Italian colonies on the coast of the Azov and Black Seas. Italian colonies on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. lesson plan (6th grade) on the topic of San Marco Cathedral. Venice. 11th century

In the XIII-XV centuries, Italian trading posts founded by Genoa, Venice and Pisa appeared in the Black Sea and Azov regions. After the Crusaders captured Constantinople in 1204, Italian merchants settled in Byzantium, and from Constantinople they penetrated into Crimea and the coast of the Sea of ​​​​Azov. One of the first trading posts - Porto Pisano (near modern Taganrog) was founded by Pisa in the first half of the 13th century. The process of intensive trade colonization of the Black Sea region began in the 60s of the 13th century, after in 1261 Genoa concluded the Treaty of Nymphaeum with the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, according to which it received the right to sail and duty-free trade in the Black Sea. In 1265, the Venetians also received this right. The process of colonization of the Black Sea and Azov regions was accompanied by intense competition both between Genoa and Venice, and between the trading posts they founded.

The Venetians and Genoese also concluded treaties with the khans of the Golden Horde, according to which part of the territory in the Crimea and on Azov coast to create trade colonies (with recognition of the supreme power of the khan). In the 60s of the 13th century, Genoa settled in Caffa (modern Feodosia), which became largest port and a shopping center in the Black Sea region. The Venetians created trading posts in Soldaya (now the city of Sudak in Crimea, around 1287) and Trebizond (in the 80s of the 13th century). In total, there were about 40 Italian trading posts in the Crimea, Azov region and the Caucasus.

These colonies were governed by bailo consuls, elected in the metropolis for 1-2 years. Together with the consuls, the trading posts were governed by elected city councils consisting of merchant nobiles (citizens of the metropolis) and citizens of the trading posts. The citizens of the trading posts were mainly Italians (who made up a minority of the townspeople), although the composition of the urban population was extremely varied: Greeks, Armenians, Russians, Jews, Tatars, etc. Non-Italians had certain legal rights, freedom of religion, and could perform military and civil service (except for occupation elected positions), participate in joint trading companies. But the Genoese and Venetian colonies, like their metropolises, were constantly at odds with each other, although in the same colony (for example, Trebizond or Tana) there could be trading posts of two trading republics. Periodically, the colonies were also subjected to devastation by the Tatars, but they were destroyed only after the Turkish conquest. In 1453, after the fall of Constantinople, the trading posts were cut off from the metropolis and were gradually conquered by the Ottomans.

According to the treaty of 1332, concluded by Ambassador A. Zeno and Khan Uzbek, Venice received a plot of land on the left bank of the Don, near the city of Azak. The most remote Venetian trading post, Tana, was founded here. It was managed, like other trading posts, by the Venetian consul. Almost simultaneously with the Venetians, the Genoese created their own trading post in Tana. Factories paid Uzbek Khan a three percent duty on goods passing through them. Living conditions in Tana were not easy; the Genoese and Venetians were often at odds with each other. In addition, the inhabitants of the trading posts experienced a constant threat from nomads, who were both trading partners and enemies.

The competitive struggle between Venice and Genoa for Tana ended in the victory of Genoa. Under Khan Janibek in 1343, Tana was captured by the Tatars, and the Venetians were expelled for five years (the reason for this expulsion was the murder of a Tatar in Tana). Following the expulsion from Tana, Venice was defeated in the war with Genoa and in 1355 access to Tana was denied for another 3 years. In 1381, Venice was again defeated by Genoa, after which it lost access to Tana for another 2 years. Thus, the Genoese began to dominate in Tana.

Wheat, fish and caviar, furs, wax, spices and sandalwood (in transit from the East), leather, and honey were exported from Tana to Italy. Tana imported fabrics, copper and tin. One of the main sources of income was the slave trade. Representing a continuation of Azak, Tana was also surrounded by stone walls and turned into a fortress. There is a lot left of the Italian Tana interesting monuments. Among them is a white marble tombstone on the grave of the envoy and consul of the Venetian Republic, Giacomo Cornaro, who died in Tana in 1362.

Like Azak, Tana suffered during Timur’s campaign against the Horde in 1395. Around 1400 it was rebuilt again. Tana was attacked by the Tatars several more times: in 1410, 1418 and 1442. During the last period of Tana's existence, the Genoese and Venetians were forced to show solidarity and mutual assistance in the face of an external threat. However, it was not external danger that led to the gradual decline of Tana, but the cessation of transit trade with the countries of the East, as a result of Timur’s defeat of Khorezm, one of the main partners in the East. By the time Tana was captured by the Ottomans in 1475, it had already fallen into disrepair.

The Italians also penetrated into the Caucasus. The most important Genoese colonies were Matrenga, Kopa (on the right bank of the Kuban), Mapa (Anapa), Pesche (at the mouth of the Kuban) and others. Venice had only two significant trading posts here - in Tana and Trebizond.

The largest Italian colony in the Caucasus was Matrenga (formerly Tmutarakan on the Taman Peninsula). Until the beginning of the 15th century, Matrenga was under the rule of a Circassian prince. In 1419, after the marriage of the Genoese Ghisolfi with the daughter of the Circassian prince Bika-Khanum, Matrenga became the possession of the Ghisolfi family. The number of Italians - residents of Matrenga - was insignificant; The Greek and Adyghe population mainly predominated. Matrenga was a trading outpost in the North Caucasus. The basis for trade with Genoa was the export of fish and caviar, furs, leather, bread, wax and honey. One of the most important export items were slaves who were captured during military raids. Slaves were supplied to the Genoese by Tatars, Circassians, Alans and other peoples of the Caucasus. Often the Genoese themselves organized expeditions for slaves. The Italians imported a variety of fabrics, carpets, raw cotton, Venetian glass, soap, saber blades, spices and other goods to the North Caucasus.

From Matrenga and other colonies, the Italians moved further into the mountains of the Northwestern Caucasus. This is evidenced by the ruins of castles, towers and churches in the mountains, and stone tombstone crosses. This is also where the missionary activity of the Catholic Church originated. After the formation of the Crimean Khanate in 1433, the Genoese colonies were forced to pay tribute to it. The end of Matrenga and other colonies was put in the 70s of the 15th century by the Ottomans, who captured Caffa and Tana.

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Lesson type: Learning new material.

Technology problem-based learning, collaboration.

Methods: verbal, visual, interactive, personifying.

The purpose of the lesson: to form the moral and patriotic consciousness of students.

Lesson objectives: achieving the following results:

• Personal– develop the ability to evaluate historical events from the perspective of humanistic moral values, to form an understanding of people’s life in the Middle Ages.
• Subject– develop the ability to obtain and critically evaluate information, systematize historical information, and develop the creative potential of students.
• Metasubject- cultivate a sense of patriotism and pride for one’s country and people.

Equipment: Microsoft PowerPoint presentation”, interactive whiteboard, photographs of Venice, Genoa, Italian merchants.

Preliminary preparation: The children learned poems about their homeland and drew pictures corresponding to the theme.

Organizational structure of the lesson

I. Organizational moment

Greetings.

Guys, let's determine the topic and purpose of our lesson.

II. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.

That's right, guys.

Today we will talk about the Italian colonies of the Black Sea region

Let's get acquainted with the life of medieval colonists.

III. Updating knowledge.

Guys, remember the chronological framework of the Middle Ages from the course of general history.

That's right, guys.

Teacher/slide 2/

The chronological framework of the Middle Ages is different for different continents and even individual countries. In the territory North Caucasus The beginning of the Middle Ages is associated with the era of the Great Migration of Peoples and, above all, with the aggressive campaigns of the Huns.

But today we will consider the XIII-XV centuries.

What was happening at this time on the shores of the Black Sea.

Students (students justify their answers)

Teacher/slide 3/

Here is the name of the colonies that were located on the Caucasus Coast.

Studying read

Monlaco, Copa, Matrega, Mapa, Cafa, Sebastopolis, Bata.

Teacher

How many of you have heard or read about these territories?

Look at the interesting names of the settlements. What do you know about these settlements?

Teacher

Guys, we live with you in the Krasnodar region, relax on the shores of the Black Sea, and we should know the history of our region. And today in class we will explore and learn a lot about our region.

But in order to continue our lesson, you need to remember such terms as colony and colonization.

Students answer.

• The colony- a settlement founded outside the state
• Colonization– development and settlement of new territories inside or outside one’s country

Teacher. /slide 4/

Let's check if you answered correctly

Well done! That's right! Let's look at the drawing presented in front of you.

Students examine and comment on the drawing.

Teacher/slide 5/

The Italian merchants penetrated into the Black Sea region in the Middle Ages. Colonization was accompanied by rivalry between the two major cities– Venice and Genoa

Working on a map./slide 6/

Guys, look at the map. Determine on which peninsula Venice and Genoa are located?

What is the name of the country?

Look carefully, what kind of thing does the peninsula look like?

Right. Well done (the peninsula is Apennine, the country is Italy, the thing that the peninsula looks like is a boot)

Teacher/slide 7-8/

Trade rivalry between Venice and Genoa lasted until the second half of the 13th century. Well, the Genoese managed to change the situation. In 1260, they helped restore the Byzantine Empire and Emperor Michael Palaiologos concluded an agreement with the authorities of Genoa, according to which merchants from Genoa received the right to sail and trade in the Black and Azov Seas. Freed from paying some taxes, the Genoese increased their income. The process of colonization of the Black Sea and Azov regions was accompanied by intense competition both between Genoa and Venice, and between the trading posts they founded. In the 60s of the 13th century, Genoa settled in Caffa, which became the largest port and trading center in the Black Sea region. The Venetians created trading posts in Soldaya (now the city of Sudak in Crimea). In total, there were about 40 Italian trading posts in the Crimea, Azov region and the Caucasus.

Who ruled these colonies, and who lived in these territories?

Students.

The colonies were governed by consuls - bayolos, elected in the metropolis for 1-2 years. With the consuls, trading posts were managed by merchant nobils (citizens of the metropolis) and citizens of the trading post and elected city councils. The citizens of the trading posts were mainly Italians

The composition of the population was extremely varied: Greeks, Armenians, Russians, Jews, Tatars. They had certain legal rights, could freely profess religion, performed military and civil service, and participated in joint trading companies. Periodically, the colonies were ravaged by the Tatars.

The most important Genoese colonies in the Caucasus were Matrega, Copa, Mapa and others.

Teacher

For what reason did the Genoese end up on the shores of the Black and Azov Seas?

Brainstorm/Slide 9/

Guys, here are the goods that the Genoese exported and imported to the shores of the Black Sea region.

Name the goods that were brought.

List the goods that were exported from the Black Sea colonies.

But could all the goods in front of you be purchased in the markets of the medieval Caucasus?

Studying answer.

Products that imported -

• Cloth from Germany and Italy.
• From Greece – oil and wine
• From Asian countries - spices, musk, precious stones.
• From Africa - ivory

exported grain, salt, leather, furs, wax, honey, timber, fish, caviar, slaves

Were all goods delivered only by sea?

Teacher/slide 10/

That's right, guys. Goods were delivered not only by sea but also by land. And this route was from China to Crimea and from Crimea to China.

Teacher/slide 11/

There is a picture in front of you. Examine it and tell what goods the merchants brought for sale.

Among the trade operations of the Genoese, the slave trade occupied a special place. Prisoners of war, victims of maritime robbery, and poor people who were unable to pay off their debts on time became slaves. The slave trade was a very profitable business and brought income to everyone who came into contact with it.

Work based on source text /slide 12/

Now guys, let's go on a trip /slide 13/

The map in front of you is our guide that will help reveal the secrets of the names of the settlements.

Look carefully at the map.

Tell me in which settlement all trade routes connect.

What state did Feodosia previously belong to?

Right. And now as part of which state.

Right. Well done!

Physical education minute.

Student/slide 13/

Kafa (Feodosia). In 1266, representatives of Genoa, having agreed with the Golden Horde, took possession of Cafa (modern Feodosia in Crimea). It became the center of the Black Sea colonies. The Golden Horde carried out predatory raids on Kafa and other settlements. From Kafa, other trading settlements were administered through appointed consul officials. There were consuls only in the most important shopping centers. (Copa, Tana, Sebastopolis). The consul did not receive a salary and lived on part of the funds received from the collection of duties and fines. The Genoese attracted the Circassian nobility to manage the colonies. To strengthen their position, the colonialists used marriages with representatives.

Student/slide 14/

Matrega (Taman) The largest Genoese colony in the North-West Caucasus. It was located on the Taman Peninsula (on the site of the former Tmutarakan). It was an important port in which transshipment took place from large ships that were not capable of sailing on the Sea of ​​Azov and rivers. Matrega was a fortified city inhabited by representatives of various tribes and peoples. The Bosphorus Strait and the Dardanelles Strait connect the Sea of ​​Marmara and the Aegean Sea. Buying wax, fish, furs and other goods from the highlanders, Italian merchants brought eastern and western goods to the Caucasus. A Catholic diocese was created in Matrega, which led the process of transition of the local population, but it failed to achieve great success

Student/slide 15/ Lo Copa or Kopario, and today the city is Slavyansk-on-Kuban

The population of this colony was engaged in fishing, salting fish and preparing caviar. Caviar and delicious fish species were purchased by foreign merchants. It is also known that the Genoese kept fish markets in the capital of the Byzantine Empire. In the XIV century. Kopa became the largest fishing trade center in the Northern and Eastern Black Sea region. The Consul of Kopa had the right to mint coins. The charter of the colonies determined the basic rules of trade. The price of fish was jointly set by the consul, merchants and local nobility.

Work based on the text of the source /slide 16/ “From the statute of the Genoese colonies”

Questions:

1. What ensured the high profits of Genoese merchants?

2. What explained the high price of salt and how was it possible to maintain it?

Student/slide 17-18/

On the site of ancient Gorgipia (Anapa) on the steep shore of the Black Sea, the Genoese erected their fortress - the Mapu trading post. It was from it that the then famous Genoese road led to the upper reaches of the river. Kuban. At that time, the road was well equipped, had transshipment facilities and, obviously, was well guarded. The Genoese were vitally interested in the safety of their merchant caravans that moved through the Caucasian territory. The Adyghe nobility saw great benefits in trade cooperation with the Genoese

Repetition and consolidation of knowledge./slide 19/

Exercise. There are envelopes with the task on your desks. Now you have to correlate the name of the colonies with the name of the cities of modern times. For example, Kafa - Feodosia, etc.

Reflection. /slide 20/

1. What did I learn in class?
2. What have I learned
3. What else would I like to know?

Homework.

Write an essay “The Adventure of a Trade Caravan on the Road from Genoa to Cafu.”

To develop knowledge among students about the emergence of Italian colonies on the Black Sea coast. To instill a love of history and cultural monuments of world significance. To form a spiritually developed personality with a stable national identity.

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Development by Chibisova Elena Nikolaevna,

teachers of Kuban studies MBOU secondary school No. 27 municipality Temryuk district

Italian colonies on Black Sea coast Caucasus.

Target: 1. to develop students’ knowledge about the emergence of Italian colonies on the Black Sea coast.

2. Instill a love of history and cultural monuments of world significance.

3. To form a spiritually developed personality with a stable national identity.

Equipment: map of medieval Kuban 10th -13th centuries, atlas, textbook, outline maps.

During the classes.

1. Organizing time
2. Updating knowledge
3. Learning new material.

Almost simultaneously with the establishment of Mongol-Tatar rule over the tribes and peoples of the Black Sea region, the peaceful penetration of Italian merchants into these territories began. The Italians sought to expand their trading activities, markets for their products and extract maximum profit from this. Colonization was accompanied by rivalry between two major cities - Venice and Genoa.

The desire of both maritime republics to establish a trade monopoly in the Black Sea region results in intense competition and direct armed clashes between them. By the middle of the 14th century, the dominance of Genoa becomes clear. The colonial policy of Venice was almost entirely determined by the state, and its trade was largely based on transactions with expensive eastern goods, the supply of which was completely dependent on the vicissitudes of the political situation in the region, the state of trade routes along their entire length, including not only the sea road, but and caravan routes. In contrast, Genoa relied more on the activities of private individuals, merchant companies and associations.

At the same time, Genoa had at least a dozen trading posts scattered throughout the Black Sea region, through which not only eastern goods passed, but also a flow of local products intended for regional trade. For a number of reasons, the Kaffa colony took a leading place among them. When creating it, Genoese merchants could not help but take into account the experience of neighboring Soldaya (Sudak) - widely known in Western Europe, Rus' and Asia shopping center.

At the same time, Genoa had at least a dozen trading posts scattered throughout the Black Sea region, through which not only eastern goods passed, but also a flow of local products intended for regional trade. For a number of reasons, the Kaffa colony took a leading place among them. When creating it, Genoese merchants could not help but take into account the experience of neighboring Soldaya (Sudak) - a widely known shopping center in Western Europe, Rus' and Asia. At the end of the 13th century, its new rise was facilitated, in particular, by the fact that it was much closer than Kherson to the Sea of ​​Azov and Kerch Strait, through which the ships passed, the largest colony was Kaffa, which was a developed center of crafts.

In 1266, representatives of Genoa agreed with the rulers of the Golden Horde to transfer Kafa to them, but due to the agreement on the division of trade income, clashes arose that ended in predatory raids of the Tatars.

From the Genoese period in Crimea, the remains of fortress walls, towers and palaces in Caffa and Chembalo, a fortress and a consular castle in Soldai, built under the leadership of Italian architects, have been preserved. In 1951, in Feodosia, on the territory of the Genoese fortress, archaeological excavations, which provided valuable material for studying the history of the city, its crafts and trade.

Working with text (administration of the Genoese colonies p. 84-85)

1. Consolidation

How the Genoese managed to win the trade rivalry with Venice.

For what purposes did the Genoese attract local nobility to manage the colonies and become related to them?

Show on the map the approximate location of the main Genoese settlements on the shores of the Black and Azov Seas (work on a contour map).

1. Homework.

§17 pp. 83 -85.

Slide 2

Slide 3

Colonization of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus by Italians

As a result of the Crusades in the XI-XIII centuries. In Italy, merchant republics such as Genoa and Venice flourished economically. Having pushed back the Arabs and Byzantines, Italian merchants took over the intermediary trade between Western Europe and the East. Soon they became such powerful trading powers that contemporaries rightfully called Genoa the “god of the seas,” and Venice, a port city on the Adriatic Sea, the “queen of the Adriatic.”

Slide 4

Cathedral of San Marco. Venice. 11th century