Russian pioneers and travelers of the 19th century. Russian travelers of the 19th century. Russian culture in the 19th century
The work of the famous French writer Jules Verne (1828-1905) - “The History of Great Travels” - is dedicated to the history of geographical discoveries from ancient times to the early forties of the 19th century.
Book three – “Travelers of the 19th Century.” This book includes descriptions of the travels of Krusenstern, Kotzebue, Litke, Dumont d'Urville, Bellingshausen, Parry, Franklin and other outstanding explorers. In addition, Jules Verne covers the history of lesser-known expeditions.
PART I
Chapter first. At the dawn of the century of discovery
I
Decrease in the number of geographical discoveries during the Napoleonic wars. – Seetzen's travels in Syria and Palestine. – Hauran and the journey around Dead Sea. - Decapolis. – Travel through Arabia. – Burckhardt in Syria. – Travels to Nubia along the banks of the Nile. – Pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina. - The British in India. - Webb at the Sources of the Ganges. – Description of the trip to Punjab. - Christie and Pottinger in Sindh. – Travel of the same researchers through Balochistan and Persia. - Elphinstone in Afghanistan. – Moorcroft and Hersey's trip to Lake Manasarovar. - Hodgson at the Sources of the Ganges. – Persia according to the descriptions of Gardan, Hell. Dupre, Morier, MacDonald Kinnear, Price and Ouseley. – Güldenstedt and Klaproth in the Caucasus. – Lewis and Clark in the Rocky Mountains. – Raffles in Sumatra and Java.
At the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, the number of great geographical discoveries noticeably decreased.
We know that the French Republic organized an expedition to search for La Perouse and sent Captain Boden on a voyage to the shores of Australia, which yielded important results. This was the extent of the manifestation of interest in geography that, amid raging passions and wars, the government could allow itself.
Later in Egypt, Bonaparte surrounds himself with a whole staff of outstanding scientists and artists. It was then that materials were collected for a magnificent work, which for the first time gave a correct, although incomplete, idea of ancient civilization in the Land of the Pharaohs. However, when Napoleon finally emerged in Bonaparte, the egoistic ruler, subordinating everything to his disgusting passion for war, no longer wanted to hear about research, travel and discoveries. After all, they would take both his money and people. And he himself spent both in such quantities that he could not afford such useless extravagance. That's why he ceded the last remnants of French colonial possessions in America to the United States for just a few million.
Fortunately, there were peoples in the world who were not subject to his iron hand. Although these countries waged a constant struggle with France, there were people in them who, of their own free will, increased geographical knowledge, created archeology on a truly scientific foundation, and began the first linguistic and ethnographic research.
In France, the learned geographer Maltbrun, in an article he published in 1817 in the first issue of the journal “Nouvelles Annales des Voyages” (“New Annals of Travel”), painstakingly and extremely accurately depicts the state of geographical science at the beginning of the 19th century and lists its further tasks. He especially dwells on the successes achieved in the fields of navigation, astronomy and linguistics. Among the British, the East India Company not only does not hide its discoveries, as the Hudson's Bay Company did for fear of competition, but creates scientific societies, publishes travel journals and encourages travelers. Even war contributes to science; we have already said that the French army was collecting materials for a huge scientific work in Egypt. Soon the impulse of noble competition covers all nations.
At the beginning of the 19th century, one country took first place in the number of great geographical discoveries. This country is Germany. German researchers are so diligent, their will is so persistent, and their instinct is so true that subsequent travelers can only check and supplement their discoveries.
The first in time was Ulrich Jasper Seetzen. He was born in 1767 in East Friesland, graduated from the University of Göttingen and published several works on statistics and the natural sciences, for which he had a natural inclination. These articles brought him to the attention of the government.
Seetzen's dream - as Burckhardt's later - was to travel to Central Africa. But first he wanted to explore Palestine and Syria, countries to which the Palestine Society, founded in London in 1805, later attracted general attention. Seetzen collected more letters of recommendation and in 1802 he went to Constantinople.
Although many pilgrims and travelers flocked to the Holy Land and Syria, information about these countries was extremely vague. Issues of physical geography have not been studied sufficiently fully. The information collected was scanty, and some areas, such as Lebanon and the Dead Sea, had not yet been explored at all. A comparative geographical study of these countries has not actually begun. To lay its foundations, it took the zealous work of the English “Palestine Society” and the scientific experience of many travelers. But Seetzen, who had diversified knowledge, turned out to be perfectly prepared for the exploration of this country, which so far, no matter how many people visited it, remained in fact unknown.
Seetzen crossed all of Anatolia and arrived in Aleppo in May 1804. There he lived for almost a year, engaged in practical study of the Arabic language, making extracts from the works of eastern geographers and historians and clarifying the astronomical position of Aleppo. In addition, he carried out natural history research, collected ancient manuscripts and translated many folk songs and legends, which are important for a close acquaintance with the life of the people.
In April 1805, Seetzen left Aleppo for Damascus. First he had to cross the Hauran and Jolan districts, located to the southeast of this city. Before him, no traveler had ever visited these two provinces, which played a rather important role in the history of the Jews during Roman rule and were then called Auranitis and Gaulonitis. Seetzen was the first to give us their geographical description.
The brave traveler also explored Lebanon and Baalbek. From Damascus he headed south, reaching Judea and exploring the eastern part of Hermon, Jordan and the Dead Sea. Tribes that were well known in Jewish history once lived here - the Ammonites, Moabites, Galadites, Bataneans and others. South part the country during the era of Roman rule was called Perea, and it was there that the famous Decapolis, that is, the “Union of Ten Cities,” was located. In modern times, not a single traveler visited Perea. For Seetzen, this circumstance was the reason to begin his research from there.
1>>Russian discoverers and travelers
§ 16. Russian discoverers and travelers
The 19th century was the time of the largest geographical discoveries made by Russian explorers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors - explorers and travelers of the 17th-18th centuries, they enriched Russians' ideas about the world around them and contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. Russia for the first time realized a long-standing dream: her ships entered the World Ocean.
I. F. Krusenstern and Yu. F. Lisyansky.
Lesson content lesson notes supporting frame lesson presentation acceleration methods interactive technologies Practice tasks and exercises self-test workshops, trainings, cases, quests homework discussion questions rhetorical questions from students Illustrations audio, video clips and multimedia photographs, pictures, graphics, tables, diagrams, humor, anecdotes, jokes, comics, parables, sayings, crosswords, quotes Add-ons abstracts articles tricks for the curious cribs textbooks basic and additional dictionary of terms other Improving textbooks and lessonscorrecting errors in the textbook updating a fragment in a textbook, elements of innovation in the lesson, replacing outdated knowledge with new ones Only for teachers perfect lessons calendar plan for the year; methodological recommendations; discussion programs Integrated LessonsThe achievements of Russian scientists in the field of geographical research were of particular importance. Russian travelers We visited places where no European had ever set foot before. In the second half XIX century. their efforts were focused on exploring the interior of Asia.
Expeditions into the depths of Asia began Pyotr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky (1827-1914), geographer, statistician, botanist. He made a number of trips to the mountains Central Asia, in the Tien Shan. Having headed the Russian Geographical Society, he began to play a leading role in developing plans for new expeditions.
The activities of others were also associated with the Russian Geographical Society Russian travelers- P. A. Kropotkin and N. M. Przhevalsky.
P. A. Kropotkin in 1864-1866 traveled through Northern Manchuria, the Sayan Mountains and the Vitim Plateau.
Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888) He made his first expedition along the Ussuri region, then his paths ran through the most inaccessible areas of Central Asia. He crossed Mongolia and Northern China several times, explored the Gobi Desert, Tien Shan, and visited Tibet. He died on the way, at the beginning of his last expedition. In connection with the news of his death, A.P. Chekhov wrote that such “ devotees are needed like the sun». « Constituting the most poetic and cheerful element of society, he added, they excite, console and ennoble... If the positive types created by literature constitute valuable educational material, then the same types given by life itself are beyond all price».
Overseas Russian travel scientists in the second half of the 19th century. have become more targeted. If previously they were mainly limited to description and mapping coastline, then now the life, culture, and customs of local peoples were studied. This is a direction that began in the 18th century. put by S.P. Krasheninnikov, it was continued Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklouho-Maclay (1846-1888). He made his first trips to Canary Islands and by North Africa. In the early 70s he visited a number of islands Pacific Ocean, studied the life of local peoples. He lived for 16 months among the Papuans on the northeastern coast of New Guinea (this place has since been called the Maclay Coast). The Russian scientist won the trust and love of local residents. Then he traveled to the Philippines, Indonesia, Malacca, and returned again to " Maclay coast" The scientist’s descriptions of the life and customs, economy and culture of the peoples of Oceania were largely published only after his death.
World geographical science in those years relied heavily on the achievements of Russian researchers. By the end of the 19th century. The era of geographical discoveries has ended. And only the icy expanses of the Arctic and Antarctic still kept many of their secrets. The heroic epic of the latest geographical discoveries, in which Russian explorers took an active part, falls at the beginning of the 20th century.
Open lesson for 8th grade. Education and science in the 19th century.
Russian discoverers and travelers.
At the very beginning of the 19th century, a system of higher, secondary and primary education developed in Russia. The educational reform carried out in 1803 led to the creation of a gymnasium in every provincial town. In every county town district school. The Ministry of Public Education was created to manage educational institutions. The government paid great attention to the development of higher education.
1. Match the universities and the dates of their formation.
Dorpat 1802
Kazansky 1804
Kharkovsky 1804
Vilensky 1804
Petersburg 1819
Alexandrovsky (Tsarskoye Selo) Lyceum 1811-
In which representatives of the highest noble society (A.S. Pushkin) studied.
2. Fill out the table. Educational institutions under Nicholas 1.
Who and what were taught.
Parish schools
Representatives from the grassroots. God's law, literacy, arithmetic.
District schools
Children of merchants, artisans, townspeople. Russian language arithmetic, geometry, history, geography.
Gymnasiums
Children of nobles, officials, merchants of the first guild. We studied science and humanities subjects.
3. Indicate a book publisher whose books contributed to the development of education in the 40s. 19th century?
A. Sytin I.D.
B. Smirdin A.F.
V. Soldatenkov K.T.
G. Pavlenkov F.F.
4.Fill out the table.
Improving the education system has greatly contributed to the development of domestic science.
Branch of science
opening
biology
Dvigubsky I.A.
The earth's surface and the creatures inhabiting it undergo fundamental changes over time under the influence of natural causes.
Dyadkovsky I.E.
Life is a continuous physical and chemical process.
Baer K.M. 1834
The universal law of the development of nature.
medicine
Pirogov N.I.1856
The founder of military field surgery, the First used anesthesia.
geology
N.I.Koksharov 1840
A geological map of European Russia was compiled.
Astronomy
Creation of powerful telescopes. Pulkovo Observatory
mathematics
Lobachevsky N.I. 1826
Non-Euclidean geometry.
Petrov V.V.1802
Developed a galvanic battery. A prototype of an electric light bulb.
Lenz E.H. 1833
Direction Rule driving force induction. A year later he invented the electric motor.
Jacobi B.S. 1840
Galvonoplasty is a method of applying metal to the desired surface using electricity. Letter printing apparatus for telegraphs. 1850g
Shilling P.L.1832
Invented the electric telegraph.
Solve the crossword puzzle. Chemistry, science and production. Using the textbook on pp. 105-106
1. In 1826-27, one of these researchers pioneered powder metallurgy.
2. This researcher discovered the fundamental law of photochemistry.
3. 6. In the 30s of the 19th century, these brothers, serf mechanics of the Nizhny Tagil Metallurgical Plant, built the first steam railway.
4. In 1840, this scientist discovered the fundamental law of thermochemistry.
5. In 1817, this outstanding metallurgist developed four versions of the technology for producing damask steel.
6. This chemistry researcher developed a method for producing glucose.
7. One of these chemists created permanent chemical dyes for the booming textile industry.
Distinctive features of the development of education and science in the first half of the 19th century were: an increase in the number of higher and secondary educational institutions and representatives of various segments of the country’s population studying there; growth in the number of scientists; the major successes achieved by Russian scientists in the development of domestic and world science on this basis; strengthening the practical orientation of scientific research; strengthening ties between science and industrial production
6. Russian discoverers and travelers.
The 19th century was the time of the largest geographical discoveries made by Russian explorers. Continuing the traditions of their predecessors, explorers and travelers in the 17th and 18th centuries, they enriched Russians’ understanding of the world around them and contributed to the development of new territories that became part of the empire. For the first time, Russia realized its long-standing dream: its ships entered the World Ocean.
Working with text insert missing words.
1. Kruzenshtern I.F. and Lisyansky Yu.F.
In 1803, at the direction of Alexander 1, an expedition was undertaken on the ships Nadezhda and Neva to explore the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. This was the first Russian expedition, which lasted three years. It was headed by Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, the largest navigator and geographer of the 19th century.
During the voyage, more than a thousand kilometers of the coast of Sakhalin Island were mapped for the first time. Yu.F. Lisyansky discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, named after him. A lot of data was collected by the expedition members about Aleutian Islands and Alaska. Islands of the Pacific and Arctic oceans.
The results of the observations were presented in a report by the Academy of Sciences. Kruzenshtern I.F. was awarded the title of academician. His materials were used as the basis for the Atlas South Seas" In 1845, Admiral I.F. Kruzenshtern became one of the founding members of the Russian Geographical Society.
Working with the map. Relate the information received to the task.
2. Bellingshausen F.F. and Lazarev M.P.
One of Krusenstern’s students and followers was Fadey Fadeevich Bellingshausen. He was a member of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.
In 1819-1821, Bellingshausen was entrusted with leading a new round-the-world expedition on the sloops Vostok and Mirny. The expedition plan was drawn up by I.F. Kruzenshtern. The main goal was “acquiring complete knowledge about our globe” and “discovering the possible proximity of the Antarctic Pole.”
On January 16, 1820, the expedition approached the shores of Antarctica, unknown at that time, which Bellingshausen called the “ice continent.” After stopping in Australia, Russian ships moved to the tropical part of the Pacific Ocean, where they discovered a group of islands called the Russian Islands.
During 751 days of sailing, Russian sailors covered about 50 thousand km. The most important geographical discoveries, valuable collections were brought. Data from observations of the waters of the World Ocean and the ice coverings of a new continent for humanity.
Student report. Fill in the missing words.
3. Baranov A.A. and the development of Russian America.
Alexander Alexandrovich Baranov can hardly be classified as a pioneer or traveler in the strict sense of the word. But this was a man who made an invaluable contribution to the development of Russian America by our compatriots.
In search of new hunting areas, Baranov studied Kodiak Island and other territories in detail, searched for minerals, founded new Russian settlements and supplied them with everything they needed. Established an exchange with local residents. It was he who for the first time managed to truly secure vast territories on the Pacific coast for Russia. North America. Baranov's activities were extremely complex and dangerous. Constant Indian raids cost the Russian settlers not only considerable money, but also their lives. In 1802 alone, more than 200 settlers were killed while attempting to establish a settlement on the island of Sitka.
Baranov's efforts were so successful that in 1799 he became the ruler of the Russian-American Company, and in 1803 he was appointed ruler of the Russian colonies in America. In 1804, Baranov founded the Novoarkhangelsk fortress on the island of Sitka, and then Fort Ross. In 1825 he undertook an expedition to Hawaiian Islands with the aim of their annexation to Russia. However, she did not bring good luck. In 1818, he received consent to leave America for his homeland. On the road, on the island of Java, Baranov died in 1819.
Working with the map. Correlate the information received with the task
4. Nevelskoy G.I. and E.V. Putyatin.
The largest explorer of the Russian Far East in the mid-19th century was Gennady Ivanovich Nevelskoy.
In two expeditions (1848-1849 and 1850-1855), he managed to bypass Sakhalin from the north, discover a number of new, previously unknown territories and enter the lower reaches of the Amur. Here in 1850 he founded the Nikolaevsky post (Nikolaevsk-on-Amur). Nevelskoy's travels were important: for the first time it was proven that Sakhalin is not connected to the mainland at all. And the Tatar Strait is also an island—it is a strait, and not a bay, as was believed.
Efimy Vasilyevich Putyatin in 1822-1825. committed trip around the world and left a description of what he saw for posterity. In 1852-1855. During the expedition he led on the frigate Pallada, the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands were discovered. Putyatin became the first Russian who managed to visit Japan, closed from Europeans, and even sign a treaty there in 1855.
The result of the expeditions of Nevelsky and Putyatin, in addition to purely scientific ones, was the consolidation of the Primorsky region in the Far East for Russia.
Collected by Russian travelers scientific information were so extensive and significant that it required the creation of special institutions to generalize and use them.
The most important of them was the Russian Geographical Society, opened in 1845. It has become a center of geographical knowledge in Russia. Organizations of scientific expeditions became regular. Conducting research on the population of Russia and its neighboring countries. Publishing geographical and statistical collections. To develop economic and geographical research in Siberia, the Far East, the Caucasus, Transcaucasia and Central Asia, the Caucasian and Siberian departments of the Russian Geographical Society were created in 1851.
8.Homework paragraphs 15. 16.
Thanks to them, Russian names appeared on the map of the Pacific Ocean, Persia was studied, and Ethiopia remained an independent country - one of the few in Africa at that time...
We continue to publish stories about Russian pioneers who did a lot for the world, but were undeservedly forgotten by their contemporaries and descendants. The first part is , the second part is . In the 19th century, travel, even around the world, became relatively comfortable, but there were still many blank spots on the world map, and our heroes, each in their own way, expanded its geographical boundaries.
Otto Kotzebue. 399 islands in the Pacific Ocean. 1815-1818
During his life, Otto Kotzebue made three trips around the world. The first is at the age of 15. As a cabin boy, he took part in the first Russian circumnavigation of the world (1803-1806) on the sloop Nadezhda under the command of Kruzenshtern. The third - in 1823-1826 as captain of the sloop "Enterprise".
One day, when Pashino noticed that he was suspected, he exchanged clothes with his servant-guide and remained in only a turban and a loincloth. He also smeared himself with donkey droppings to give his skin a dark color.
But the most significant thing in his biography was the command of the brig “Rurik”, which circumnavigated the world in 1815-1818. The purpose of this expedition was to find the northern passage from the Pacific to Atlantic Ocean. During a storm off Cape Horn, Kotzebue was almost washed overboard. He miraculously managed to grab onto the stretched rope. And during a storm in the Pacific Ocean, the ship’s bowsprit broke, which injured several sailors and Kotzebue himself. Because of this, the final goal of the expedition was not achieved. But its results were still brilliant. It was thanks to Kotzebue that Russian names appeared on the map of the Pacific Ocean: the atolls of Rumyantsev, Kruzenshtern, Kutuzov, Suvorov and many others.
Egor Kovalevsky. Heroic adventures in Montenegro, Central Asia and China, discoveries in Central Africa. Mid-19th century
Egor Kovalevsky is a figure, although not known to the general public, but professional geographers and travelers, of course, are well aware of him and his services to science. To even briefly mention all his adventures would require several pages of such text.
He took part in the defense of Sevastopol, fought illegally on the side of the Serbs against the Austrians in Montenegro, opened a new route to China, visited Kashmir and Afghanistan, was captured during the Khiva campaign of the Russian army, escaped and defended himself for several weeks with a handful of soldiers in a small fortress from pursuers... He mined gold in Africa, was the first European to reach the Moon Mountains - Rwenzori (in the territory of modern Uganda), crossed the Nubian Desert, discovered the left tributary of the Nile, the Abudom River, and indicated where to look for the source of the White Nile... “We penetrate further than others inside Africa,” he wrote in his diary.
Kovalevsky was a talented writer, wrote both poetry and prose, but he went down in history as the author of four books about his adventures.
All of Russia read his books, and at the official level he was also highly appreciated. In 1856, Kovalevsky became assistant to the chairman of the Imperial Geographical Society, as well as an honorary member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
Alexander Kashevarov. He was the first to describe the northern coast of Alaska. 1838
The very place of birth of Alexander Kashevarov makes the heart of any traveler tremble. After all, he was born in Alaska! In 1810, when she was still Russian. After studying at the Kronstadt Navigation School, he made two trips around the world as a navigator, and then returned to his small homeland and, at the head of a small group of sailors, made one of the most amazing voyages in the history of the exploration of the North. On leather Aleutian kayaks sewn with whalebone, the travelers walked among floating ice along north coast Alaska from Cape Lisburn to Cape Wrangel, which they discovered, marking the Prokofiev and Kupriyanov bays, the Menshikov coast and Cape Stepovoy on the map of Alaska.
Peter Pashino. The first of the Europeans to penetrate into remote areas of India and Afghanistan. 1873-1876
25-year-old journalist Pyotr Pashino made his first trip to Persia in 1861 as secretary of the Russian embassy. But he soon got bored with paperwork, he took an indefinite leave and went to independent travel across Persia and then through Central Asia.
In 1873-1876 he made two trips alone to India, Burma and Afghanistan. Pashino usually traveled in Arabic or Indian clothes, with a shaved head, posing as a Turkish doctor, a wandering dervish, and sometimes as a beggar tramp. He knew many oriental languages perfectly. This allowed him to visit places where non-Muslims were prohibited from entering on pain of death. But despite all the precautions and tricks, he more than once found himself on the brink of exposure and death. One day, when Pashino noticed that he was suspected, he exchanged clothes with his servant-guide and remained in only a turban and a loincloth. He also smeared himself with donkey dung to give his skin a dark color. And when one day, dressed as a dervish, he went into the first-class cafeteria to drink tea, he was beaten almost to death by a policeman.
Returning to St. Petersburg, Pyotr Pashino described his adventures in numerous essays and feuilletons. Later they were collected into books.
Pashino also made a trip around the world, but it was quite civilized and comfortable, so it was not of particular scientific value.
Alexander Bulatovich. African pioneer, Ethiopian explorer. 1896-1899
In 1896, the 26-year-old cornet of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, Alexander Bulatovich, was included in the Russian Red Cross mission to Ethiopia, where he became a military adviser to Emperor Menelik II. With his help, the emperor reorganized his army to resist the European colonialists. As a result, Ethiopia became one of the few African countries that retained its independence.
With the permission of the emperor, Bulatovich made several trips to the internal parts of this country, where no European had ever been before. Accompanied by just three companions, he crossed the bandit-infested Danakil Desert on camels, then became the first white man to cross the remote province of Ethiopia, the legendary Caffa, from where the best coffee was delivered to Europe. He mapped the Baro River valley on the world map and discovered a mountain range named in honor of Nicholas II, which was later renamed at the request of the Soviet Union.
Bulatovich became a military adviser to Emperor Menelik II. With his help, the emperor reorganized his army to resist the European colonialists. As a result, Ethiopia became one of the few African countries that retained its independence.
Detailed reports about these expeditions were published in St. Petersburg: “From Entoto to the Baro River. Reports on travel in the Southwestern region of the Ethiopian Empire" (1897) and "Diary of a campaign from Ethiopia to Lake Rudolf" (1900), in which he described not only his geographical discoveries, but also Ethiopian culture and faith, close to the Orthodox, laws , customs, structure of the army and state, made a detailed outline of the history of Ethiopia. For his research, Bulatovich received a silver medal from the Russian Geographical Society. His books inspired many new explorers of Africa to undertake expeditions, in particular the poet Nikolai Gumilyov. Already in our time, Bulatovich’s adventures were described by Valentin Pikul in the story “Hussar on a Camel.”
In 1906, Bulatovich retired and went to Athos Monastery in Greece and became a monk, but during the First World War he returned to the army as a regimental chaplain. He was in Austrian captivity, escaped... In 1919 he was killed by robbers on his estate near Sumy.