible vessels), horse riding and combined tourism. Based on the results of the corresponding campaigns, sports categories and titles are assigned.

Rice. 1 Classification of tourist trips based on the purpose of their implementation.

Based on the duration of the hike(in days) all trips can be divided into weekend hikes and multi-day hikes. A hike with active means of transportation, but not providing for the organization of an overnight stay, is not actually a hike - it is the so-called. tourist walk. A hike that involves organizing one or two overnight stays (usually carried out on weekends) is usually called a weekend hike. In the vast majority of cases, weekend hikes are organized for the purpose of improving the health and recreation of the participants. In addition, they can pursue educational purposes (as in the case of trips with tourism students) and training purposes (as part of the preparatory period program before undertaking sports trips). Multi-day hikes can be both recreational hikes and sports hikes.

Azov region

Uralsky District, Ural

• Middle Urals
• Southern Urals

Volga region

Black Sea region

Kavkazsky district

• Central Caucasus

Ob-Altai region

• Altai
  • Mountain Altai

Main attractions - highest point Altai Mountain Belukha, Akkem, Kucherla valleys, Kucherlinskoye and Multinskoye lakes

Main attractions Shavlinsky lakes, Aktru valley (mountain)

• Western Siberia
  • Kuznetsky Alatau
    • Celestial Teeth (Tigirtysh ridge)
  • Lower Pritomye (Right Bank)

The main attractions are Tomsk Pisanitsa, Itkarinsky Waterfall, Kolarovsky Tract, Blue Cliff, Talovsky Bowls and Silver Keys - Dyzvezdny, Kapitonovka.

• • Prichulym region: Upper, Middle, Tomsk

The main attractions are the southern taiga, the centers of historical colonization of the Tutalo-Chulym region of Siberia - Tsentropoligon, Teguldet, "Asinlag", hot well mineral water"Omega"

The main attractions are the Tomsk federal state reserve, “Everest of the Ob-Tom interfluve”, “Taiga Triangle” and other swamp-taiga routes of the Siberian adventure project in the style of “The Last Hero”, old Russian and Siberian villages on the border of the taiga and swamps (Kireevsk, Kunchuruk), pearl of the region, Lake Kirekskoye with deposits of natural medicinal sapropel silt

Yenisei district

• Krasnoyarsk pillars

The main attractions are the resort on Lake Shira, the Iyussky Natural Park, which includes two cave regions of Khakassia - Syisky and Efremkinsky

• Western Sayans

Baikalsky district

• Baikal region

Far East

Russian North (Asia)

Russian North (Europe)

middle Asia

• Tien Shan
  • Western Tien Shan
    • Chimgan (Chimgan Mountains)
      • Alyam ring
  • Pamir-Alai

The depth of division (fragmentation) into taxometric units is justified by the number of visitors to the areas, the availability and accessibility of tourist information, and the willingness of local authorities to promote the development of active tourism in the region. Projects such as the “Seven Wonders of Russia” competition, travel festivals, and trekking (tourist route) championships are also working to increase tourism information content.

Route classification

Classification of tourist routes on hikes can be based on various criteria:

1. Method of transportation (pedestrian, ski, mountain, cycling, horseback riding, sailing, water, caving).
2. Duration (multi-day or weekend hikes: one, two, three days).
3. Difficulty (categorical hikes (1-6 categories), sedate (1-3 degrees) and recreational hikes, for the GTO sign, “Young Tourist of Russia” and “Tourist of Russia”, as well as walking “mattress”)

Types of tourism and characteristics of hikes	Hiking difficulty categories
	I	II	III	IV	V	VI
Duration of trips in days, (no less)	6	8	10	13	16	20
Route length in kilometers, (no less)
pedestrian	100	120	140	170	210	250
ski	100	140	180	210	240	270
mountain	100	120	140	150	160	160
water	150	160	170	180	190	190
bicycle	300	400	500	600	700	800
motorcycle	1000	1500	2000	2500	3000	-
automotive	1500	2000	2500	3000	3500	-
sailing	150	250	300	400	500	700
Number of caves for caving trips	4	3	3	1	1	1

Classification of maximum categories of complexity for all types of tourism in the main regions of Russia

Districts	Types of tourism
	pedestrian	ski	mountain	water
Kola Peninsula	III	V		V
Arkhangelsk region, Komi ASSR	III	V		IV
Karelia, Leningrad and Vologda region	III	III		IV
The middle flat part of the European territory of the USSR	II	II		II
Southern lowland part of the European territory of the USSR	I	I		II with el. III	Caucasus Western	IV		V	III with el. VI
Caucasus Central			VI	III with el. VI
Caucasus Eastern	IV		V	IV with el. VI
Transcaucasia	III	V	III	III with el. V
Ural Polar	IV	VI		IV
Ural Subpolar	V	VI		IV
Ural Northern	III	V		III
Ural Middle and Southern	III	III		II
West Siberian. lowland	III	IV		III
Desert and semi-desert areas Central Asia	III			II
Pamir-Alai			VI	VI
Pamir			VI	VI
Tien Shan Western	IV		IV	VI
Tien Shan Central			VI	VI
Tien Shan Northern			V	VI
Altai	V	VI	VI	VI
Dzungarian Alatau Kuznetsk Alatau	IV	V	IV
Sayan West	V	V		V
Sayan East	V	VI	II	VI
Taimyr and Putorana Plateau	V	VI		V
Krasnoyarsk region(other areas)	V	V		V
Baikal region, Transbaikalia	V	VI	III	VI
Khabarovsk Territory, Primorye	V	V		V
Yakutia, Magadan region, Chukotka	VI	VI		V
Kamchatka	VI	VI
Sakhalin region, Kuril Islands	IV

Districts	Type of tourism
	bicycle	automoto	speleo
Baltics	II	II
Carpathians	IV	V	III
Caucasus	V	V	V
Central Asia and Kazakhstan	V	V	V
Ukraine (other areas), Belarus, Moldova	III	III	IV
RSFSR: European North	V	V	III
central Russia	III	III
European Southeast	V	III
Ural	V	V	III
Altai	V	V	III
Western Siberia	IV	V	III (Sayans), II (Kuznetsk Alatau and Mountain Shoria)
Eastern Siberia and Far East	V	V	I

Weekend hikes

Weekend hikes (WHI) vary in duration from one to three days. There are modes of movement during hikes: recreational and sports (according to the speed of movement). The organizers of weekend trips are amateur tourists, tourist clubs, sections, and also often general education and additional education institutions (for tourism and local history purposes).

Weekend hiking routes are chosen spontaneously, under the influence of sources of tourist information (booklets, guidebooks, clubs, including electronic Internet guides). The saturation of routes with attractions often determines the educational content of trips. Increasing the tourist information content of the territory (availability and accessibility of tourist information) leads to an increase in the number of trips made, to an increase in the number of routes developed and replicated.

To encourage active participants in the PVD in Russia, the Tourist and Sports Union of Russia (TSSR) has developed and issued mass award badges “Tourist of Russia” to primary tourist groups in the country. To meet the tourist badge standards, you must complete at least 5 weekend hikes (WHT), documented in a route sheet, with a total length of at least 75 km on foot or 200 km by bike...

see also

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Links

• - website about hiking trips, with reports on past trips.

Notes

An excerpt characterizing the Tourist Trek

- Eh! Vasya! – Nesvitsky answered joyfully. - What are you talking about?
“Eskadg “onu pg” you can’t go,” shouted Vaska Denisov, angrily opening his white teeth, spurring his beautiful black, bloody Bedouin, who, blinking his ears from the bayonets he bumped into, snorting, spraying foam from the mouthpiece around him, ringing, he beat his hooves on the boards of the bridge and seemed ready to jump over the railings of the bridge if the rider would allow him. - What is this? like bugs! exactly like bugs! Pg "och... give dog" ogu!... Stay there! you're a wagon, chog"t! I'll kill you with a saber! - he shouted, actually taking out his saber and starting to wave it.
The soldiers with frightened faces pressed against each other, and Denisov joined Nesvitsky.
- Why aren’t you drunk today? - Nesvitsky said to Denisov when he drove up to him.
“And they won’t let you get drunk!” answered Vaska Denisov. “They’ve been dragging the regiment here and there all day long. It’s like that, it’s like that. Otherwise, who knows what it is!”
- What a dandy you are today! – Nesvitsky said, looking at his new mantle and saddle pad.
Denisov smiled, took out a handkerchief from his bag, which smelled of perfume, and stuck it in Nesvitsky’s nose.
- I can’t, I’m going to work! I got out, brushed my teeth and put on perfume.
The dignified figure of Nesvitsky, accompanied by a Cossack, and the determination of Denisov, waving his saber and shouting desperately, had such an effect that they squeezed onto the other side of the bridge and stopped the infantry. Nesvitsky found a colonel at the exit, to whom he needed to convey the order, and, having fulfilled his instructions, went back.
Having cleared the road, Denisov stopped at the entrance to the bridge. Casually holding back the stallion rushing towards his own and kicking, he looked at the squadron moving towards him.
Transparent sounds of hooves were heard along the boards of the bridge, as if several horses were galloping, and the squadron, with officers in front, four in a row, stretched out along the bridge and began to emerge on the other side.
The stopped infantry soldiers, crowding in the trampled mud near the bridge, looked at the clean, dapper hussars marching harmoniously past them with that special unfriendly feeling of alienation and ridicule with which various branches of the army are usually encountered.
- Smart guys! If only it were on Podnovinskoe!
- What good are they? They only drive for show! - said another.
- Infantry, don't dust! - the hussar joked, under which the horse, playing, splashed mud at the infantryman.
“If I had driven you through two marches with your backpack, the laces would have been worn out,” the infantryman said, wiping the dirt from his face with his sleeve; - otherwise it’s not a person, but a bird sitting!
“If only I could put you on a horse, Zikin, if you were agile,” the corporal joked about the thin soldier, bent over from the weight of his backpack.
“Take the club between your legs, and you’ll have a horse,” responded the hussar.

The rest of the infantry hurried across the bridge, forming a funnel at the entrance. Finally, all the carts passed, the crush became less, and the last battalion entered the bridge. Only the hussars of Denisov's squadron remained on the other side of the bridge against the enemy. The enemy, visible in the distance from the opposite mountain, from below, from the bridge, was not yet visible, since from the hollow along which the river flowed, the horizon ended at the opposite elevation no more than half a mile away. Ahead there was a desert, along which here and there groups of our traveling Cossacks were moving. Suddenly, on the opposite hill of the road, troops in blue hoods and artillery appeared. These were the French. The Cossack patrol trotted away downhill. All the officers and men of Denisov’s squadron, although they tried to talk about outsiders and look around, did not stop thinking only about what was there on the mountain, and constantly peered at the spots on the horizon, which they recognized as enemy troops. The weather cleared again in the afternoon, the sun set brightly over the Danube and the dark mountains surrounding it. It was quiet, and from that mountain the sounds of horns and screams of the enemy could occasionally be heard. There was no one between the squadron and the enemies, except for small patrols. An empty space, three hundred fathoms, separated them from him. The enemy stopped shooting, and the more clearly one felt that strict, menacing, impregnable and elusive line that separates the two enemy troops.
“One step beyond this line, reminiscent of the line separating the living from the dead, and - the unknown of suffering and death. And what's there? who's there? there, beyond this field, and the tree, and the roof illuminated by the sun? Nobody knows, and I want to know; and it’s scary to cross this line, and you want to cross it; and you know that sooner or later you will have to cross it and find out what is there on the other side of the line, just as it is inevitable to find out what is there on the other side of death. And he himself is strong, healthy, cheerful and irritated, and surrounded by such healthy and irritably animated people.” So, even if he doesn’t think, every person who is in sight of the enemy feels it, and this feeling gives a special shine and joyful sharpness of impressions to everything that happens in these minutes.
The smoke of a shot appeared on the enemy’s hill, and the cannonball, whistling, flew over the heads of the hussar squadron. The officers standing together went to their places. The hussars carefully began to straighten out their horses. Everything in the squadron fell silent. Everyone looked ahead at the enemy and at the squadron commander, waiting for a command. Another, third cannonball flew by. It is obvious that they were shooting at the hussars; but the cannonball, whistling evenly quickly, flew over the heads of the hussars and struck somewhere behind. The hussars did not look back, but at every sound of a flying cannonball, as if on command, the entire squadron with its monotonously varied faces, holding back its breath while the cannonball flew, rose in its stirrups and fell again. The soldiers, without turning their heads, glanced sideways at each other, curiously looking for the impression of their comrade. On every face, from Denisov to the bugler, one common feature of struggle, irritation and excitement appeared near the lips and chin. The sergeant frowned, looking around at the soldiers, as if threatening punishment. Junker Mironov bent down with each pass of the cannonball. Rostov, standing on the left flank on his leg-touched but visible Grachik, had the happy look of a student summoned before a large audience for an exam in which he was confident that he would excel. He looked clearly and brightly at everyone, as if asking them to pay attention to how calmly he stood under the cannonballs. But in his face, too, the same feature of something new and stern, against his will, appeared near his mouth.
-Who is bowing there? Yunkeg "Mig"ons! Hexog, look at me! - Denisov shouted, unable to stand still and spinning on his horse in front of the squadron.
The snub-nosed and black-haired face of Vaska Denisov and his entire small, beaten figure with his sinewy (with short fingers covered with hair) hand, in which he held the hilt of a drawn saber, was exactly the same as always, especially in the evening, after drinking two bottles. He was only more red than usual and, raising his shaggy head up, like birds when they drink, mercilessly pressing spurs into the sides of the good Bedouin with his small feet, he, as if falling backwards, galloped to the other flank of the squadron and shouted in a hoarse voice to be examined pistols. He drove up to Kirsten. The headquarters captain, on a wide and sedate mare, rode at a pace towards Denisov. The staff captain, with his long mustache, was serious, as always, only his eyes sparkled more than usual.
- What? - he told Denisov, - it won’t come to a fight. You'll see, we'll go back.
“Who knows what they’re doing,” Denisov grumbled. “Ah! G” skeleton! - he shouted to the cadet, noticing his cheerful face. - Well, I waited.
And he smiled approvingly, apparently rejoicing at the cadet.
Rostov felt completely happy. At this time the chief appeared on the bridge. Denisov galloped towards him.
- Your Excellency! Let me attack! I will kill them.
“What kind of attacks are there,” said the chief in a bored voice, wincing as if from a bothersome fly. - And why are you standing here? You see, the flankers are retreating. Lead the squadron back.
The squadron crossed the bridge and escaped the gunfire without losing a single man. Following him, the second squadron, which was in the chain, crossed over, and the last Cossacks cleared that side.
Two squadrons of Pavlograd residents, having crossed the bridge, one after the other, went back to the mountain. Regimental commander Karl Bogdanovich Schubert drove up to Denisov's squadron and rode at a pace not far from Rostov, not paying any attention to him, despite the fact that after the previous clash over Telyanin, they now saw each other for the first time. Rostov, feeling himself at the front in the power of a man before whom he now considered himself guilty, did not take his eyes off the athletic back, blond nape and red neck of the regimental commander. It seemed to Rostov that Bogdanich was only pretending to be inattentive, and that his whole goal now was to test the cadet’s courage, and he straightened up and looked around cheerfully; then it seemed to him that Bogdanich was deliberately riding close to show Rostov his courage. Then he thought that his enemy would now deliberately send a squadron on a desperate attack to punish him, Rostov. It was thought that after the attack he would come up to him and generously extend the hand of reconciliation to him, the wounded man.
Familiar to the people of Pavlograd, with his shoulders raised high, the figure of Zherkov (he had recently left their regiment) approached the regimental commander. Zherkov, after his expulsion from the main headquarters, did not remain in the regiment, saying that he was not a fool to pull the strap at the front, when he was at headquarters, without doing anything, he would receive more awards, and he knew how to find a job as an orderly with Prince Bagration. He came to his former boss with orders from the commander of the rearguard.
“Colonel,” he said with his gloomy seriousness, turning to Rostov’s enemy and looking around at his comrades, “it was ordered to stop and light the bridge.”
- Who ordered? – the colonel asked gloomily.
“I don’t even know, colonel, who ordered it,” the cornet answered seriously, “but the prince ordered me: “Go and tell the colonel so that the hussars come back quickly and light the bridge.”

Those who have already gone hiking themselves know perfectly well what it is and how cool it is. This article is aimed at people who decide to travel with a backpack through the wild for the first time. Often their expectations are far from reality, so I will try to bring them closer and, at least, remove the extremes.

So, what is a hike?? In other words, a hike is a journey of a group of like-minded people with backpacks through the wild. They carry everything on their own, sleep in a tent, food is cooked over a fire by those on duty. On average, we walk from 5 to 15 km per day through extremely beautiful and picturesque places. It must be said that the article does not cover sports hikes, but is focused on small hiking trips in the Crimea. In a separate article you can read in more detail how summer hikes go.

Why go hiking? Everyone has their own reason: some want to enjoy the beauty of nature, some want to test themselves, some want to escape the bustle of cities, and some just want something new. However, not long ago I conducted a survey Why should you go hiking? , read, quite a few people responded and unsubscribed, I personally found it very interesting.

Who's going on a hike? Yes, they are people just like you! They are also tired of going to work, they want rest, variety, new experiences and acquaintances. The group includes both more experienced tourists and complete beginners. It is the latter who have the most fears and questions. Especially for women. And I understand them perfectly! You have decided on a hitherto unknown adventure, and this is always thrillingly exciting, a little scary and very interesting! But let's return to the promised myths:

Myth #1 - Hiking is an easy walk- it’s like going to the park - no stress. This myth for the most part refers to the male half of the population. They are usually too confident in their abilities and often do not care about preparing for the hike, for which they pay with extra liters of sweat along the route. Understand that the hike will be difficult; you need to walk downhill with a large backpack, which requires some physical training and willpower. And then you have to go down this mountain, which is even harder, since more stress goes on your knees. And the sun doesn’t always shine, sometimes it rains. And sometimes that “sometimes” turns into “almost all the time.” It can be hard, cold, hot, wet... Anything can happen. And you need to be prepared for this, both physically and mentally.

Myth #2 - I can't, it’s too hard, people who are supermen go on hikes and in general I’m too weak! – thousands of similar questions and doubts swarm in the heads of the fair half of humanity. Yes, there will be new loads for your body and it will be difficult, this has already been written above. But all our routes are aimed at ordinary people; they have been taken by both small children and people of more than a respectable age. You can do it too, don’t doubt it! Self-confidence and willpower are just as important as your physical fitness. Whether you doubt yourself or not, preparing for a hike will strengthen your body and help you enjoy your trip even more.

Myth No. 4 - I go alone, I won’t make friends with anyone.. Well, this is possible if you yourself are an inveterate social phobe, an angry person and a malicious bore. But such people don’t go camping, why do they need it? People go to the mountains with an open heart and soul, looking for new experiences and acquaintances. I would say that hiking is one of the best places to find new friends. Together you climbed peaks, overcame obstacles, helped each other, and this binds the bonds of friendship much stronger than liters of beer drunk in a tavern.. Few friends? Go hiking!

Myth No. 5 - The food is not tasty. Yes, I don’t eat as much at home as I do on a hike! Everything turns out extremely tasty over a fire, no doubt about it. Usually a day we cook twice over a fire or burners, and have one snack. If you are a vegetarian, then you don’t have to worry too much either. Meat (canned food, sausage) is thrown in last, you can always serve yourself a portion before that. If you are allergic to any food, be sure to write to us about it, we will try to adjust the menu. But, if this is the main product (rice, buckwheat..), it will not be possible to completely exclude it from the menu; take some additional products with you, after consulting with the instructor. Read more in a separate article: food on a hike.

Myth No. 6 – All tourists are dirty! Yes, it is difficult to achieve such hygiene as at home, but there is almost always a small river or lake where you can wash. So you don’t have to walk around and scare wild animals with your smell. You can read more about hygiene while hiking.

Myth No. 8 – A bunch of scary creatures. This wild nature and there are many times more living creatures here than in the city. All sorts of small spiders and bugs will come across quite often. But they are not scary and do not bite. Meeting those who bite and are dangerous is unlikely. Watch your step, don’t move stones for no reason, always close your tent and the risk of encountering a large spider or snake will be minimized. But the ticks remain, there is no escape from them. The best way fight them - examine yourself and your comrades a couple of times a day. Much more common are not reptiles, but various butterflies)

Myth No. 7 - Hiking is a complete drinking session. This is the eternal fear of mothers and the hope of their growing children. I will please the first and disappoint the second. Drinking while hiking is strictly prohibited. An exception may be 50 grams of cognac for medical purposes, with the permission of the instructor. By drinking alcohol, you violate the rules of conduct on a hike and the terms of medical and accident insurance.

In general, if you are afraid of something or have questions, you can always ask us =)

Byzantine Empire
Cilician Armenia

Commanders

Guglielm Embriaco Gottfried of Bouillon Raymond IV of Toulouse Etienne II de Blois Baldwin of Boulogne Eustachius III Robert II of Flanders Ademar of Monteil Hugo the Great Robert of Normandy Bohemond of Tarentum Tancred of Tarentum Alexei I Komnenos Tatiky Constantine I

Strengths of the parties

Background to the conflict One of the reasons for the crusade was the call for help made by the Byzantine emperor to the Pope. Alexei I Komnenos. This call was due to several circumstances. IN 1071 emperor's army Roman IV Diogenes was defeated by the Sultan of the Seljuk Turks Alp Arslan V Battle of Manzikert. This battle and the subsequent overthrow of Romanus IV Diogenes led to the beginning of a civil war in Byzantium, which did not subside until 1081, when Alexei I Komnenos ascended the throne. By this time, various leaders of the Seljuk Turks had managed to take advantage of the fruits of the civil strife in Constantinople and captured a significant part of the territory of the Anatolian plateau. In the first years of his reign, Alexei Komnenos was forced to wage a constant struggle on two fronts - against the Normans of Sicily, who were advancing in the west and against the Seljuk Turks in the east. The Balkan possessions of the Byzantine Empire were also subject to devastating raids by the Cumans. In this situation, Alexey quite often used the help of mercenaries from Western Europe, whom the Byzantines called Franks or Celts. The empire's commanders highly valued the fighting qualities of European cavalry and used mercenaries as shock troops. Their corps needed constant reinforcements. In 1093 or 1094, Alexei apparently sent the Pope a request for help in recruiting another corps. It is possible that this request served as the basis for the call for a Crusade. Another reason could have been rumors that reached the West about the atrocities that were happening in Palestine. In this moment Near East found himself on the front line between Great Seljuk Sultanate(which occupied a significant part of the territory of modern Iran and Syria) and the Fatimid state of Egypt. The Seljuks were mainly supported Muslims -Sunnis, Fatimids - mostly Muslims - Shiites. There was no one to protect Christian minorities in Palestine and Syria, and during the hostilities, representatives of some of them were subjected to looting. This could have given rise to rumors about terrible atrocities committed by Muslims in Palestine. In addition, in the Middle East arose Christianity: the first Christians existed in this territory communities and most of the Christian shrines were located. November 26, 1095 French city Clermont took place Cathedral, at which, in front of the nobility and clergy, Pope Urban II made a passionate speech, calling on those gathered to go to the East and liberate Jerusalem from Muslim rule. This call fell on fertile ground, since the ideas of the Crusade were already popular among the people of Western European states, and the campaign could be organized at any time. The pope's speech only outlined the aspirations of a large group of Western European Catholics. Byzantium The Byzantine Empire had many enemies on its borders. So, in 1090-1091 she was threatened Pechenegs, however, their onslaught was repulsed with the help of the Polovtsians and Slavs. At the same time, a Turkish pirate Chaka, dominating the Black Sea and the Bosphorus, harassed the coast near Constantinople with its raids. Considering that by this time most of Anatolia had been captured by the Seljuk Turks, and the Byzantine army suffered a serious defeat from them in 1071 at the Battle of Manzikert, then the Byzantine Empire was in a state of crisis, and there was a threat of its complete destruction. The peak of the crisis came in the winter of 1090/1091, when the pressure of the Pechenegs on the one hand and the related Seljuks on the other threatened to cut off Constantinople from the outside world. In this situation, Emperor Alexei Comnenus conducted diplomatic correspondence with the rulers of Western European countries (the most famous correspondence with Robert of Flanders), calling on them for help and showing the plight of the empire. A number of steps have also been outlined to bring the Orthodox and catholic churches. These circumstances aroused interest in the West. However, by the start of the Crusade, Byzantium had already overcome a deep political and military crisis and had enjoyed a period of relative stability since about 1092. The Pecheneg horde was defeated, the Seljuks did not conduct active campaigns against the Byzantines, and on the contrary, the emperor often resorted to the help of mercenary detachments consisting of Turks and Pechenegs to pacify his enemies. But in Europe they believed that the situation of the empire was disastrous, counting on the humiliating position of the emperor. This calculation turned out to be incorrect, which subsequently led to many contradictions in Byzantine-Western European relations. Muslim world Most of Anatolia on the eve of the Crusade was in the hands of nomadic tribes of the Seljuk Turks and the Seljuk Sultan Room who adhered to the Sunni movement in Islam. Some tribes in many cases did not recognize even the nominal authority of the Sultan over themselves, or enjoyed broad autonomy. By the end of the 11th century, the Seljuks pushed Byzantium within its borders, occupying almost all of Anatolia after defeating the Byzantines in a decisive battle. Battle of Manzikert in 1071. However, the Turks were more concerned with solving internal problems than with the war with Christians. The constantly renewed conflict with the Shiites and the civil war that broke out over the rights of succession to the Sultan's title attracted much more attention from the Seljuk rulers. On the territory of Syria and Lebanon, Muslim semi-autonomous states pursued a policy relatively independent from the empires. city-states, guided primarily by their regional, rather than general Muslim interests. Egypt and most of Palestine controlled Shiites from the dynasty Fatimid. A significant part of their empire was lost after the arrival of the Seljuks, and therefore Alexei Komnenos advised the crusaders to enter into an alliance with the Fatimids against a common enemy. IN 1076 at Khalifa al-Mustali The Seljuks captured Jerusalem, but 1098, when the Crusaders had already moved to the East, the Fatimids recaptured the city. The Fatimids hoped to see in the Crusaders a force that would influence the course of politics in the Middle East against the interests of the Seljuks, the eternal enemy of the Shiites, and from the very beginning of the campaign they played a subtle diplomatic game. In general, Muslim countries suffered a period of deep political vacuum after the death of almost all the leading leaders around the same time. Seljuk died in 1092 wazir Nizam al-Mulk and the Sultan Melik Shah I, then in 1094 the Abbasid caliph al-Muqtadi and Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir. Both in the east and in Egypt, a fierce struggle for power began. Civil War among the Seljuks led to the complete decentralization of Syria and the formation of small, warring city-states there. The Fatimid Empire also had internal problems. . Christians of the East Nobility Crusade After the defeat of the army of the poor and the massacre of Jews in August 1096 finally set out on a hike chivalry led by powerful nobles from different regions of Europe. Graph Raymond of Toulouse along with the papal legate Ademar of Monteil , bishop Le Puy, led the knights Provence. Normannov Southern Italy headed by the prince Bohemond of Tarentum and his nephew Tancred. Brothers Godfrey of Boulogne , Eustache of Boulogne And Baldwin of Boulogne were military leaders Lorraineers, and the warriors Northern France led the count Robert of Flanders , Robert of Normandy(eldest son William the Conqueror and brother Wilhelm the Red, king England), graph Stefan of Blois And Hugo Vermandois(son Anna Yaroslavna and younger brother Philip I, King of France). Road to Jerusalem The guide of the crusaders through Asia Minor was an Armenian prince Bagrat- brother of the ruler of the largest Armenian principality in the Euphrates region Vasila Gokha. Mateos Urhaetsi reports that with the exit of the Crusader army from Nicaea, letters notifying this were sent to the ruler of Mountain Cilicia Konstantin Rubenid and the ruler Edessa Toros Crossing Asia at the height of summer, the warriors suffered from heat, lack of water and provisions. Some, unable to withstand the hardships of the campaign, died, and many horses died. From time to time, the crusaders received help with money and food from brothers in faith - both from local Christians and from those remaining in Europe - but for the most part they had to get food on their own, ravaging the lands through which their path ran. The leaders of the crusade continued to challenge each other for leadership, but none of them had enough authority to take on the role of a full-fledged leader. The spiritual leader of the campaign was, of course, Ademar of Monteil, Bishop of Le Pu. When the crusaders passed Cilician Gate, left the army Baldwin of Boulogne. With a small detachment of warriors, he set out on his own route through Cilicia and at the beginning 1098 arrived in Edessa, where he won the trust of the local ruler Hummock and was appointed his successor. Same year Thoros of Edessa was killed as a result of Baldwin's conspiracy. Thus, the first victim of the crusaders was the ruler of a Christian state, although its participants proclaimed the goal of the crusade to be the fight against the “infidels” and the liberation of the “Holy Sepulcher.” After the murder of Toros, it was formed County of Edessa- first crusader state in the Middle East. Siege of Nicaea In 1097, detachments of crusaders, defeating the army Turkish Sultan [ ], began the siege of Nicaea. Byzantine Emperor, Alexei I Komnenos, suspected that the crusaders, having taken the city, would not give it to him (according to the vassal oath of the crusaders (1097), the crusaders were supposed to give the captured cities and territories to him, Alexy). And, after it became clear that Nicaea would fall sooner or later, Emperor Alexius sent envoys to the city demanding that it surrender to him. The townspeople were forced to agree, and on June 19, when the crusaders prepared to storm the city, they were distressed to discover that they had been greatly “helped” by the Byzantine army. After this, the crusaders moved further along the Anatolian plateau to the main goal of the campaign - Jerusalem. Siege of Antioch In the autumn the crusader army reached Antioch, which stood halfway between Constantinople and Jerusalem, and October 21 1097 besieged the city. After eight months of siege, early in the morning June 3 1098, the crusaders broke into the city. The betrayal of the gunsmith Firuz helped them open the gate. In the city, the crusaders carried out a bloody massacre: “all the squares of the city were filled with the bodies of the dead, so that no one could be there because of the strong stench.” Emir Yaghi-Sian, accompanied by 30 warriors, fled from the city, leaving his family and children, but then those accompanying him abandoned him and he was killed and beheaded local residents. By evening, the crusaders captured the entire city with the exception of the citadel in the south of the city. In four days, June 7, the army has arrived Kerbogi and after an unsuccessful assault she laid siege to it. The battle continued all day, but the city held out. When night fell, both sides remained awake - Muslims they were afraid that a new attack would follow, and Christians they feared that the besieged would somehow manage to set fire to the siege weapons. In the morning July 15 When the ditch was filled in, the crusaders were finally able to freely bring the towers closer to the fortress walls and set fire to the bags protecting them. This became a turning point in the attack - the crusaders threw wooden bridges over the walls and rushed into the city. The knight Letold was the first to break through, followed by Godfrey of Bouillon and Tancred of Tarentum. Raymond of Toulouse, whose army was storming the city from the other side, learned about the breakthrough and also rushed to Jerusalem through the southern gate. Seeing that the city had fallen, the emir of the garrison of the Tower of David surrendered and opened Jaffa Gate. Consequences Crusader states in 1102 (in red) States founded by the Crusaders after the First Crusade: Crusader states in the East in 1140 At the end of the 1st Crusade, four Christian states were founded in the Levant. Edessa County - the first state founded by the crusaders in the East. It was founded in 1098 by Baldwin I of Boulogne. It existed until 1146. Its capital was the city of Edessa. Principality of Antioch - was founded by Bohemond I of Tarentum in 1098 after the capture of Antioch. The principality existed until 1268. Kingdom of Jerusalem , lasted until the fall of Acre in 1291. The kingdom was subordinate to several vassal lordships, including the four largest: Lordship (Principality) of Transjordan - Seigneury of Krak, Montreal and Saint-Abraham County of Tripoli - the last of the states founded during the First Crusade. It was founded in 1105 by the Count of Toulouse, Raymond IV. The county existed until 1289.