Genoese colonies in the North Caucasus. Development of a lesson on the topic: “Italian colonies on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus Italian colonies on the Black Sea coast
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Italian colonies on the coastAzov and Black Seasth
Italian trading post colony
In the XIII-XV centuries. Italian trading posts founded by Genoa, Venice and Pisa appeared in the Black Sea and Azov regions. After the Crusaders captured Constantinople in 1204, Italian merchants settled in Byzantium, and from Constantinople they penetrated into Crimea and the coast of the Sea of Azov. One of the first trading posts - Porto Pisano (near modern Taganrog) was founded by Pisa in the first half of the 13th century. The process of intensive trade colonization of the Black Sea region began in the 60s. XIII century, after in 1261 Genoa concluded the Nymphaean Treaty with the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, according to which it received the right to sail and duty-free trade on the Black Sea. In 1265, the Venetians also received this right. The process of colonization of the Black Sea and Azov regions was accompanied by intense competition both between Genoa and Venice, and between the trading posts they founded.
The Venetians and Genoese also concluded treaties with the khans of the Golden Horde, according to which part of the territory in the Crimea and on Azov coast to create trade colonies (with recognition of the supreme power of the khan). In the 60s XIII century Genoa settles in Caffa (modern Feodosia), which becomes largest port and a shopping center in the Black Sea region. The Venetians created trading posts in Soldaya (Sudak in Crimea, ca. 1287) and Trebizond (in the 80s of the 12th century). In total, there were about 40 Italian trading posts in the Crimea, Azov region and the Caucasus.
These colonies were governed by bailo consuls, elected in the metropolis for 1-2 years. Together with the consuls, the trading posts were governed by elected city councils consisting of merchant nobiles (citizens of the metropolis) and citizens of the trading posts. The citizens of the trading posts were mainly Italians (who made up a minority of the townspeople), although the composition of the urban population was extremely varied: Greeks, Armenians, Russians, Jews, Tatars, etc. Non-Italians had certain legal rights, freedom of religion, and could perform military and civil service (except for occupation elected positions), participate in joint trading companies. But the Genoese and Venetian colonies, like their metropolises, were constantly at odds with each other, although in the same colony (for example, Trebizond or Tana) there could be trading posts of two trading republics. The colonies were periodically subjected to devastation by the Tatars, but they were destroyed only by the Turkish conquest. In 1453, after the fall of Constantinople, the trading posts were cut off from the metropolis and were gradually conquered by the Ottomans.
According to the treaty of 1332, concluded by Ambassador A. Zeno and Khan Uzbek, Venice received a plot of land on the left bank of the Don, near the city of Azak. The most remote Venetian trading post, Tana, was founded here. It was managed, like other trading posts, by the Venetian consul. Almost simultaneously with the Venetians, the Genoese created their own trading post in Tana. Factories paid Uzbek Khan a three percent duty on goods passing through them. Living conditions in Tana were not easy; the Genoese and Venetians were often at odds with each other. In addition, the inhabitants of the trading posts experienced a constant threat from nomads, who were both trading partners and enemies.
The competitive struggle between Venice and Genoa for Tana ended in the victory of Genoa. Under Khan Janibek in 1343, Tana was captured by the Tatars, and the Venetians were expelled for five years (the reason for this expulsion was the murder of a Tatar in Tana). Following the expulsion from Tana, Venice was defeated in the war with Genoa and in 1355 access to Tana was denied to her for another 3 years. In 1381, Venice was again defeated by Genoa, after which it lost access to Tana for another 2 years. Thus, the Genoese began to dominate in Tana. Italian trading post colony
Wheat, fish and caviar, furs, wax, spices and sandalwood (in transit from the East), leather, and honey were exported from Tana to Italy. Tana imported fabrics, copper and tin. One of the main sources of income was the slave trade. Representing a continuation of Azak, Tana was also surrounded by stone walls and turned into a fortress. There is a lot left of the Italian Tana interesting monuments. Among them is a white marble tombstone on the grave of the envoy and consul of the Venetian Republic, Giacomo Cornaro, who died in Tana in 1362.
Like Azak, Tana suffered during Timur’s campaign against the Horde in 1395. Around 1400, it was rebuilt again. Tana was attacked by the Tatars several more times: in 1410, 1418, 1442. In the last period of Tana’s existence, the Genoese and Venetians were forced to show solidarity and mutual assistance in the face of an external threat. However, it was not external danger that led to the gradual decline of Tana, but the cessation of transit trade with the countries of the East, as a result of Timur’s defeat of Khorezm, one of the main partners in the East. By the time Tana was captured by the Ottomans in 1475, it had already fallen into disrepair.
The Italians also penetrated into the Caucasus. The most important Genoese colonies were Matrenga, Kopa (on the right bank of the Kuban), Mapa (Anapa), Pesce (at the mouth of the Kuban), and others. Venice had only two significant trading posts here - in Tana and Trebizond.
The largest Italian colony in the Caucasus was Matrenga (formerly Tmutarakan on the Taman Peninsula). Until the beginning of the 15th century. Matrenga was under the rule of the Circassian prince. In 1419, after the marriage of the Genoese Ghisolfi with the daughter of the Circassian prince Bika-Khanum, Matrenga became the possession of the Ghisolfi family. The number of Italians - residents of Matrenga - was insignificant; The Greek and Adyghe population mainly predominated. Matrenga was a trading outpost in the North Caucasus. The basis for trade with Genoa was the export of fish and caviar, furs, leather, bread, wax and honey. One of the most important export items were slaves who were captured during military raids. Slaves were supplied to the Genoese by Tatars, Circassians, Alans and other peoples of the Caucasus. Often the Genoese themselves organized expeditions for slaves. Italians imported North Caucasus various fabrics, carpets, raw cotton, Venetian glass, soap, saber blades, spices, etc.
From Matrenga and other colonies, the Italians moved further into the mountains of the Northwestern Caucasus. This is evidenced by the ruins of castles, towers and churches in the mountains, and stone tombstone crosses. This is also where the missionary activity of the Catholic Church originated. After the formation of the Crimean Khanate in 1433, the Genoese colonies were forced to pay tribute to it. The end of Matrenga and other colonies was put in the 70s. XV century The Ottomans captured Caffa and Tana.
The other cities of the peninsula did not legally belong to the Golden Horde, but their actual dependence on the Mongols, both from a political and economic point of view, was very great. On the other hand, the Sarai khans were interested in the activities of Italian trading colonies, which represented an important link in relations between
East and Western Europe 7th century. Without describing these settlements the picture of urban life on the Crimean peninsula will be clearly incomplete.
Vosporo (Kerch). In the 13th century this settlement was abandoned and did not play any noticeable role in the life of the peninsula. Who visited it in the 30s of the 14th century. Ibn-Batuta reports about it very briefly, mentioning only the church there 77. Around the same time, the Venetians 78 established themselves in Vosporo, who were later replaced by the Genoese79. The role of this settlement in economic life the peninsula was extremely small.
Cafe. Modern city Feodosia. Until the 60s of the 13th century. was a small village. In 1266, the Mongols allowed the Genoese to establish a trading colony here80, which in the 14th century. turned into the administrative center of all Genoese possessions in the Northern Black Sea region. In the middle of the 14th century. the city is fortified with powerful stone walls and towers, replacing wooden ones. Having visited here in the 30s of the 14th century. Ibn-Batuta reports that the city was large, especially emphasizing that in the harbor there were “up to 200 military and cargo ships, small and large” 81. From here furs, leather, silks, expensive fabrics, oriental spices, and dyes were exported to Western Europe82. Slaves were a special export item. According to Ibn-Batuta, the main population of the city were Christians83 (Genoese, Greeks, Armenians), but besides them, Muslims also lived here, who had not only mosques, but also their own judge84. The Genoese city existed until 1475, when it was captured by the Ottomans: by this time there were only 300 Genoese here, and the bulk of the population consisted of Greeks and Armenians.” Along with trade, various types of handicraft production were widely developed in the Cafe *.
Soldaya (Pike perch). Before the heyday of Kafa, this city was one of largest centers Black Sea trade. Rubruk, who visited here in 1253, paints it as a busy transit point connecting the regions Northern Europe and the Mediterranean 87. The competition of Kafa and the defeat of Soldaya by Nogai in 1299 dramatically changed the position of the city, as evidenced by Ibn Batuta’s message about the destruction of most of it. Taking advantage of this, the Genoese captured the city in 1365 and fortified themselves here, erecting powerful fortifications 89. Having achieved their main goal - the elimination of the trade competitor Kafa - they turned Soldaya into their stronghold military point on the Crimean southern coast.
Cembalo (Balaclava). Until the middle of the 14th century. this city with a very convenient harbor belonged to the Principality of Theodoro. In the 50s of the XIV century. it was captured by the Genoese, who immediately began construction of fortresses here * The inclusion of Cembalo in the sphere of Kafa's possessions extended its control to the entire Crimean southern coast and significantly undermined trade competition from the rulers of Theodoro. The main role assigned new fortress, consisted of limiting the trade and political activities of the princes of Theodoro in the western part of the peninsula. This is confirmed by the attacks of the Genoese on another port of the Theodorites - Kalamita91.
Theodoro. The capital of the small principality of the same name in western Crimea; its remains are located on Mount Mangup 92. The owners of the principality, in order to maintain their power, had to maneuver between the Mongols and the Genoese, and the latter apparently posed a great danger. Despite this, the city and principality existed until 1475, when the Ottomans invaded Crimea.
The described settlements of the southern coastal strip of the Crimean Peninsula include only large cities. Apart from them, throughout coastline there was a significant number of small and medium-sized towns, villages and castles, which in the 14th century. were also in the possession of the Genoese. A.M. Berthier-Delagarde counted 32 such points from Kafa to Chembalo93. All of them made up the rural district of the colony cities, whose population was engaged in agriculture. In general, the Crimean Peninsula with its Genoese city-colonies played a very special role in the economic life of the Golden Horde throughout the 13th and 14th centuries. It was here that all overland caravan trade roads ended and began sea route to the Middle East, Egypt and Western Europe. The largest trade artery of the medieval world led to Crimea from the Far East, from where numerous luxury goods were supplied: expensive dishes, silk and brocade fabrics, metal products and jewelry, gems and various spices. Goods from the northern regions - Rus' and the Urals - also flocked here, the most valuable of which were furs, specially tanned Bulgarian leathers, honey, wax, and linen fabrics. Finally, a trade route from Lvov connected Crimea with regions of Central Europe.
In addition to the numerous goods that came to Crimea from the deep and very remote regions of Northern Europe, East and Central Asia, India and Iran, there were specific items of constant local trade, the source of which was the surrounding steppes. They were based on grain, horses, fish and slaves. All four export categories were in unabated, constant demand.
The port cities of the peninsula remained the most important points of transit of international trade throughout the 13th-14th centuries. As for the Golden Horde city of Crimea, its role in trade operations decreased somewhat in the 14th century. in connection with the emergence of a more convenient transit center at the mouth of the Don - Azak, where an Italian trading post also settled. Its appearance significantly shortened the path to Kafa, which now passed not through the steppes, but through the Sea of Azov.
Don basin. The Don basin belonged to central regions state and on their own natural conditions was divided into two zones. The northern zone was forest-steppe in nature, where, along with open spaces, there were significant forest areas. The southern zone (lower and partially middle reaches of the Don) was steppe. In full accordance with the distribution of plant belts, archaeological data suggest a greater distribution of settled settlements in the northern part of the region under consideration. To the south of Perevoloka (the place of greatest convergence of the Volga and Don), archaeologists have so far identified only one Golden Horde city - Azak, which, however, can only indicate insufficient study of this area, since rare villages are marked here on some medieval maps.
Azak. Leftovers ancient city XIII-XIV centuries are located on the territory of the modern city of Azov. The Golden Horde name of the city is well known from written sources and coins minted here. The excavations carried out allow us to speak about the widespread development of various craft industries in it. In the 30s of the 14th century. Azak's importance as a major shopping center in connection with the emergence of the Genoese and Venetian colonies here, which in Italian sources were called Tana 102. According to the agreement with Khan Uzbek, both colonies were two city blocks adjacent to each other. The fortifications around the Venetian Tana were erected only in the 15th century.
With the advent of the Italian colony in Azak, all goods delivered by caravans from the East began to arrive here. Here they were loaded onto ships and taken to the Mediterranean countries. At the same time, the old route through the Black Sea steppes to the city of Crimea, and from there to Kafa, lost its significance, although it continued to function, judging by the message of Ibn-Batuta”*. Thanks to the vigorous activity of the Italians, Azak in the 14th century. becomes the end point of several major trade routes at once. One of them came from the north along the Don; along it one could get to the capital of the Golden Horde, Sarai al-Jedid, as well as to Rus' and the Kama region. The second path led through the steppes to the east, to the city of Khadzhitarkhan, located in the Volga delta, from where the road to Khorezm opened; it operated back in the 15th century. 105, although its value has dropped sharply. From the south, a road approached Azak from the large North Caucasian city of Madzhar; it was precisely along this line that in the 30s of the 14th century. passed Ibn-Batuta, metro station Udobnoe geographical position and the presence of direct access to the sea made Azak in the 14th century. one of the main export centers of the Golden Horde.
The greatest expert on world trade of the 14th century. Francesco Balducci Pegolotti gives in his treatise on trade an extensive list of goods passing through Azak and its Italian colony 107. First of all, Asian spices were exported from here: pepper, ginger, saffron, nutmeg and various oils used in medicine. Then came all kinds of fabrics: silk, brocade, cotton and linen. Barbaro reports that in the 14th century. “from Venice alone, six or seven large galleys were sent to Tana to pick up these spices and silk” 108. Furs coming from Rus' were an extensive export item: skins of sable, beaver, marten, ermine, fox, lynx, squirrel. Honey, wax, and leather were brought from there. Individual merchants specialized in the trade of such constant items of demand as dried and salted fish, caviar, various types of grain and cereals (wheat, rye, buckwheat, millet), as well as the sale of slaves.
Barbaro, m., reports in his notes about the significant reserves of salted fish and caviar that accumulated in Tana at the time of the opening of navigation. Moreover, wheat and rye were loaded onto ships not only in Azax itself, but also in several small ports located on the coast of the Sea of Azov "". This can serve as reliable evidence in favor of the local origin of exported grain. There is repeated evidence of the development of the slave trade in the Golden Horde from Eastern and European authors. Not only prisoners captured by the Mongols in wars, but also children of the poor strata of the Golden Horde population who were sold became slaves parents in critical situations "2. A local specific item of trade was also the sale of livestock, mainly horses, bulls and camels. Judging by Barbaro's words, livestock was sold to Western European countries, right up to Italy, as well as to the Near and Middle East, and herds and the herds were driven along land roads.
A counter flow of goods came to Azak from Mediterranean countries. These were various types of cloth and linen, iron, copper, tin, and also wine.
In 1395 Azak, together with the Italian colony, was destroyed by Timur's troops. After this, the Golden Horde city was never revived, but the Venetians in the 15th century. they again established a trading colony here, securing it with fortress walls, which existed until the appearance of the Ottomans in the Northern Black Sea region (1475)
Matrega. The city was located on the Taman Peninsula, on the site of modern Taman; founded long before the appearance of the Mongols in Europe. The name of the city is well known from Italian sources 288. Its importance increased noticeably after its foundation here at the beginning of the 14th century. Genoese colony, which developed a lively trade with local tribes. The population of Matrega mainly consisted of Greeks and Circassians. In the 15th century the city completely fell under the control of the Genoese, who hastened to strengthen it due to frequent conflicts with the surrounding Circassian population.
Kopa. The city was located at the mouth of the Kuban. Known since the end of the 13th century. as a Genoese colony that specialized in the trade of fish and caviar 289. Sources report an annual spring fair held here, which was attended by numerous fish traders.
Along east coast Azov and Black Seas in the 14th century there were 39 Italian colonies 200. Insufficient archaeological research in this area does not allow accurately localizing most of them, but they are known from medieval maps. The colonies themselves were small villages, but such a significant number of them testifies to the brisk trade conducted by the Italians with local population. Among the goods exported from here, sources name fish of various preparations (dried and salted), caviar, leather, furs, cotton paper, bread, wax, wine, saffron, silver ore, fruits and slaves 291. In turn, the Italians offered the local population cotton, cloth and various expensive types of fabrics, salt, raw cotton, carpets, spices, saber blades 292. In general, the North Caucasus and the Kuban region represented one of the important economic regions of the Golden Horde, as evidenced by the scale of its participation in international trade.
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The presentation on the topic “Colonization of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus by Italians” (grade 7) can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Subject of the project: History. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 22 slide(s).
Presentation slides
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As a result of the Crusades in the XI-XIII centuries. In Italy, merchant republics such as Genoa and Venice flourished economically. Having pushed aside the Arabs and Byzantines, Italian merchants took over the intermediary trade between Western Europe and the East. Soon they became such powerful trading powers that contemporaries rightfully called Genoa the “god of the seas,” and Venice, a port city on the Adriatic Sea, the “queen of the Adriatic.”
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In the 13th century weakening Byzantium was forced to open its Bosporus and Dardanelles straits for the passage of Italian ships from Mediterranean Sea to Chernoe. This opened the way for them to Crimea and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Genoa and Venice competed for dominance in the Black Sea, which was expressed not only in intense trade competition, but also in armed clashes between them. The Genoese Republic turned out to be more successful, which, by agreement with the Crimean khans, founded its first trading colony, Cafu (present-day Feodosia), in Crimea. Having built a number of trading posts (settlements), the Genoese turned their attention to the Azov region and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. On the site of the Russian Tmutarakan and the Byzantine Tamatarkha (or, as it was called for short, Matarkha), the Genoese founded at the end of the 13th century. port city of Matrego. Matrega was a fortified city inhabited by representatives of various tribes and peoples. Not only was it a link between East and West, but it was also a center of trade with the surrounding mountain tribes.
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Buying wax, fish, furs and other goods from the highlanders, Italian merchants brought eastern and western goods to the Northwestern Caucasus. Large Genoese colonies on the territory of the Kuban were Mapa (Anapa), Kopa (Slavyansk-on-Kuban), Balzamikha (Yeysk), Mavrolako (Gelendzhik) and others. In total, up to 39 settlements were built, varying in size and importance, but performing mainly trade and economic tasks.
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Did not ignore the Genoese colonies and roman catholic church, who sent their missionaries here. These preachers tried to convert the Adyghe population, who professed Greek Christianity, to Catholicism. A Catholic diocese was even created in Matrega, which led the process of conversion of the local population to Catholicism, but it failed to achieve great success.
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On the spot ancient Gorgippia(Anapa) on the steep shore of the Black Sea, the Genoese erected their fortress - the Mapu trading post. It was from here that the then famous Genoese road led to the upper reaches of the river. Kuban, where it was divided into two: one road went to Abkhazia, the other to the Caspian Sea. At that time, the road was well equipped, had transshipment facilities and, obviously, was well guarded. The latter was associated with close relations between the Adyghe nobility and the administration of the Genoese colonies. The Genoese were vitally interested in the safety of their merchant caravans, which moved along Caucasian territory. The Adyghe nobility saw great benefits in trade cooperation with the Genoese.
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The Adyghe elite was the main supplier of “living goods” - slaves, who were exported to the generally recognized centers of European trade: Genoa, Venice, Florence. Slaves were “obtained” as a result of endless inter-tribal wars, raids on neighboring peoples, and the capture of prisoners. Some ordinary people became slaves, unable to repay their debts. The greatest demand was beautiful girls and physically developed young men 15-17 years old. Not only the Adyghe nobility and Genoese merchants, but also the administration of Italian settlements profited from the slave trade. For example, the consul of Copa received 6 silver coins called aspra for each slave sold. We have received information about trade transactions that took place during the sale of slaves. Thus, during the commission of one of them it was written: “A Circassian slave of 12 years was sold for 450.”
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The slave trade had a negative impact on the development of the Adyghe people, reducing the population at the expense of the youngest and most able-bodied people. The dominance of subsistence farming among the peoples of the Northwestern Caucasus determined the predominance of barter trade over money circulation. The unit of exchange was usually a certain measure of fabric from which a man's shirt could be sewn. Fabrics, salt, soap, carpets, jewelry, and sabers brought by the Genoese were in great demand among the peoples of the Northwestern Caucasus. But, taking advantage of their unconditional dominance in the markets of the Black Sea region, Genoese merchants set extremely inflated prices for goods, extracting huge profits from trade with the local population. Little of, high prices, for example, for such an important product as salt, they were established due to its strictly rationed supply. If more salt was imported (and this could reduce its prices), then the excess was dumped into the sea. The trade of the Genoese themselves also took place under difficult conditions. Widespread maritime piracy caused great damage to Genoese merchants. Sea robbers not only robbed merchant ships, but also attacked coastal settlements and ports. Therefore, the Genoese were forced to hire guards to accompany merchant ships and strengthen their colony cities with stone walls and loopholes, and keep garrisons in them.
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The Venetians, who sought to gain a foothold in the Azov-Black Sea basin, also remained irreconcilable rivals of the Genoese. At the mouth of the Don, like the Genoese, they founded their own trading post, the interests of which they often defended with arms in hand. At the turn of the XIV-XV centuries. The contradictions between the Italians and the mountain population intensified. Exorbitant taxes, fraudulent trade transactions, the imposition of Catholicism, the capture and sale of people - all this caused irritation. The Adyghe princes also showed dissatisfaction with the infringement of their property rights. So, in 1457, Prince Kadibeldi even took Matrega by storm. To strengthen your position in Black Sea colonies, the Genoese administration resorted to the well-known technique of “divide and conquer”, pitted some princes against others, provoked them to rob their own fellow tribesmen, promising rich goods in exchange for livestock and slaves. Beneficial deals also served to strengthen Genoese influence in the colonies, including through marriage alliances between representatives of the colonial administration and the Adyghe nobility.
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But in the second half of the 15th century. The colonial rule of the Genoese Republic in the Black Sea and Azov regions was coming to an end. This was evidenced by the fact that the management of the colonial cities was transferred to a private bank. In 1453 Constantinople, the capital of Byzantium, fell under the blows of the Turks, and it was the turn of the Italian colonies in the Crimea and the North-West Caucasus. In the last quarter of the 15th century. The Turks managed to capture all the Italian colonies on the Black and Azov Seas. The two-century stay of the Genoese in Kuban ended. It played both a positive and (to an even greater extent) negative role in the life of local peoples. On the one hand, the Genoese introduced them to the advanced techniques of economic relations and production in Eastern and Western European countries and expanded their knowledge of the world. On the other hand, the unequal exchange of goods and products, tax oppression, the slave trade, and often simple robbery undermined the economy of the Circassians and restrained the growth of population and productive forces.
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From the charter for the Genoese colonies of 1449, the Consul in Kop had to ensure: “... so as not to bring salt to the mentioned place in more than the required quantity for use. Moreover, we decree and prescribe that all merchants and other persons who bring salt to Capario [ Kop], must bring all the salt that they have left after finishing the work, that is, after salting the fish, to Kafa or throw it into the sea, under a fine of 100 to 200 aspres for each barrel... Also, that every skipper of a ship or the ship is obliged to pay the consul always one asper per barrel per year from the cargo of the ship, and in addition, for being at anchor, 15 asper from each ship... Also, what the consul in Kop can receive for each slave taken out from there, six asper each..."
Italian colonies on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.
Target: 1. to develop students’ knowledge about the emergence of Italian colonies on the Black Sea coast.
2. Instill a love of history and cultural monuments of world significance.
3. To form a spiritually developed personality with a stable national identity.
Equipment: map of medieval Kuban 10th -13th centuries, atlas, textbook, outline maps.
During the classes.
Organizing time
Updating knowledge
Learning new material.
Almost simultaneously with the establishment of Mongol-Tatar rule over the tribes and peoples of the Black Sea region, the peaceful penetration of Italian merchants into these territories began. The Italians sought to expand their trading activities, markets for their products and extract maximum profit from this. Colonization was accompanied by rivalry between the two major cities- Venice and Genoa.
The desire of both maritime republics to establish a trade monopoly in the Black Sea region results in intense competition and direct armed clashes between them. By the middle of the 14th century, the dominance of Genoa becomes clear. The colonial policy of Venice was almost entirely determined by the state, and its trade was largely based on transactions with expensive eastern goods, the supply of which was completely dependent on the vicissitudes of the political situation in the region, the state of trade routes along their entire length, including not only the sea road, but and caravan routes. In contrast, Genoa relied more on the activities of private individuals, merchant companies and associations.
At the same time, Genoa had at least a dozen trading posts scattered throughout the Black Sea region, through which not only eastern goods passed, but also a flow of local products intended for regional trade. For a number of reasons, the Kaffa colony took a leading place among them. When creating it, Genoese merchants could not help but take into account the experience of neighboring Soldaya (Sudak) - a widely known shopping center in Western Europe, Rus' and Asia.
At the same time, Genoa had at least a dozen trading posts scattered throughout the Black Sea region, through which not only eastern goods passed, but also a flow of local products intended for regional trade. For a number of reasons, the Kaffa colony took a leading place among them. When creating it, Genoese merchants could not help but take into account the experience of neighboring Soldaya (Sudak) - a widely known shopping center in Western Europe, Rus' and Asia. At the end of the 13th century, its new rise was facilitated, in particular, by the fact that it was much closer than Kherson to the Sea of Azov and Kerch Strait, through which the ships passed, the largest colony was Kaffa, which was a developed center of crafts.
In 1266, representatives of Genoa agreed with the rulers of the Golden Horde to transfer Kafa to them, but due to the agreement on the division of trade income, clashes arose that ended in predatory raids of the Tatars.
From the Genoese period in Crimea, the remains of fortress walls, towers and palaces in Caffa and Chembalo, a fortress and a consular castle in Soldai, built under the leadership of Italian architects, have been preserved. In 1951, in Feodosia, on the territory of the Genoese fortress, archaeological excavations, which provided valuable material for studying the history of the city, its crafts and trade.
Working with text (administration of the Genoese colonies p. 84-85)
Consolidation
How the Genoese managed to win the trade rivalry with Venice.
For what purposes did the Genoese attract local nobility to manage the colonies and become related to them?
Show on the map the approximate location of the main Genoese settlements on the banks of the Black and Azov seas(work in a contour map).
Homework.
To develop knowledge among students about the emergence of Italian colonies on the Black Sea coast. To instill a love of history and cultural monuments of world significance. To form a spiritually developed personality with a stable national identity.
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Development by Chibisova Elena Nikolaevna,
teachers of Kuban studies MBOU secondary school No. 27 municipality Temryuk district
Italian colonies on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.
Target: 1. to develop students’ knowledge about the emergence of Italian colonies on the Black Sea coast.
2. Instill a love of history and cultural monuments of world significance.
3. To form a spiritually developed personality with a stable national identity.
Equipment: map of medieval Kuban 10th -13th centuries, atlas, textbook, outline maps.
During the classes.
- Organizing time
- Updating knowledge
- Learning new material.
Almost simultaneously with the establishment of Mongol-Tatar rule over the tribes and peoples of the Black Sea region, the peaceful penetration of Italian merchants into these territories began. The Italians sought to expand their trading activities, markets for their products and extract maximum profit from this. Colonization was accompanied by rivalry between two major cities - Venice and Genoa.
The desire of both maritime republics to establish a trade monopoly in the Black Sea region results in intense competition and direct armed clashes between them. By the middle of the 14th century, the dominance of Genoa becomes clear. The colonial policy of Venice was almost entirely determined by the state, and its trade was largely based on transactions with expensive eastern goods, the supply of which was completely dependent on the vicissitudes of the political situation in the region, the state of trade routes along their entire length, including not only the sea road, but and caravan routes. In contrast, Genoa relied more on the activities of private individuals, merchant companies and associations.
At the same time, Genoa had at least a dozen trading posts scattered throughout the Black Sea region, through which not only eastern goods passed, but also a flow of local products intended for regional trade. For a number of reasons, the Kaffa colony took a leading place among them. When creating it, Genoese merchants could not help but take into account the experience of neighboring Soldaya (Sudak) - a widely known shopping center in Western Europe, Rus' and Asia.
At the same time, Genoa had at least a dozen trading posts scattered throughout the Black Sea region, through which not only eastern goods passed, but also a flow of local products intended for regional trade. For a number of reasons, the Kaffa colony took a leading place among them. When creating it, Genoese merchants could not help but take into account the experience of neighboring Soldaya (Sudak) - a widely known shopping center in Western Europe, Rus' and Asia. At the end of the 13th century, its new rise was facilitated, in particular, by the fact that it was much closer than Kherson to the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait, through which ships sailed. The largest colony was Kaffa, which was a developed center of crafts.
In 1266, representatives of Genoa agreed with the rulers of the Golden Horde to transfer Kafa to them, but due to the agreement on the division of trade income, clashes arose that ended in predatory raids of the Tatars.
From the Genoese period in Crimea, the remains of fortress walls, towers and palaces in Caffa and Chembalo, a fortress and a consular castle in Soldai, built under the leadership of Italian architects, have been preserved. In 1951, archaeological excavations were carried out in Feodosia on the territory of the Genoese fortress, which provided valuable material for studying the history of the city, its crafts and trade.
Working with text (administration of the Genoese colonies p. 84-85)
- Consolidation
How the Genoese managed to win the trade rivalry with Venice.
For what purposes did the Genoese attract local nobility to manage the colonies and become related to them?
Show on the map the approximate location of the main Genoese settlements on the shores of the Black and Azov Seas (work on a contour map).
- Homework.
§17 pp. 83 -85.
Colonization of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus by Italians As a result of the Crusades in the 11th-13th centuries. V
Italy flourished economically such
merchant republics like Genoa and Venice.
Having pushed back the Arabs and Byzantines, the Italians
merchants took over the intermediary
trade between Western Europe and
East. Soon they became so powerful
trading powers that contemporaries
Genoa was rightly called the “god of the seas”, and
Venice is a port city on the Adriatic Sea, the “queen of the Adriatic”.
Cathedral of San Marco. Venice. 11th century
Genoa in the XIII-XIV centuries
In the 13th century weakening Byzantium was forced to open itsthe Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits for the passage of Italian ships
from the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea. This opened the way for them to Crimea and
Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Genoa and Venice
competed for dominance in the Black Sea, which was not expressed
only in intense trade competition, but also in armed
clashes between them. Turned out to be luckier
The Genoese Republic, which, by agreement with the Crimean
Hanami founded her first trading colony, Kafu, in Crimea
(present-day Feodosia). Having built a number of trading posts
(settlements), the Genoese turned their attention to the Azov region and
Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. In place of the Russian
Tmutarakan and Byzantine Tamatarkha (or, as it is abbreviated
called Matarchi) the Genoese founded at the end of the 13th century. port city of Matregu. Matrega was a fortified city inhabited
representatives of various tribes and peoples. She not only
was a link between East and West, but also
was a center of trade with the surrounding mountain tribes.
Bosphorus
The Dardanelles Strait connects the Sea of Marmara and the Aegean Sea.
Buying wax, fish, furs and other goods from the mountaineers,Italian merchants brought to the North-West
Caucasus eastern and western goods. Large
Genoese colonies on the territory of Kuban were
Mapa (Anapa), Kopa (Slavyansk-on-Kuban),
Balsamikha (Yeysk), Mavrolako (Gelendzhik) and
other. In total, up to 39 settlements were built,
different in size and significance, but fulfilling
mainly trade and economic tasks.
Mapa (Anapa-modern view)
Kopa (Slavyansk-on-Kuban - modern view)
Kopa (Slavyansk-on-Kuban modern view)Balsamikha (Eysk-modern look)
Mavrolako (Gelendzhik - modern view)
Did not ignore the Genoese colonies andthe Roman Catholic Church, which sent here
their missionaries. These preachers tried
convert the Adyghe population, who professed
Greek Christianity, into Catholicism. IN
Matrega even created a Catholic
diocese that led the transition process
to Catholicism of the local population, but large
she failed to achieve success. On the site of ancient Gorgippia (Anapa) on a steep
on the shores of the Black Sea, the Genoese erected their
fortress - trading post Mapu. It came from her
the then famous Genoese road to the upper reaches of the river.
Kuban, there it was divided into two: one road went to
Abkhazia, the other - to the Caspian Sea. Road along
at that time was well equipped, had
transshipment bases and, obviously, not bad
was guarded. The latter was due to close
relations between the Adyghe nobility and the administration
Genoese colonies. The Genoese were bloodshed
interested in the safety of their merchants
caravans that moved along the Caucasian
territories. The Adyghe nobility saw in the trading
Cooperation with the Genoese has great benefits. The Adyghe elite was the main supplier of "live
goods" - slaves who were exported to generally recognized
centers of European trade: Genoa, Venice,
Florence. Slaves were "obtained" as a result of endless
intertribal wars, raids on neighboring peoples, capture
prisoners. Some ordinary people turned into slaves,
unable to repay debts. Most in demand
used by beautiful girls and physically developed
boys 15-17 years old. Profits were made from the slave trade
not only the Adyghe nobility and Genoese merchants, but also
administration of Italian settlements. For example, consul
Cops received 6 silver for each slave sold
coins called aspra. We have received information
about trade transactions formalized during the sale of slaves.
So, during one of them it was written: “Sold
Circassian slave 12 years for 450".
Venice
The slave trade had a negative impact on the development of the Adyghenationalities, reducing the population at the expense of the youngest and
able-bodied people.
The dominance of subsistence farming among the peoples of the North-West Caucasus
led to the predominance of barter trade over money circulation.
The unit of exchange was usually a certain measure of cloth from which
it was possible to sew a men's shirt. Fabrics, salt, and salt brought by the Genoese were in great demand among the peoples of the Northwestern Caucasus.
soap, carpets, jewelry, sabers. But, using my unconditional
dominance in the markets of the Black Sea region, Genoese merchants established
extremely inflated prices for goods, making huge profits from
trade with the local population. Moreover, high prices, for example, for
such an important product as salt was established due to its strict
rationed delivery. If more salt was imported (and this could
reduce prices), then the excess was dumped into the sea. In difficult
conditions, the trade of the Genoese themselves also took place. Great damage to the Genoese merchants
caused by widespread maritime piracy. Sea robbers
only robbed merchant ships, but also attacked coastal settlements and
ports. Therefore, the Genoese were forced to hire guards for
escort merchant ships and strengthen their colony cities
stone walls and loopholes, to keep garrisons in them. The Genoese remained irreconcilable rivals
Venetians who sought to gain a foothold in the Azov-Black Sea basin. At the mouth of the Don, like the Genoese, they
founded their own trading post, whose interests were often
defended with arms in hand.
At the turn of the XIV-XV centuries. contradictions between the Italians and
mountain population. Exorbitant taxes, fraud in
trade deals, imposition of Catholicism, capture and sale
people - all this caused irritation. Discontent
Adyghe people also showed infringement of their property rights
princes. So, in 1457, Prince Kadibeldi even took by storm
Matregu. To strengthen its position in the Black Sea
colonies, the Genoese administration resorted to the well-known
method of “divide and conquer”, set some princes against
others, provoked them to rob their own fellow tribesmen,
promising rich goods in exchange for livestock and slaves. Strengthening
Genoese influence in the colonies also served as profitable deals, in
including through marriage unions of representatives
colonial administration and Adyghe nobility.
Mouth of the Don
But in the second half of the 15th century. colonial ruleThe Genoese Republic in the Black Sea and Azov regions was moving towards
sunset This was evidenced by the fact that the management
colonial cities was transferred to a private bank. In 1453
Constantinople, the capital of Byzantium, fell under the blows of the Turks,
the turn was for the Italian colonies in the Crimea and the Northwestern Caucasus. In the last quarter of the 15th century. the Turks succeeded
capture all Italian colonies in the Black and Azov regions
seas. Two centuries of stay of the Genoese in Kuban
ended. It played both positive and (still
to a greater extent) a negative role in the life of local
peoples On the one hand, the Genoese introduced them to
advanced techniques of economic relations and
produced in Eastern and Western European countries,
expanded the circle of knowledge about the world. On the other side,
unequal exchange of goods and products, tax oppression,
the slave trade, and often simple robbery, undermined the economy
Circassians, restrained the growth of population and productive forces. From the regulations for the Genoese colonies of 1449
The consul in Kop had to ensure: "... so that in the mentioned
place not to bring more salt than required for
consumption. Moreover, we decree and prescribe that
all merchants and other persons who bring salt to Capario
[Cop], owe all the salt they have left over
completion of work, i.e., after salting the fish, bring it to Kafa or
throw into the sea, under a fine of 100 to 200 asper for
every barrel...
Also, that every skipper of a ship or vessel is obliged
always pay the consul one per year from the ship's cargo
aspru from a barrel, and in addition for being at anchor, 15
asprov from each vessel...
Also, what the consul in Kop can receive for each
a slave taken out from there, six asprs..."