The history of the origin of the Crimean mountains. The emergence of the mountainous Crimea. Era of the Caledonian geological era of folding

In the place of the mountains in the Crimea, in ancient times, the sea was spread. The bottom of the Black Sea was uneven, divided by submarine ridges into deep elongated hollows, in which sand and clay accumulated. In places, the ridges rose above sea level, forming rocky islands with an indented coastline. In swampy areas of quiet shallow bays, together with silt and sand, tropical plants accumulated, which later turned into coal.

In the eastern part of Crimea lies the Kerch Peninsula, cut by a low Parpach ridge. In place of the mountains in the Crimea, in the Middle Jurassic era, the sea was still spread. Its bottom was uneven, divided by submarine ridges into deep elongated hollows, in which sand and clay accumulated. In places, the ridges rose above sea level, forming rocky islands with an indented coastline. In swampy areas of quiet shallow bays, together with silt and sand, tropical plants accumulated, which later turned into coal.

The continuing subsidence of the bottom of the geosynclinal in the Middle Jurassic epoch again led to the formation of faults, along which magma again rushed from the depths. This epoch is the time of the most intense volcanic activity in the mountainous Crimea. Remains of Middle Jurassic volcanoes have been found in many parts of Crimea - at Kara-Dag, near the village of Limeny (Blue Bay), near Melas and Foros, near the village of Karagach (Kizilovka) near Simferopol and in other places.

On the border of the Middle and Upper Jurassic epochs, a most important event in the geological history of mountainous Crimea takes place: for a relatively short period, almost the entire land area of ​​mountainous Crimea becomes elevated above sea level. In this period of time, the main features of the "architecture" of the mountains in the Crimea were formed. Then the sea returns to the mountainous Crimea, but occupies a much smaller area. It was no longer an extensive geosyncline, but a narrow and long trough, in which calcareous silts accumulated, which later transformed into limestones. Now they make up the uppermost part of the First Ridge.

The Late Jurassic trough, with some changes, also existed in the Lower Cretaceous. By the middle of the Cretaceous period, the third great uplift in the history of the Crimean Mountains occurs: the islands, merging with each other, form the base of the future mountain range. Volcanoes have arisen on some islands. The volcanic activity of the Cretaceous period was the last stage of volcanism in the mountainous Crimea. And although in its further geological history there were still many turbulent events, the outpouring of lavas was no longer repeated.
In subsequent geological epochs, the uplift of the mountainous Crimea expanded, and its modern appearance was formed. The originally vast island is gradually turning into a peninsula. Development went unevenly: Earth's crust it went down and the outskirts of the peninsula were flooded with the sea, then it rose significantly in the form of a wide flat arch.

In the middle of the Neogene period (11-12 million years ago), the territory on the site of the mountainous Crimea was never again flooded with the sea. The sea-leveled surface was raised by tectonic processes to an altitude of 1300 m. This is the level of the flat tops of the First Ridge. The rise of the mountains in the Crimea led to a sharp increase in the destructive activity of the rivers. Massifs of rocks split off the coastal limestone cliffs of the First Ridge and slid down the steep slopes to the sea.

One of the last stages of the geological history of the Earth stands out - the Quaternary, which is also called glacial. At this time in the northern hemisphere, not only high mountains, but the adjacent plains were covered with ice. Large glaciers also covered the mountain ranges of the Carpathians and the Caucasus, adjacent to the Crimean peninsula. In Crimea, neither in the foothills nor in the mountains, direct signs of glacier activity have been found. But some scientists believe that during the maximum glaciation on the Russian Plain Crimean mountains then already significantly raised, were covered with powerful accumulations of snow, and perhaps even glaciers. In the middle of the Quaternary period, Arctic fox, reindeer, and lynx lived here. The vegetation on the northern slope of the Crimean Mountains was represented by birch forest-steppe. And when the climate warmed, the traces of glacial activity on the yayls were destroyed by the rapidly dissolving limestone.

Connected to the mainland by the narrow Perekop Isthmus, the mountainous Crimea has the shape of a quadrangle with a wide ledge - in the east, a long ledge of the Kerch Peninsula, in the north-west by the Tarkhankut Peninsula. The area of ​​Crimea is approximately 26 thousand square meters. km. The distance from the southernmost point of Crimea - Cape Sarych to Perekop in the north - 195 km, in the latitudinal direction from the Kerch Peninsula to Cape Tarkhankut - 325 km. Crimea from the south and west is washed by the Black Sea, from the east by the Sivash - a shallow lagoon of the Azov Sea.
The surface of Crimea is sharply divided into the northern, flat (steppe) part, which occupies three quarters of the area of ​​the peninsula, and the southern, mountainous, which accounts for a quarter of the entire area.
The relief of the plain part of the Crimea is rather monotonous. A different picture in the mountainous Crimea. In the form of a gentle arc with a length of more than 160 km, the mountains stretch along the southern coast of the peninsula. They consist of three ridges gradually rising to the south and breaking off at the Black Sea coast in a multi-centimeter ledge.

The first, or Main ridge is the highest, stretching along the coast from Feodosia to Balaklava. Between its northern gentle and southern steep slopes, there is a leveled surface of ridges, the so-called yayly, in some places wide (up to 8 km), in others narrow, or even completely interrupted by deeply incised gorges.
The height of the yailas is different. Above all Babagun Yayla. It contains the most high peaks Crimean mountains - Roman-Kosh (1545 m) and Demir-Kapu (1540 m).
The second ridge is much lower than the First (up to 600 - 750 m above sea level). It goes to the north, parallel to it, being separated by a wide longitudinal valley.
The third ridge is the lowest, its height does not exceed 350 m at sea level. It is located to the north of the Second and is separated from it by a longitudinal valley, which is especially pronounced between Sevastopol and Simferopol.
In the eastern part of Crimea lies the Kerch Peninsula, cut by the low Parpach ridge.

). The total length of the Crimean Mountains is 160 km, the width is about 50 km. The height of the inner ridge reaches 750 m. The inner ridge is a row of cuestas, gradually rising to 350 m. The highest point Crimean mountains is located on the Main Ridge stretching along the entire southern coast of Crimea. This is Mount Roman-Kosh(1545 m), located at Babugan-yayla.

Crimean mountains: origin

Considering Crimean mountains Through the eyes of a geologist, it can be seen that the Main Ridge is an uplifted block with a series of faults to the north. Such a structure was formed already in the Early Cretaceous, after other synclinal troughs in the southern part of the peninsula closed and the surface of the Crimea rose, giving the landscape a modern shape. The mountains are composed mainly of sedimentary rocks that are between 180 and 200 million years old. These rocks are unevenly distributed: below there are clay shales and quartzite sandstones, crumpled into small folds; the next layer is igneous rocks, conglomerates and clay-sandy layers; higher up are the Upper Jurassic limestones, conglomerates and sandstones, and clay.

Geologically Crimean mountains are part of the Alpine folded region of Europe.

The climate of the Crimean mountains

The mountain climate in Crimea is humid and moderately cold, similar to the Mediterranean. In the mountains, winter begins in mid-October and lasts until the end of March. Closer to the peaks, the snow cover can reach a meter thickness. The weather during this period is unstable, with sharp temperature changes. Mountain slopes Chatyr-Dag, Ai-Petri, Demerdzhi and Babugan-yayly avalanches are dangerous in winter. Summers in the Crimean mountains are dry and hot, but even in July night temperatures can drop to 0 ° C. Each slope of the mountains of the peninsula has its own climatic conditions. This is due to the fact that each of them is subject to the influence of different winds.

Mountain tears: streams and rivers

The Crimean Mountains are the main watershed of the entire peninsula. Most of the rivers begin on the Main Ridge, at altitudes from 600 to 1100 meters. The total runoff from the mountains is about 774 million cubic meters with an average density of the river network of 0.2 km / km 2. According to the relief, watercourses can be divided into three groups: rivers, gullies and streams of the Southern coast of Crimea, gullies and rivers of the north-western slopes of the Main ridge, gullies and rivers of the northeastern slopes of the Main ridge.

The shortest streams are located on South coast of Crimea- there are practically no rivers longer than 10 kilometers. Starting on the southern side of the Main Ridge, they flow into the Black Sea. These rivers are characterized by slopes from 172 to 234 m / km at average height catchments up to 900 meters. This group of rivers contains 36 watercourses with a total length of 293.6 km. The most important of them are: Derekoyka, Ulu-Uzen, Uchan-Su, Avunda.

The longest and deepest rivers of Crimea begin on the northwestern side of the Main Ridge. There are only eight main rivers, but their total length is 328 km. They also flow into the Black Sea. The main rivers of this group: Black, Belbek, Kacha, Kokkozka, Alma, Salgir, Biyuk-Karasu, Indol.

Flora and fauna of the Crimean mountains

Difficult relief and varied climatic conditions provided a variety of vegetation in the Crimean mountains, concentrated in a small space. From the point of view of botany, the mountains can be divided into the following zones:

• northern slopes;
• flat top (plateau);
• southern slopes.

The southern slopes are covered with the most typical Crimean vegetation, including specimens characteristic only of Crimea. Mountain flora changes when climbing to the peaks, forming belts:

• lower - up to 226 meters (southern-coastal vegetation: Abraham tree, zamaniha, hazelnuts, cornelian tree, cup tree, rose hips, blackberries, hold-tree, capers, mad cucumber, acacia, magnolia, boxwood, cork oak, bananas, wisteria, almonds , pistachio tree, walnut, etc.);
• medium - above 226 meters (deciduous forests predominate, consisting of small-leaved hornbeam, oak and Crimean pine);
• the upper one consists mainly of beech forests, in which there are common and Crimean pines, maple, aspen, dogwood, mountain ash.

On the northern slope, the first belt consists mainly of meadows. The kingdom of herbs is also on the yaylah. The rich vegetation serves as a good shelter for the animals of the Crimea. In the mountains you can see gophers, hamsters, jerboas, Crimean weasels, hedgehogs, ferrets, badgers, martens, foxes, deer, roe deer, mouflons and wild boars. The sky above Crimean mountains were chosen by different types of larks, pleshanka, millet, wheats, bee-eats, shrikes, starlings, nightjars, nightingales, warblers, jays, vultures, vultures and dozens of other species of birds.

Crimea caves

A large number of caves of various sizes have been discovered in the Crimean Mountains. The most famous of them:

• Skeltic;
• Red (Kyzyl-Koba);
• Honey;
• Yeni-Sala;
• Hanging;
• Geophysical;
• Basman;
• Thousand-headed (Binbash-Koba);
• Marble;
• Suuk-Koba.

Reserves and sanctuaries of mountain Crimea

The unique nature of the Crimean Mountains has been preserved thanks to human efforts: on the territory of the mountain ranges, there are several nature reserves and reserves of national importance. The largest of them are:

• Crimean nature reserve (the largest reserve of the peninsula, located in the central part of the mountainous Crimea, area - about 33 thousand hectares);
• Orlinovsky reserve;
• Beech Grove (Ai-Petri);
• Reserve "Chatyr-Dag".

The Grand Canyon of Crimea

On the east side Coccock Valley, cut into the northern slope of the Ai-Petrinskaya yayla, there is a gorge called the Grand Canyon of Crimea. Since 1974, it has been a nature reserve and is protected by the state. The depth of the canyon reaches 320 m, length - 3.5 km, width in the most bottlenecks- about 3 m. The river Auzun-Uzen flows along the bottom of the canyon.

The most famous "mountain" places of Crimea

In the Crimean Mountains there are many places that are popular not only among rock-climbing enthusiasts, but also among ordinary tourists. These places delight the eye with the beauty of local landscapes, inherent only to them, and magnificent panoramic views from them. The most famous "mountain" places of the Crimea are.

Crimean studies grade 8

Topic: Geological history and features of the tectonic structure of the Crimean Peninsula. The origin of the Crimean mountains.

Target: to form an idea of ​​the peculiarities of the geological structure of the territory of Crimea.

Equipment : textbook, illustrations, workbook on Crimean studies.

During the classes.

Updating basic knowledge

Tell about the physical and geographical position of the Crimea.

What are the extreme points of the Crimean peninsula.

Describe the features coastline different coasts of the Crimean peninsula.

Learning a new topic.

The Crimean peninsula has a very long history of geological development and a complex tectonic structure. The most ancient rocks that can be found in the Crimea are "exotic" non-local pebblesProterozoic granites in the conglomerates of Mount Demerdzhi near Alushta, there are pebbles that are more than a billion years old, as well as blocks of limestonepaleozoic for example, the island of Dzhifen - Sofu in the Simferopol reservoir.

Much more widely and diversely represented on the peninsula are mountainousrocks of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Judging by the thick deposits of sedimentary rocks of different ages, the present territory of Crimea has repeatedly submerged and for a long time turned out to be flooded by the waters of the ancient seas. Fossils of marine fauna fossils are often found in the sedimentary outcrops: sea ​​urchins, molluscs, corals, fish, shark teeth, bones of marine mammals.

The tectonic structure of the Crimea is also peculiar. The large northern, flat part of the peninsula is the most ancient. It was subjected to mountain building in the ancient Paleozoic era and turned into a mountainous country. Subsequently, this mountainous country slowly collapsed, and then sank, and into the middleMesozoic and a new Cenozoic era was repeatedly covered by the waters of the world's oceans. At the bottom of the seas that existed here, sedimentary deposits accumulated, which in a thick layer covered the destroyed mountainous country, thus leveling the northern part of Crimea.

Crimean mountains ran along the coast from Sevastopol to Feodosia for almost 180 kilometers. The Southern coast stretches along the Main, or South, ridge from Cape Aya in the west to Kara-Dag in the east.

Babugan-yayla ( Babugan Yayla , Babuğan yayla, Babugan yayla ) is the tallest array () in ... It is part of the Main Ridge. The highest point of Babugan-Yayla is a mountain (1545 m) is at the same time the highest point of the Crimea. The peaks of Babugan-yayla, exceeding 1500 meters in height, also include (1537 m.), Tas-Tepe (1538 m.), Uchurum-Kaya (1538 m.), Dam-Kosh (1514 m.). In the eastern part of the yayla there are several lower peaks - Cherkez-Kosh (1395 m.) And Kush-Kaya (1335 m.)

Administratively, almost the entire massif is located in , but not most of in the west, including the summit, in .

Quail Mountain (1320 m). 2. Kush-Kaya (1338 m). 3. North Demerdzhi (1360 m). 4. Cherkez-Kosh (1395 m). 5. Hangar-Burun (1453 m). 6. Eklizi-Burun (1527 m). 7. Kemal-Egerek (1529 m). 8. Zeytin-Kosh (1537 m). 9. Demir-Kapu (1540 m). 10. Roman-Kosh (1545 m). A little lower mountains: Black, Tai-Koba, South Demerdzhi, Ai-Petri 1242m

The northern massifs are covered, the southern ones - -. The flat surface is folded.

Yayla, together with its northwestern slopes, belongs to the territory , therefore, its visit is limited. However, it is a popular tourist destination.

The southern slopes of the Main Ridge, which abruptly drop off to the sea, are covered with pine forests. The unique Crimean pine stands out among the conifers. Unlike Scots pine, it is more majestic, with long, hard needles. This tall, up to forty meters, slender tree, sometimes manages to grow directly from the crevices of the rocks.

Closer to the yayla, the Crimean pine is gradually replaced by the Scots pine, which is less whimsical.

The mountain forest preserves it serves as a kind of filter and enrichment of the atmosphere, a huge storage reservoir of clean air saturated with phytoncides, forms that special, healing climate for which the South Coast of Crimea has long been famous

The southern coast of Crimea is famous for its ancient parks, excellent grape varieties, plantations of which have covered the slopes of hills and mountains.

The climate of the South Coast, covered from cold northern winds by the mighty wall of the Main Ridge, especially its western part, from Alushta to Foros, is subtropical, Mediterranean.

On the peninsula there are about 250 species of wild-growing plants, endemic, that is, growing only in the Crimea. Among them are Steven's maple, Stankevich pine

Many of rare plants and animals of the Crimea are listed in the Red Data Books.

Consolidation of new knowledge

List the main eras during which the Crimean mountains were formed

What is Babugan - Yayla?

What are the highest mountains of Crimea?

What do endemic plants mean?

Homework

Conduct a study on the existence of various versions and hypotheses of the origin of the Crimean Mountains.

My friends! Today I will try to tell you briefly the history of the emergence of the Crimean peninsula, a few important moments in its formation, as well as interesting events and facts related to the peninsula. You can talk endlessly about Crimea! But still I will try not to write too much and is tedious for the reader) So, let's get started ...

Crimea is one of the most famous historical regions of Russia in the world. In our minds of the man in the street, it is also associated with the post-war world order: the Yalta Conference and the Crimean War of 1854 took place here. Despite the fact that the superpowers of those times defeated Russia, they had to pay too much for the victory. high price... In memory of the events of those days, one of the main streets of Paris was named Sevastopol Boulevard. Today she is known to every Frenchman. And the British guards still wear stripes with the names of the Crimean cities, where their predecessors, who came to Russia with a sword, remained forever.

There are different versions of the origin of the peninsula. In the seventh millennium BC. NS. the Crimean peninsula did not yet exist, but there was only one large part of the land. On the site of the Black Sea was the Euxine Lake. But as a result of the flood (Noah or other unknown), the waters of this fresh lake were flooded with a large amount of salt water. This is how the Black Sea was formed.

Because of what the flood occurred, there is no exact data. Someone believes that it arose from an earthquake or from a volcanic eruption. And maybe even because of a meteorite that fell from space. But be that as it may, the result was the Crimean peninsula.

I would like to say right away about such a hypothesis that Crimea is a piece of land that broke away from Turkey. No facts are known about this story, there are no materials. Therefore, it is unlikely. But most ancient history can be traced back to the Paleolithic. It was in this era that the oldest traces of the habitation of hominids on the territory of Crimea were discovered - this is the camp of the Neanderthals in the Kiik-Koba cave. Further, the Mesolithic - according to the Ryan-Pitman hypothesis, up to 6 thousand BC. NS. the territory of Crimea was not a peninsula, but was a fragment of a larger land mass, including, in particular, the territory of the modern Sea of ​​Azov. About 5500 thousand BC e., as a result of the breakthrough of waters from Mediterranean Sea and the formation of the Bosphorus Strait, for a fairly short period, significant territories were flooded, and the Crimean Peninsula was formed. In the Neolithic and Eneolithic eras, and this is in the 4-3 thousand BC. e., through the territories north of the Crimea, migrations to the west of tribes took place, presumably speakers of Indo-European languages. In 3 millennium BC. NS. the Kemi-Obinsk culture existed on the territory of the Crimea.

The first inhabitants of Crimea, known to us from ancient sources, were the Cimmerians (XII century BC). Their stay in Crimea is confirmed by ancient and medieval historians, as well as information that has come down to us in the form of toponyms of the eastern part of Crimea: "Cimmerian ferries", "Cimmerik". In the middle of the VII century. BC NS. part of the Cimmerians was driven out by the Scythians from the steppe part of the peninsula to the foothills and mountains of the Crimea, where they created compact settlements.

In the foothill and mountainous Crimea, as well as on the southern coast, there lived Taurs associated with the Kizil-Koba archaeological culture. Traces of the influence of the Koban culture indicate a possible Caucasian origin of the Taurs. From the Taurus comes ancient name mountainous and coastal parts of Crimea - Tavrika, Tavria, Tavrida. Since the XV century. he became Tavria, and after joining Russia in 1783 - Tavrida. Modern name Crimea comes from the Turkic word "kyrym" (shaft, wall, ditch). In turn, "kyrym" - was translated into Russian as "perekop" (hence the name of the Perekop Isthmus). Remains of fortifications and dwellings of the Taurus, their ring-like fences of vertically placed stones and Taurus tombs "stone boxes" ...

A new period in the history of Taurica begins with the capture of the Crimea by the Scythians. This period is characterized by qualitative changes in the composition of the population itself. Archaeological data show that after this the basis of the population of the northwestern Crimea was made up of peoples who came from the Dnieper region.

From the VII century. BC NS. Greek colonies appear on the peninsula. The most famous were the city-states of Chersonesos and Panticapaeum. King Mithridates Eupator annexed them to the Bosporus kingdom in the 1st century. BC NS. Over time, the kingdom itself fell into dependence on the Roman Empire. When Rome began to disintegrate, tribes of invaders rushed to the Crimea: the Goths and Huns burned everything that burned here. In the VII-VIII centuries. Khazars settled in Taurida, and for some time the Crimea was even called Khazaria. Gradually, Crimea turns into a center of the slave trade, which was carried on here by the Genoese.

From the IX century. the ancient Rus came here. The Khazars were defeated. In 988, the prince of Kievan Rus Vladimir was baptized in Kherson, after which the Pechenegs and then the Polovtsy began to penetrate here.

In the XIII century. Mongol-Tatars invaded Crimea and founded the Crimean ulus of the Golden Horde. After the collapse of the Horde, the Crimean Khanate arose, which became a vassal of Turkey. For several centuries the Russian people fought against the ruinous Turkish-Tatar raids. To ensure the security of the southern borders and get access to the Black Sea, Russia from the end of the 17th century. fought for the Crimea. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, Russian troops occupied the entire peninsula, and in 1783 it was annexed to Russia.

The result of the entry of Crimea into Russia was a sharp leap in the development of the economy, the construction of the main military port Black Sea Fleet- Sevastopol and the transformation South Shore Crimea into a flourishing resort. The peaceful life of Crimea was interrupted several times: during the Crimean War of 1853-1856, during the Civil War of 1917-1923 and during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945

In 1954, Crimea lost the status of a Russian territory: during the reign of N. Khrushchev it was included in the Ukrainian SSR.

During the Soviet period, especially in the 60s - 80s of the last century, there was a noticeable growth in the Crimean industry and agriculture, the development of resorts and tourism on the peninsula. Crimea, in fact, was known as the all-Union health resort. 8-9 million people from all over the huge Union rested in Crimea every year.

1991 - the "putsch" in Moscow and the arrest of M. Gorbachev at his dacha in Foros. The collapse of the Soviet Union, Crimea becomes an Autonomous Republic within Ukraine, and Big Yalta becomes the summer political capital of Ukraine and the countries of the Black Sea region.

On the nature of the Crimea.

Crimea today is the blessed land of the Crimean peninsula, washed by the Black and The Azov seas... In the north there is a plain, in the south - the Crimean mountains with a necklace near the coastal strip of seaside resort towns.
The nature of the Crimea is called a natural museum. There are few places in the world where diverse, comfortable and picturesque landscapes would be combined in such an original way. They are largely due to the originality geographic location, geological structure, relief, climate of the peninsula. The Crimean mountains divide the peninsula into two unequal parts. Big - northern - is located in the extreme south of the temperate zone, southern - the Crimean sub-Mediterranean - belongs to the northern edge of the subtropical belt.
The Crimean peninsula is provided with a lot of heat not only in summer, but also in winter. In December and January here per unit the earth's surface per day, heat is supplied 8-10 times more than, for example, in St. Petersburg. Crimea receives the greatest amount of solar heat in summer, especially in July. Spring is cooler here than autumn. And autumn - best season of the year. The weather is calm, sunny and moderately warm.

The special wealth of Crimea is natural monuments. The Nikitsky Botanical Gardens, the Chersonesos Museum-Reserve, state reserves: Karadagsky, Kachinsky canyon, Cape Aya, Yalta mountain-forest; Mount Demerdzhi with the Valley of Ghosts, parks in Alushta, Saki and Yalta; Crimean nature reserve hunting farm, "Tea House" tract, Karadag forest, Dzhur-Dzhur and Uchan-Su waterfalls, Kyzyl-Koba cave and much more.


Livadia Palace. Yalta

Red caves "Kyzyl-Koba".


Monument to the Scuttled Ships, Sevatopol

Khan's palace, Bakhchisarai.

The first on the list are the three caves of Yeni-Sala, which are located on the site of a Tatar village burned by the Nazis for helping partisans. The Yeni-Sala-2 cave was used by the ancient Taurus for sacrifices. The most impressionable tourists claim to have seen ghosts here.

In second place was Bear Mountain (Ayu-Dag), business card Crimea. Not everyone knows that it is not worth staying overnight here. They say that for some unknown reason, people who spent the night on Bear Mountain jump up in the middle of the night and, fleeing from the dreamed nightmare, run to the steep slopes.

Alimova Balka, a picturesque gorge in the Bakhchisarai region, took the third place in the list. According to legend, a stone with Arabic script is hidden near the spring. Wealth and prosperity await those who find the stone. But the stone is not revealed to everyone.

The list also includes "Crimean Stonehenge" in the village of Rodnikovoye, Simferopol region and the Valley of Ghosts in the village of Luchistom.

Despite the relatively small size of the Crimean peninsula, it has not been fully explored. The number of secrets and mysteries that the peninsula is filled with can only be compared with the number of unsolved mysteries ancient Hellas... One of the most exciting and unexplored is the mystery of the origin and purpose of the Crimean pyramids, which were discovered by a research group in the city of Sevastopol.

The most interesting thing about pyramid research was how the pyramids affect humans. So when carrying out work inside the pyramids for a long time had a beneficial effect on the health of researchers. At the same time, during the work related to the destruction of the integrity of the pyramids, various negative phenomena occurred. People who did destructive work experienced severe headaches and stomach discomfort. Various technical devices went out of order, but when the work was stopped, the state of people's health returned to normal, and the devices continued their useful work. Scientists have made a somewhat surprising and incontestable assumption: the Crimean pyramids were used by ancient people to exercise control over some important processes. This is also indicated by the fact that lead was used in the construction, which resonates quite well, and a mixture of clay and aluminum oxide is an excellent semiconductor capable of converting the incoming energy in frequency. If this is really so, it is worth recognizing that the builders of the pyramids were representatives of a highly developed civilization.

The Crimean pyramids are an integral part of the worldwide system of pyramids, which form an energy-informational frame around the planet. This framework has undoubtedly existed from the moment the Earth came into being. And the pyramids are located at the nodal points of the world frame. The energy-informational field created in this way is a management process that influences all life processes that occur on Earth, including the processes that occur inside the planet's core, biological systems and the biosphere.

Scientists have suggested that ancient settlers from the lands of Hellas could have been the builders of the Crimean pyramids. The ancient Greeks used top-down pyramids as giant condensers of moisture. Their construction consisted in the fact that a large funnel was dug in the ground and its walls were laid out of stone. In continuation of the walls inside the pits, walls of a similar material were erected on the surface, on which moisture collected during the day, and with a decrease in temperature in the evening, condensate flowed down and filled the funnels. This was due to the fact that on the Crimean peninsula, the availability of drinking water has always been an urgent problem due to the low level of groundwater.

Among the real pyramids that everyone is able to see with the naked eye and without any psychosensory training is the Golden Mound in Kerch.This is a megalithic structure with polygonal masonry, when huge irregularly shaped stones were used, clearly fitted to each other. Now only fragments remain of it, but the researchers of the 18th-19th centuries, who found it more or less intact, left us the schemes of the original form, noting: there were many similar pyramids in the Crimea!
A century and a half ago, Crimea, especially in the coastal area, was in fact a land of megaliths - mysterious stone structures gigantic preserved here from antediluvian times. Their number numbered in the thousands: dolmens, cromlechs, menhirs and stone boxes of the legendary Taurians, walls of incredible height blocking mountain passes, huge canals in the area of ​​present-day Perekop, ideally lined with multi-ton slabs. And even the pyramids, not inferior in size to either the Egyptian or the South American ones, had a unique hemispherical shape.

Crimea is really a paradise !!! But in order to feel this fully, you need to come here yourself. Plunge into the gentle sea, breathe deeply on the steppe and mountain expanses and feel how great this world is.

Crimean mountains- mountain system in the south of the Crimean peninsula. Extends 180 km from the southwest to the northeast: from Cape Fiolent (near Sevastopol) to Cape Ilya (near Feodosia). Mountain arc width - up to 60 km... In the relief, three almost parallel ridges with steep southern and gentle northern slopes are clearly distinguished, like three waves going one after the other: the Main Crimean ridge ( highest point Roman-Kosh, 1545 m) - extreme from the side of the sea coast and stretches along it, now approaching, then retreating, the Inner Crimean Ridge (Kubalach, 738 m) - lower and Outer (Kazantash, 344 m), which is even lower and consists of gentle hills.

The Crimean mountains are a fold-block system that belongs to the Mediterranean fold belt. The ridges are composed mainly of sedimentary strata of limestones, conglomerates, mudstones and siltstones. In some places, volcanic effusive and intrusive forms appear in the relief (Fiolent, Kara-Dag, Ayu-Dag, Kastel, etc.)

In the mountains of Crimea, there are about 120 nature conservation objects, including reserves: the Crimean natural, Yalta mountain-forest, natural and Karadag natural reserve.

Origin of names

Various naming traditions are combined on the territory of the peninsula geographic sites associated with a nomadic and sedentary culture. As a result of a long stay here of nomadic Turkic-speaking tribes, place names derived from their tribal names are often found. These are the so-called genotoponyms (from the Greek genos - genus).

All nomadic pastoralists possessed a complexly branched tribal structure, each link of which, from the tribe to the smallest unit, the nomadic village, had its own name, which amounted to tens of thousands of names. Wandering is not a chaotic process: for each tribal community, certain pastures, camps, and places of watering were assigned. A kind of "document" confirming the right of preferential use of these lands was the generic name assigned to the tract: for example, in the Hangeldy locality there are pastures of the Hangeldy clan, - near the Manzhil spring, there is a watering hole for the Manzhuli clan branch, - and they grazed cattle nearby, in the meadows of the city. Manzhil.

Many mountains and rocks are named for their resemblance to the figures of people, with animals: Muezzin-Kaya (muezzin-rock), Ayu-Dag (Bear-mountain), Baka-Tash (frog-stone).

Among the toponyms of the coast and the adjacent slopes of the Main Ridge, there are toponyms formed from the names of saints, belonging mainly to the Ruman language. In toponyms like Ai-Petri, Ai-Nikola, the component Ai- originated from the New Greek ayos - saint.

Geography

Researchers of the Crimea note that the Crimean Mountains form three parallel ridges with a direction from north-east to south-west, separated by two longitudinal valleys. All three ridges have the same slope character: from the north they are flat, and from the south they are steep.

As you get closer to the south, mountains begin to loom. Already in the region of Bakhchisarai, Simferopol and Belogorsk, the plain turns into low ridges of foothills. They form arcs convex to the northwest and north. The northernmost ridge (it is called the Outer) reaches only 343 meters above sea level. It stretches from Cape Fiolent to Simferopol and ends northeast of Belogorsk.

The next ridge (Inner) is much higher. On it there are heights up to 639 m. Above sea level. The inner ridge runs along the line Inkerman - Bakhchisarai - Simferopol and is separated from the previous one by a not particularly wide (2-3 km) depression - a longitudinal valley along which the highway and the section railroad Sevastopol - Simferopol.

Further to the south, behind a wide, slightly hilly depression (the second longitudinal valley) is the region of the Crimean mountains (yayla). The Crimean mountains are not high (1000–1500 m above sea level), but they cause a kind of repetition of more northern soil-vegetation zones: forest-steppe in the foothills and forests in the mountains.

At the eastern end of the Black Sea coastline, near Cape Meganom, where the Crimean mountains are dropping, there is a semi-desert area. A little further to the east, on the western slopes of the Kara-Dag, the semi-desert is replaced by arid woodlands, followed by the steppes of the environs of Feodosia and the Kerch Peninsula.

The main ridge of the Crimean mountains

The extreme to the west section of the Main Ridge is a chain of uplands, also called yayla (yayla - in the southern dialect of the Crimean Tatar language means a summer mountain pasture, mainly located on these uplands). Among the flat-topped, sometimes hilly areas, sometimes stony, sometimes overgrown with forbs, with darkening islets of groves, individual peaks and ridges stand out. Their relative height above the surface of the yayl is not high, but they rise more than a thousand meters above sea level (the highest point of Roman-Kosh is 1545 m). To the south, the yayls are cut off by majestic rock walls, which sometimes reach a height of several hundred meters. Their ledges form separate peaks: At-Bash, Kilse-Burun, Spirady, etc. Through the depressions and breaks of rocky cliffs, in ancient times, pass paths were laid from the coast of the yayla and further to the north.

On the southern slopes of the Main Ridge, in places, scattered are rejects - separate massifs or rocks that broke away from it in distant antiquity under the influence of tectonic processes and gradually slid down. Among them are Paragilmen, Mogabi, Biyuk-Isar and, already slipping to the sea itself, Cape Ai-Todor and the Genoese rock.

In some places, from the edge of the yayls, small ridges fall down to the south by steep rocky ledges; they are visible, for example, over Yalta: Stavreya-Bogaz, Iograf, Kyzyl-Kaya. The spurs stretching to the west and north are longer and more massive. The slopes of the Main Ridge are cut by ravines and gorges, covered with forests, especially dense on the northern side.

Mountain Crimea is rightfully ranked first in the number of open karst cavities among the speleological regions of the former USSR. Here, on an area of ​​about 1000 sq. km about 800 different wells, caves and mines are known - about a quarter of the total number of karst cavities discovered and studied; in second place in terms of the number of known caves is Western Georgia (480), in third - the Perm region (230). The longest limestone cave of the former USSR is located in Crimea (Krasnaya, 21.1 km) and four of the 20 deepest karst mines (Knight's Run, 213 m; Youth, 261 m; Cascade, 310 m; Soldier, 500 m).