Ancient towers. Ancient stone towers of Svaneti (Georgia). Old Town Clock, Prague, Czech Republic

Old towers Diaolou in Kaiping County, China may surprise you. Among the scattered settlements of peasants, on the rich lands of southern China, strangely shaped mixed towers rise from the ground. They remind people living here of the dangerous times when gangs of bandits terrorized the entire region of Guangdong Province.

The first Diaolou buildings began to be erected during the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644), and were carried out. The name Diaolou itself is translated as “Diao”, which means “stone”, and “lou” is translated as “tower, fortress”.

Construction boom old Diaolou tower began during the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912), or more precisely, in the 19th century, when the poorest segments of the region's population began to massively explore North America, attracted by the gold rush. By the end of the century of industrial revolutions, the Chinese community had accumulated large savings. The influx of wealthy people into the region and overall economic growth attracted the attention of bandits, who increased their raids from the northern regions of China. In response to this, villagers began to build Diaolou out of stone and concrete. The towers served as a temporary shelter for several families or as living quarters for individual wealthy families, and were also used as watchtowers. By the early 1930s, there were about 3,000 Diaolou. Today, 20 of them are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Architecture of old towers diverse. A very big influence is noticeable here. The use of concrete made it possible build towers quite high and solve a number of interesting architectural issues. The columns are made in the ancient Greek and Roman style, the arches copy the Mediterranean style, and the domes are reminiscent of Muslim mosques.

In modern times, 1,833 towers have survived in Kaiping County; 1,648 Diaolou were built between 1900 and 1931. Subsequent events - the depression of the 30s, the military invasion of Japan - led to the decline of the construction of towers. After 1948, the year of the founding of the People's Republic of China, banditry was eradicated. Today the old Diaolo towers The wu remain a monument to past turbulent times and, for some Chinese, a spiritual home to which they return for family celebrations.

Tourists arriving in Baku usually first go to see the Maiden Tower, which is located in the Old City. However, in fact, this fortress is not at all the only one of its kind. Thus, in the vicinity of the city, on the Absheron Peninsula, other majestic monuments of the Middle Ages have been preserved. These powerful strongholds have endured countless assaults and sieges, and, having withstood the most difficult trials, continue to tower over the Baku villages. "Moscow-Baku" offers a tour of five unique architectural structures of Absheron.

Raman fortress
This tower has a magical look: it looks like it was copied from the pages of fairy tales about Aladdin, where Princess Budur lived in a beautiful castle. The Ramanin fortress was built by order of the Shirvanshahs in the middle of the 14th century on the top of a steep cliff. This location allowed it to seamlessly merge with the rocky landscape of Absheron. Unlike European castles, Absheron buildings were not suitable for long-term living and served only as temporary shelter for soldiers during attacks. The height of the quadrangular tower in the village of Ramana is 12 meters, it consists of four tiers. You can get from floor to floor only by a ladder. Narrow slot-like openings that widened inwards in all tiers of the towers, except the first, served mainly for lighting and ventilation. By the way, the tower also has a primitive sewer line - risers and wells with water. There is written evidence that in the Middle Ages there was an underground road from the Ramana fortress to the Maiden Tower.

Tower in Gala
This tower gave the name to the entire Absheron village - after all, Gala is translated from the Azerbaijani language as “tower, fortress.” Built in the 14th century, the citadel is similar to the quadrangular towers that still stand today in the villages of Mardakan and Ramana. However, unlike them, this citadel was in a dilapidated state for a long time. When they began its restoration, only a 2-3 meter high wall remained. However, the fortress was completely restored and an entire open-air ethnographic museum was opened next to it in 2008. The complex, created with the support of the Heydar Aliyev Foundation, also includes burial mounds, tombs, residential buildings, underground reservoirs, mosques and other historical monuments.

Fortress of Light
This fortress was called Ishig galasy (Fortress of Light), as it played a signaling role - when the enemy approached, torches were lit on its top, and thus the population was notified of the approaching danger. That is why the tower was erected close to the sea - just 500 meters from the Caspian coast. The building inscription carved on the stone indicates the date of its construction - 1232, and the name of the architect - Abdulmejid ibn Masud. The 16 meter high tower is located in the center of a square courtyard and is surrounded by stone walls. Three internal tiers, covered with spherical domes, communicate with each other by spiral stone staircases laid in the thickness of the wall.

Quadrangular fortress in Mardakan
The round tower is connected by underground passages to the quadrangular castle - the largest building on Absheron. Its height is 22 meters and consists of 5 tiers connected by spiral staircases. It is located inside a courtyard surrounded by fortress walls 7 meters high. The rough surface of the castle walls is set off by slit-like embrasures and a rich crown of battlements. The tower was erected in 1372, and was repeatedly attacked by enemies. The fortress suffered most severely during a seven-month siege by Mongol-Tatar troops, as a result of which part of the tower and the adjacent mosque were destroyed. During the Soviet years, the tower was restored, but the restorers slightly changed its previous appearance. Thus, the crenellations of the crowns of the walls, which had the shape of a crescent, were replaced with ordinary, round ones. In turn, historical finds are still being discovered on the territory of Mardakyan - tombstones, coins, teeth, tools, and even an ancient juicer in which grapes were decanted and sherbet was made from it.

Nardaran fortress
This tower, like other defensive structures of Absheron, served as a reliable stronghold against foreign invasions. Laconic inscriptions in Arabic made on the southern wall of the fortress tell that the architect Ali Mahmud ibn Saad built this fortification in 1301 at the expense of the governor of the Arab caliphate, Khur Berke. By the way, the same master was the author of the old Bibi-Heybatov mosque and the Molla Ahmed mosque in the Baku fortress. The height of the round tower is 12.5 m and, unlike others, it has a more spacious courtyard, and there are practically no stepped parapets with battlements on the crown.

Fortress of Light
This fortress was called Ishig galasy (Fortress of Light), as it played a signaling role - when an enemy approached, torches were lit on its top, and thus the population was notified of the approaching danger. That is why the tower was erected close to the sea - just 500 meters from the Caspian coast. The building inscription carved on the stone indicates the date of its construction - 1232, and the name of the architect - Abdulmejid ibn Masud. The 16 meter high tower is located in the center of a square courtyard and is surrounded by stone walls. Three internal tiers, covered with spherical domes, communicate with each other by spiral stone staircases laid in the thickness of the wall.

Towers are tall buildings in which the height is usually greater than the width. Narrow buildings are usually built specifically to take advantage of their height, and they may stand alone from the rest of the building complex or form part of a larger structure. Below are twelve towers that are significantly different from all other towers and because of this are favorite subjects for photography among both professional photographers and tourists.

1. Ivy Tower, Belgium

The Gruuthuse museum is located in the Belgian city of Bruges and was built in the 15th century. It houses a collection of works of applied art by Bruges masters from the 13th to the 19th centuries.

The Gruthos Tower is part of the museum and is better known as the Ivy Tower because much of it is covered in ivy vines. The tower looks especially beautiful in the autumn months, when the ivy leaves play with different colors (yellow, orange, red, brown...)

2. Guinigi Tower, Italy

The city of Lucca in Tuscany, Italy, is famous for its medieval architecture and intact city walls. However, among all the city's exquisite buildings, one building stands out as particularly impressive. "Torre Guinigi" or or The Tower of Guinigi towers over the entire city.

At the very top of the 44.5-meter tower, a stunning surprise awaits you - a garden in which, oddly enough, oak trees grow. For centuries, this tiny forest, high above the city, has served as a haven of peace.

The tower was built in the fourteenth century, when there were more than 250 such towers in the city. Although over the centuries, the number of towers declined sharply, this tower has survived. It was built by the Guinigi, the most powerful and influential family in the city. The tower embodied the family's prestige and was the largest in the city, even when the economic boom of the late fourteenth century saw similar towers being built throughout Lucca.

The last descendants of the family donated the tower to the city, as well as the palace at its base. The roof garden at the top of the tower is essentially a box with walls filled with soil.

There are seven oak trees there: they are thought to have been originally planted in the 14th or 15th century, but have been replanted over time. However, those that are now growing on the roof are still quite old and, according to old-timers, they have been growing on the roof for at least several centuries.

3. Kalyazin Tower, Russia

The bell tower of St. Nicholas Cathedral is a neoclassical bell tower, the height of which reaches 74.5 meters. It rises above the waters of the Uglich reservoir on the Volga, opposite the old city of Kalyazin. The hipped bell tower was built between 1796 and 1800 as part of St. Nicholas Cathedral.

When Stalin ordered the construction of the Uglich Reservoir in 1939, the old part of Kalyazin, including several medieval buildings, was flooded. The Kalyazin Tower became the main tourist attraction in the east of the Tver region, and the island below was fortified. There is also a small boat dock there.

4. Inclined tower of Yekaterinburg, Russia

The Yekaterinburg TV Tower is a tall, unfinished structure located in Yekaterinburg, Russia. Construction of the tower began back in 1983, but was suspended in the early 1990s, when its height reached 220 meters. According to the project, the height of the television tower should have exceeded 400 meters.

The building consists of three parts: the tower body, its base and metal antennas. In total, the tower has 26 floors (not counting those floors that are located at its base).

The elevators were never installed. Instead, visitors must climb the concrete steps of the half-finished structure. The tower is a local landmark.

The tower has a slight tilt due to a design error that was not noticed during construction. However, she does not pose a threat to the tower and it will not fall in the near future.

5. Ciechanow Tower, Poland

The Ciechanow Water Tower, located in Poland, is a hyperboloid structure. Its design used hyperboloid geometry, which maximizes structural strength with minimal material consumption.

The Ciechanów Water Tower was built in 1972 by Jerzy Michal Boguslawski. There are currently plans to open a restaurant and surveillance area there, but for now the building remains abandoned.

6. Pirate Tower, USA

This landmark of the Californian city of Laguna Beach, a tower that seems to have been brought into our time from the Middle Ages, is located a little north of Victoria Beach. Built in 1926, it was designed as a private spiral staircase to access the beach from above. Today this tower is closed, but you can still admire it from the outside at low tide.

To the uninformed beachgoer, the 18-meter rock-like tower appears to be carved out of the cliff. When you look at it for the first time, you get the impression that it was carved by waves many centuries ago.

The ocean breeze moans through the small openings of the tower, covered by rusted gates, and a huge door at the base of the tower, also covered in rust, reveals a wooden spiral staircase leading to the rooms above.

The Moscow Kremlin has 20 towers and they are all different, no two are alike. Each tower has its own name and its own history. And probably many people don’t know the names of all the towers. Shall we meet?

Most of the towers are made in a single architectural style, given to them in the second half of the 17th century. The Nikolskaya Tower, which at the beginning of the 19th century was rebuilt in the Gothic style, stands out from the general ensemble.

BEKLEMISHEVSKAYA(MOSKVORETSKAYA)

BEKLEMISHEVSKAYA (Moskvoretskaya) tower is located in the south-eastern corner of the Kremlin. It was built by the Italian architect Marco Fryazin in 1487-1488. The courtyard of boyar Beklemishev adjoined the tower, for which it received its name. Beklemishev's courtyard, together with the tower, served as a prison for disgraced boyars under Vasily III. The current name – “Moskvoretskaya” – is taken from the nearby Moskvoretsky Bridge. The tower was located at the junction of the Moscow River with a moat, so when the enemy attacked, it was the first to take the blow. The architectural design of the tower is also connected with this: the tall cylinder is placed on a beveled white stone plinth and separated from it by a semicircular ridge. The surface of the cylinder is cut through by narrow, sparsely spaced windows. The tower is completed by a machicolli with a battle platform, which was higher than the adjacent walls. In the basement of the tower there was a hidden rumor to prevent undermining. In 1680, the tower was decorated with an octagon carrying a tall narrow tent with two rows of dormitories, which softened its severity. In 1707, expecting a possible attack by the Swedes, Peter I ordered bastions to be built at its foot and the loopholes to be expanded to install more powerful guns. During Napoleon's invasion, the tower was damaged and then repaired. In 1917, the top of the tower was damaged during shelling, but it was restored by 1920. In 1949, during the restoration, the loopholes were restored to their previous form. This is one of the few Kremlin towers that has not been radically rebuilt. The height of the tower is 62.2 meters.

KONSTANTINO-ELENINSKAYA(TIMOFEEVSKAYA)

The KONSTANTINE-ELENINSKAYA tower owes its name to the Church of Constantine and Helena that stood here in ancient times. The tower was built in 1490 by the Italian architect Pietro Antonio Solari and was used for the passage of the population and troops to the Kremlin. Previously, when the Kremlin was made of white stone, there was another tower in this place. It was through her that Dmitry Donskoy and his army went to the Kulikovo field. The new tower was built for the reason that there were no natural barriers on its side from the Kremlin. It was equipped with a drawbridge, a powerful diversion gate and passage gates, which later, in the 18th and early 19th centuries. were dismantled. The tower got its name from the Church of Constantine and Helena, which stood in the Kremlin. The height of the tower is 36.8 meters.

NABATNAYA

The Alarm Tower got its name from the large bell - the alarm - that hung above it. Once upon a time there were guards on duty here all the time. From above, they vigilantly watched to see if the enemy army was approaching the city. And if danger was approaching, the watchmen had to warn everyone and ring the alarm bell. Because of him, the tower was called Nabatnaya. But now there is no bell in the tower. One day at the end of the 18th century, at the sound of the Alarm Bell, a riot began in Moscow. And when order was restored in the city, the bell was punished for divulging bad news - they were deprived of their tongue. In those days it was a common practice to recall at least the history of the bell in Uglich. Since then, the Alarm Bell fell silent and remained idle for a long time until it was removed to the museum. The height of the Alarm Tower is 38 meters.

ROYAL

ROYAL Tower. It is not at all like other Kremlin towers. There are 4 columns right on the wall, and on them there is a peaked roof. There are neither powerful walls nor narrow loopholes. But she doesn’t need them. Because they were built two centuries later than the other towers and not for defense at all. Previously, there was a small wooden tower on this site, from which, according to legend, the first Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible watched over Red Square. Previously, there was a small wooden tower on this site, from which, according to legend, the first Russian Tsar Ivan the Terrible watched over Red Square. Later, the smallest tower of the Kremlin was built here and called it Tsarskaya. Its height is 16.7 meters.

SPASSKAYA(FROLOVSKAYA)

SPASSKAYA (Frolovskaya) tower. Built in 1491 by Pietro Antonio Solari. This name comes from the 17th century, when an icon of the Savior was hung over the gates of this tower. It was erected on the spot where the main gates of the Kremlin were located in ancient times. It, like Nikolskaya, was built to protect the northeastern part of the Kremlin, which had no natural water barriers. The passage gates of the Spasskaya Tower, at that time still Frolovskaya, were considered “holy” by the people. No one rode through them on horseback or walked through them with their heads covered. The regiments setting out on a campaign passed through these gates; kings and ambassadors were met here. In the 17th century, the coat of arms of Russia - a double-headed eagle - was installed on the tower; a little later, coats of arms were also installed on other high towers of the Kremlin - Nikolskaya, Troitskaya and Borovitskaya. In 1658, the Kremlin towers were renamed. Frolovskaya turned into Spasskaya. It was named so in honor of the icon of the Savior of Smolensk, located above the passage gate of the tower from the side of Red Square, and in honor of the icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands, located above the gate from the Kremlin. In 1851-52 A clock was installed on the Spasskaya Tower, which we still see today. Kremlin chimes. Chimes are large clocks that have a musical mechanism. The bells play music at the Kremlin chimes. There are eleven of them. One large one, it marks the hours, and ten smaller ones, their melodious chime is heard every 15 minutes. The chimes contain a special device. It sets the hammer in motion, it hits the surface of the bells and the Kremlin chimes sound. The Kremlin chimes mechanism occupies three floors. Previously, chimes were wound manually, but now they do it using electricity. The Spasskaya Tower occupies 10 floors. Its height with the star is 71 meters.

SENATE

The SENATE Tower was built in 1491 by Pietro Antonio Solari, rises behind the Mausoleum of V.I. Lenin and is named after the Senate, whose green dome rises above the fortress wall. The Senate Tower is one of the oldest in the Kremlin. Built in 1491 in the center of the north-eastern part of the Kremlin wall, it performed only defensive functions - it protected the Kremlin from Red Square. The height of the tower is 34.3 meters.

NIKOLSKAYA

NIKOLSKAYA Tower is located at the beginning of Red Square. In ancient times, there was a monastery of St. Nicholas the Old nearby, and above the gate of the tower there was an icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. The gate tower, built in 1491 by the architect Pietro Solari, was one of the main defensive redoubts of the eastern part of the Kremlin wall. The name of the tower comes from the Nikolsky Monastery, which was located nearby. Therefore, an icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker was placed above the passage gate of the strelnitsa. Like all towers with entrance gates, Nikolskaya had a drawbridge over the moat and protective grilles that were lowered during the battle. The Nikolskaya Tower went down in history in 1612, when militia troops led by Minin and Pozharsky burst into the Kremlin through its gates, liberating Moscow from the Polish-Lithuanian invaders. In 1812, the Nikolskaya Tower, along with many others, was blown up by Napoleon's troops retreating from Moscow. The upper part of the tower was especially damaged. In 1816, it was replaced by the architect O.I. Bove with a new needle-shaped dome in the pseudo-Gothic style. In 1917, the tower was damaged again. This time from artillery fire. In 1935, the dome of the tower was crowned with a five-pointed star. In the 20th century, the tower was restored in 1946-1950s and in 1973-1974s. Now the height of the tower is 70.5 meters.

CORNER ARSENAL (DOG)

The CORNER ARSENAL tower was built in 1492 by Pietro Antonio Solari and is located further away, in the corner of the Kremlin. The first name was received at the beginning of the 18th century, after the construction of the Arsenal building on the territory of the Kremlin, the second comes from the estate of the Sobakin boyars located nearby. There is a well in the dungeon of the corner Arsenal Tower. It is more than 500 years old. It is filled from an ancient source and therefore it always has clean and fresh water. Previously, there was an underground passage from the Arsenal Tower to the Neglinnaya River. The height of the tower is 60.2 meters.

MEDIUM ARSENAL(FACETED)

The MIDDLE ARSENAL tower rises from the side of the Alexander Garden and is called so because there was a weapons depot right behind it. It was built in 1493-1495. After the construction of the Arsenal building, the tower got its name. A grotto was erected near the tower in 1812 - one of the attractions of the Alexander Garden. The height of the tower is 38.9 meters.

TRINITY

The TRINITY Tower is named after the church and the Trinity Compound, which were once located nearby on the territory of the Kremlin. Trinity Tower is the tallest tower of the Kremlin. The height of the tower currently, together with the star from the side of the Alexander Garden, is 80 meters. The Trinity Bridge, protected by the Kutafya Tower, leads to the gates of the Trinity Tower. The tower gate serves as the main entrance for visitors to the Kremlin. Built in 1495-1499. Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin Milanz. The tower was called differently: Rizopolozhenskaya, Znamenskaya and Karetnaya. It received its current name in 1658 after the Trinity courtyard of the Kremlin. In the 16th-17th centuries, the two-story base of the tower housed a prison. From 1585 to 1812 there was a clock on the tower. At the end of the 17th century, the tower received a multi-tiered hipped superstructure with white stone decorations. In 1707, due to the threat of a Swedish invasion, the loopholes of the Trinity Tower were expanded to accommodate heavy cannons. Until 1935, an imperial double-headed eagle was installed at the top of the tower. By the next date of the October Revolution, it was decided to remove the eagle and install red stars on it and the other main towers of the Kremlin. The double-headed eagle of the Trinity Tower turned out to be the oldest - made in 1870 and prefabricated with bolts, so when dismantling it had to be dismantled at the top of the tower. In 1937, the faded gem star was replaced with a modern ruby star.

KUTAFYA

KUTAFYA tower (connected by a bridge to Troitskaya). Its name is associated with this: in the old days, a casually dressed, clumsy woman was called a kutafya. Indeed, the Kutafya tower is not high, like the others, but squat and wide. The tower was built in 1516 under the direction of the Milanese architect Aleviz Fryazin. Low, surrounded by a moat and the Neglinnaya River, with a single gate, which in moments of danger was tightly closed by the lifting part of the bridge, the tower was a formidable barrier for those besieging the fortress. It had plantar loopholes and machicolations. In the 16th-17th centuries, the water level in the Neglinnaya River was raised high by dams, so that water surrounded the tower on all sides. Its original height above ground level was 18 meters. The only way to enter the tower from the city was via an inclined bridge. There are two versions of the origin of the name “Kutafya”: from the word “kut” - shelter, corner, or from the word “kutafya”, which meant a plump, clumsy woman. The Kutafya Tower has never had a covering. In 1685, it was crowned with an openwork “crown” with white stone details.

COMMENDANT (KOLYMAZNAYA)

The COMMANDANT'S Tower got its name in the 19th century because the commandant of Moscow was located in the building nearby. The tower was built in 1493-1495 on the northwestern side of the Kremlin wall, which today stretches along the Alexander Garden. It was formerly called Kolymazhnaya after the Kolymazhny yard located near it in the Kremlin. In 1676-1686 it was built on. The tower is made up of a massive quadrangle with machicolations (mounted loopholes) and a parapet and an open tetrahedron standing on it, completed with a pyramidal roof, an observation tower and an octagonal ball. The main volume of the tower contains three tiers of rooms covered with barrel vaults; The completion tiers are also covered with vaults. In the 19th century, the tower received the name “Komendantskaya”, when the commandant of Moscow settled nearby in the Kremlin, in the Poteshny Palace of the 17th century. The height of the tower from the Alexander Garden side is 41.25 meters.

ARMORY (STABLE)

The ARMORY tower, which once stood on the banks of the Neglinnaya River, now enclosed in an underground pipe, received its name from the nearby Armory Chamber, the second comes from the nearby Stables Yard. Once upon a time there were ancient weapons workshops located next to it. They also made precious dishes and jewelry. The ancient workshops gave the name not only to the tower, but also to the wonderful museum located nearby behind the Kremlin wall - the Armory Chamber. Many Kremlin treasures and simply very ancient things are collected here. For example, helmets and chain mail of ancient Russian warriors. The height of the Armory Tower is 32.65 meters.

BOROVITSKAYA(PREDTECHENSKAYA)

Built in 1490 by Pietro Antonio Solari. Travel card. The first name of the tower is the original one, it comes from Borovitsky Hill, on the slope of which the tower stands; The name of the hill apparently comes from an ancient pine forest that grew on this site. The second name, assigned by royal decree of 1658, comes from the nearby Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist and the icon of St. John the Baptist, located above the gate. Currently, it is the main passage for government motorcades. The height of the tower is 54 meters.

VODOVOZVODNAYA(SVIBLOVA)

WATER TOWER - so named because of the machine that was once here. She lifted water from a well located below to the very top of the tower into a large tank. From there, water flowed through lead pipes to the royal palace in the Kremlin. This is how in the old days the Kremlin had its own water supply system. He worked for a long time, but then the car was dismantled and taken to St. Petersburg. There it was used to construct fountains. The height of the Vodovzvodnaya tower with a star is 61.45 meters. The second name of the tower is associated with the boyar surname Sviblo, or the Sviblovs, who were responsible for its construction.

BLAGOVESCHENSKAYA

Annunciation Tower. According to legend, the miraculous icon of the Annunciation was previously kept in this tower, and in 1731 the Church of the Annunciation was added to this tower. Most likely, the name of the tower is associated with one of these facts. In the 17th century, for the passage of laundresses to the Moscow River, a gate was made near the tower, called Portomoyny. They were founded in 1831, and in Soviet times the Church of the Annunciation was also dismantled. The height of the Annunciation Tower with a weather vane is 32.45 meters.

TAINITSKAYA

TAINITSKAYA Tower is the first tower founded during the construction of the Kremlin. It was named so because a secret underground passage led from it to the river. It was intended to be able to take water in case the fortress was besieged by enemies. The height of the Taynitskaya tower is 38.4 meters.

PETROVSKAYA(UGRESHSKAYA)

PETROVSKAYA tower, together with two unnamed ones, was built to strengthen the southern wall, as it was most often attacked. Like the two nameless ones, the Petrovskaya Tower at first had no name. She received her name from the Church of Metropolitan Peter at the Ugreshsky Metochion in the Kremlin. In 1771, during the construction of the Kremlin Palace, the tower, the Church of Metropolitan Peter and the Ugreshsky courtyard were dismantled. In 1783, the tower was rebuilt, but in 1812, the French destroyed it again during the occupation of Moscow. In 1818, the Petrovskaya Tower was restored again. Kremlin gardeners used it for their needs. The height of the tower is 27.15 meters.

Ancient towers. Ancient stone towers of Svaneti (Georgia). Old Town Clock, Prague, Czech Republic

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