Sculptural portrait of the late classics. Late classic
LECTURE
Art of the Classical Period Ancient Greece.
Hellenistic Greece.
The rise of Athens in the middle V century BC is inextricably linked with the activities of Pericles, who led the city for 15 years (444-429 BC). The intellectual elite grouped around him: people of art and science (the poet Sophocles, the architect Hippodamus, the “father of history” Herodotus), famous philosophers. On the slopes Athens Acropolis in the Theater of Dionysus the tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and the comedies of Aristophanes were presented.
The Greeks also worked with "mosaics" - a kind of painting that consists of fixing some very small pieces of stone or glass of different colors in a special paste that is hardened. They did not use mosaics on the walls, but only on the floor. That is why they did not represent in mosaics only very few portraits, more stylized plants and animals or geometric decorative elements, as well as some scenes from public life, especially in the late Hellenistic period.
Acropolis means " main city", and everyone greek city has an acropolis. For modern world The Acropolis of Athens is one that holds the interest and admiration of everyone. At the initiative of Pericles, around 447, Phidias, the great sculptor, was appointed chief architect to coordinate the construction of the Acropolis. The Parthenon Temple was built in 40 years.
During the classical period, the Greeks were engaged in fresco painting on mythological and heroic subjects. Time has not preserved the works, but the names of the masters have survived - Polygnotus, Apollodorus.
In red-figure vase painting, figures are depicted from complex angles (masters Euphrosius, Duris, Brig). By the end V V. BC. Vase painting declines, losing its individuality and turning into a craft.
In the southern part of the plateau, buildings built by Menezil, and which. The old gate was replaced - and the temple of Erechia, which protected various cults. Outside the buildings on the plateau, on the wall of the massive wall that flanked the right, there was a monumental entrance. The small Ionic temple was built in honor of the goddess Athena - Nike - Apteros, in 428 BC.
Famous for its famous relief. The Pinakothek, a gallery of paintings, is located on the massif to the left of the entrance to the Acropolis. Next to the Ereteion, carved by Phidias, there is the Athena Parthenos. Whose spear is visible from the corners. The harmonious ensemble of the Acropolis has become. Not only a holy plateau, the site of the Panathenaic festival, but also an expression of the civilizational ideal of the age.
In this period further development received by the order system. The following main types of Greek temples emerge:
1. temple in anta
2. prostyle
3. amphiprostyle
4. peripter
5. dipter
6. pseudoperipter
7. tholos (rotunda)
Early Classic (first half Vcentury).
Sculpture and architecture are developing as complementary forms of art. There is a gradual transition from archaic chained sculpture to classical, expressing “Olympic calm,” restraint, solemnity (sculpture of the Delphic Charioteer, 476 BC). There was also monumental painting, which has not survived to this day. The temples were also painted and colored. The most famous temple of this time is the Temple of Zeus at Olympia (470-456 BC).
The desire for beauty in the Greeks. Pericles was the great personality of the moment that he decided to fulfill. The sculptor Phidias was the one who created the masterpiece of the ensemble, the one who. I thought and made the project artistically. The Great Phidias created the Parthenon as a huge pearl of the ensemble.
Marble from Pentelic, from which he built the temple, blooming and brilliantly incandescent gem. The Doric style combined with the Ionic style makes the Parthenon one of the wonderful monuments because... Beauty, in the world, is one of the purest examples of perfection.
Dedicated to Athena, the Parthenon is a masterpiece of classical architecture. Like beauty, cause Pantelein's celebration, marking the peak classical sculpture. Along with the Parthenon, the Erechtheion defines its premises as one of the most elegant sanctuaries of Ionic architecture.
High classic.
The sculptors Myron, Polykleitos, and Phidias worked in Athens. Their bronze statues have come down to us in Roman marble copies. I - II centuries. BC.
The sculpture of Myron “Discobolus” was made in 460-450. BC. The author depicts an athlete at the moment of maximum tension before throwing a discus, conveying internal movement with external staticity. The sculpture “Athena and Marsyas” was created by the master for the Acropolis of Athens. The forest creature - Marsyas - selects an instrument, Athena looks at him with anger. The figures are united by action, the imperfection of Marsyas is reflected in the expression of his face, the figure remains perfect.
Relaxed attitude, serene face, slight arch of the foot, let the curtain vibrate in the light. It retains the stern expression of the Doric spirit. The Agora, the place of open meeting, looks on. Overlaying the edges of the porch. Palestinians, a place of learning, receive a monumental appearance.
Theaters at the end of the 5th century. They begin to have stone grabs and receive large markings, ensuring that the performance of theatrical plays was so valued by the Greeks of the time. Ancient Greek art expresses the highest feelings, the noblest words of the Greek citizen of antiquity. Classic works are of great value and are known throughout the world; they gave the ideal of perfection to European art from the first to the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
Polycletus from Argos wrote a theoretical treatise “Canon” (rule), where he accurately calculated the sizes of body parts based on human height as a unit of measurement (head 1/7 of height, face and hand - 1/10, foot - 1/6). Polykleitos expressed his ideal in the restrained, powerful, calmly majestic images of “Doryphoros” (spearman, 450-440 BC), “Early Amazon”.
Ancient Greek science, scripture, famous philosophers such as Socrates, Aristotle. Ancient Greek science, writing, philosophy. The importance of ancient Greek writing, philosophy. Basic systems of philosophy. The most famous philosophers. Historical slides, slides, page 18.
Ancient Greek costumes. Location of Ancient Greece in a geographical area. Features of ancient Greek costume. Swiss suits and fabric features. Features: The image of women of the ancient Greek sign. Artistic Reports, Reports, page 8. The Status of Women in Ancient Greece. Woman in ancient Greek mythology. Thoughts of ancient Greek philosophers about women. The situation in the family and society.
In 480-479 BC. The Persians captured and plundered Athens and the main sanctuaries on the Acropolis. Among the ruins, Phidias creates a 7-meter statue of Athena the warrior (Athena-Pompados) with a spear and shield in her hands as a symbol of the revival of the city (the statue died in XIII V.). Around 448 BC. Phidias creates a 13-meter statue of Zeus for the Temple of Zeus at Olympia (died in V V). From 449 BC The reconstruction of the Athens Acropolis began during the heyday of Greek democracy. Phidias gave sixteen years to the Acropolis. He supervised the construction and carried out sculptural work on the main temple. Once every four years, a party with gifts to the goddess Athena stretched along the sacred road from Athens to the Acropolis (Panathenaic festivals). The procession passed through the main entrance to the hill - Propylaea (architect Mesicles, 437-432 BC), consisting of an Ionic colonnade between two Doric porticos - to the Acropolis square. To the right of the Propylaea, on a ledge of rock stood the temple of Athena Nike (architect Kalskikrat, 449-421 BC) of the Ionic order with a wooden sculpture of Nike Apteros (wingless) inside the temple. The procession headed to the main temple of the Acropolis - the Parthenon (70´ 31m, height 8m) It combines the features of the Doric order (columns) and Ionic (frieze). Here there is proportionality of parts, accuracy of calculations. Inside the temple there was a statue of Athena Parthenos (Athena the Virgin), 13 m high, made by Phidias in 447-438. BC. The last building of the Acropolis was the Erechtheion (dedicated to Athena, Poseidon and the mythical king Erechtheus). On one of the three porticos, instead of columns, the ceiling is supported by caryatids.
Historical Documents, Records, page 12. Ancient Greece lasted about 6 millennia. One of the most famous legends is the Acropolis. Gods of the ancient Greek Olympians. Ancient Greek architecture. They built huge buildings for the gods. Story slides, slides, page 7.
Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. Cognitive sources of antiquity Greek history. Sources of knowledge of ancient Roman history. Significant differences between the current and anti-democratic ones. Summary of History, Summary, page 9. Periodization of Roman History. The most famous Roman decoration. Differences between principle and dominance. The activities of the first dominant rulers. Causes of the collapse of the Roman Republic and Empire. The emergence and spread of Christianity.
The end of High Classics coincides with the deaths of Phidias (431 BC) and Pericles. Pericles said: “We love beauty combined with simplicity, and wisdom without distortion.”
In the architecture of the late classics (410-350 BC), in contrast to the early and high architecture, there is no sense of proportion (mesotes), there is a desire for the grandiose, the outwardly magnificent.
Slides, slides, page 22. Ancient Greek art and art. Ancient Greek art consisted of three periods. Most of the temples were built. Architectural slides, slides, 10 pages. Documents on geography, reports, page 12. Achievements of ancient Greek science. What led to the ancient Greek achievements? Life in an independent city. A large layer of free citizens. Philosophy originated in Greece.
Slides, slides, page 19. Bread Shellfish Fish Beans Nuts The main drink is wine diluted with water. Home Ancient Greek cuisine. Hairstyles and sandals. History slides, slides, page 11. Ancient Greek science and art. Greek scientists and thinkers. The Parthenon is the temple of Athena, the patron saint of Athens, wisdom and goddess of war.
The gigantic tomb of King Mausoleum in Halicarnassus (architects Pinaeus and Satyr, 353 BC), from which the later name “mausoleum” came, ended with a chariot with horses and was decorated with a 150-meter frieze depicting the battle of the Greeks with the Amazons. The mausoleum combined the pomp and solemnity of oriental decor with the grace of the Greek Ionic order.
Geographic slides, slides, page 14. This time interval began with the appearance of the first permanent settlement and continued until the arrival of the Romans in the land of Elad. Any lifestyle, customs, etc. this or any other country. The country's environment is greatly affected. History Summary, Summary, page 2.
Greek territorial administrative organization and governance. Introduction. Greek administrative-territorial units. List of references. Public Administration Homework Homework Page 10 Ancient Greek legends and myths. Class, Lithuanian language. Ten permanent gods of Olympus. Religious Appeals, Summary, p. 9.
During this period, the Corinthian order appeared.
Sculpture shows interest in the spiritual world of man; plastic art reflects its complex, less straightforward characteristics. The masculine beauty of an athlete is replaced by a somewhat feminine, graceful beauty. At this time, the sculptors Praxiteles, Lysippos, and Scopas were working.
Ancient Greek civilization. One example of cards. Geographic slides, slides, page 11. The peoples of Greece and Rome occupied and rebuilt the ancient eastern countries - India. Slides, slides, page 12. Ancient Greece has its own political characteristics and its own cultural achievements. The classical period saw the emergence of major political concepts associated with ancient Greece.
Historical slides, slides, page 13. Ancient Egyptian and Greek art. Art slides, slides, page 16. Art is one of the most important parts of culture. Byzantine art, using classical pagan motifs to glorify Christianity. Famous Greek artists, singers and poets. Famous Greek artists - Renaissance artist El Greco.
Praxiteles owns the first depiction of a naked female figure in Greek art (“Aphrodite of Cnidus”). This image reflects sadness, thoughtfulness, and contemplation. The sculpture “Hermes with Dionysus” was created by the hand of a master. Hermes is the patron of trade and travelers, messenger, courier of the gods.
The sculpture “Maenad” or “Dancing Bacchante” by Skopas is designed to be viewed from all points of view. The Bacchante is the companion of the god of wine Dionysus (among the Romans - Bacchus).
Art slides, slides, page 7. Greek art is somewhat beautiful and interesting, with its characteristic features. Sources. Art slides, slides, page 20. The death of the Trojan is the beginning of her death. The people of northeast Jerusalem begin to fight, they fight against the inhabitants of the Achaemenid Asian peoples, the nation. Stories, reports, page 4.
Greek art has a long history. There are three archaic epics in the history of ancient Greek art. Art slides, slides, page 10. The Kr period was called the golden age. Ceramina forms most ancient Greek archaeological finds. Historical slides, slides, page 6.
Lysippos worked in bronze and, according to ancient writings, left behind 1,500 statues. He showed athletes not at the moment of greatest tension, but, as a rule, at a moment of relaxation, after competitions (“Apoxiamenes cleaning off the sand”, “Hercules at rest”). Lysippos created his own canon of the human body (the head in which is 1/9 of the height). He was the court sculptor of A. Macedonian, he made giant multi-figure compositions and portraits.
The era of the history of Greek art. The main type of ancient Greek building is the temple. Roman marble copy. 240 m Great Altar of Zeus. Famous Greek artists. Art slides, slides, page 33. Old Greek and roman art. The order is the key to Greek architecture and the measure of the same. El Greco is a Spanish artist who was born in Crete.
The Greeks contributed to the development of fine arts, literature and theater. There are three eras in the history of Greek art. Slideshow, slideshow, page 14. Greek architecture and art in the Ancient period. Influenced by Asian minority architecture. It features a realistic depiction of an idealized form. The Greeks did not care about the beauty of the living room. Greek architectural features.
Hellenistic Greece.
This period is associated with the conquests of Philip and then Alexander the Great. The cultures of Ancient Greece and eastern countries. During the Hellenistic era, mathematics, medicine, natural philosophy, and astronomy developed. Their development is associated with the names of Archimedes, Euclid, and the astronomer Hipparchus.
Historical Documents, Reports, page 16. Some more facts about the Greek theater. Well, a few more facts about the Greek theater. The first stone Greek theater. Greek performances or operas took place in such a square. Theater slides, slides, page 15.
Sculpture is a branch of art that includes spatial aesthetics. The Greeks decorated houses, walls, and temples with sculptures. The Romans copied greek statues. According to legends, there were more statues in Athens than living people. The Byzantine heritage is an art and a science. Byzantine style, medieval architecture and artistic style. Emperor Justinian with his Retinue.
Cities are being actively built, often as military settlements. The “Hippodamian system” is used, known since V V. BC. According to it, the streets were laid at right angles, the city was divided into squares of residential areas. The main square, the agora, was the administrative and commercial center.
The architecture gravitated towards gigantic size. A diptera appears - a type of temple with two rows of columns.
Art slides, slides, page 18. In the history of Greek art, four eras can be distinguished. The period is 1 year. The ideal of ancient Greek beauty is the ideal human body. The sculptor's first concern was the canon. Homework, homework, page 5.
Antiquity is the antiquity of the Greeks and Romans, their culture. Multi-storey arched bridges containing water pipes. Art Slides, Slides, page 35. Ancient Egyptian Science and Art. Egyptian art, medicine, mathematical calendar. Ancient Egyptian art tried to reflect eternity and immortality. The Egyptians used complex pharmaceutical methods for boiling maceration. In Egypt, liver medicines were also popular for livestock.
The complex development of the giant power gave rise to the creation of a number of art schools (on the island of Rhodes, Alexandria, Pergamon, and on the territory of Greece itself).
The following sculptures belong to the Rhodian art school: “Nike of Samothakia” (uncontrollable aspiration, solemn image), “Aphrodite of Milo” (sculptor Agesander, 120 BC), “Laocoon with his sons” (masters Agesander, Athenodorus, Polydorus, 40-25 BC, theatrical poses, a lot of detail).
The Alexandrian school correlates with the everyday movement in sculpture (“An old man removing a splinter from his leg”). Decorative sculpture also developed, decorating parks and villas (“Boy with a Goose”).
The Pergamon School is interesting for the Altar of Zeus, created in 180 BC. masters Diosinad, Orestes, Menecrates. A relief frieze 130m long and 2.3m high on the base of the altar depicts the battle of gods with giants. Characterized by exaggerated emotions and emphasized dynamics. The sculpture “Gall Killing Himself and His Wife” belongs to the same school.
Thus, Greek art is associated with the classical period of its heyday, with the development of harmonious architectural proportions (architectonics), with the search for the image of an ideal person, with simplicity and balance, with the clear integrity of what is depicted and embodied.
The concentration of ever greater wealth in the hands of large slave owners leads at the end of the 5th century. BC e. to a decline in the importance of free labor in city-states, to a crisis of slave-owning democracy. The internecine Peloponnesian War deepened the crisis.
Subordination Greek city-states the powerful Macedonian power that emerged in the Balkans, the conquests of Alexander the Great in the East put an end to the classical period of Greek history. The collapse of the poleis led to the loss of the ideal of a free citizen in philosophy and art. The tragic conflicts of social reality gave rise to the emergence of a more complex view of the phenomena of life, of man, and led to significant changes in the field of art, which is becoming somewhat contradictory. He loses clear faith in the possibility of a harmonious and perfect life, and the spirit of civic heroism weakens. However, as before, the main artistic task remained the image of a beautiful person; sculpture continued to be largely associated with architecture. But artists increasingly turned to aspects of human existence that did not fit into the mythological images and ideas of the past. Developing and deepening the achievements of high classics, the leading masters of the 4th century. BC posed the problem of conveying the contradictory experiences of a person, showing a hero torn by deep doubts, entering into a tragic struggle with the hostile forces of the surrounding world. The first successes were achieved in revealing the spiritual life of the individual. There arises, albeit in the most general terms, an interest in everyday life and the characteristic features of a person’s psychological make-up.
Architecture
The development of architecture was uneven. In the first third of the 4th century. BC e. There was a well-known decline in construction activity, reflecting the economic and social crisis of the Greek city-states. This decline was most acutely felt in Athens, which was defeated in the Peloponnesian War. Subsequently, construction developed quite intensively, especially in the periphery.
Buildings of the 4th century. before i. e. followed the principles of the order system. Along with temples, the construction of theaters, which were usually located under open air. Seats for spectators were cut out along the hillside (the theater at Epidaurus had 52 rows of benches), framing a round or semicircular orchestra - a platform on which the choir and artists performed. The acoustics of the theater in Epidaurus are amazingly perfect.
Constructions appeared dedicated to the exaltation of an individual or an autocratic monarch. In honor of the victory in the choir competition, subsidized by the wealthy Athenian Lysicrates, a monument was built in Athens (334 BC), which was a slender cylinder decorated with pilasters.
Erected on a cubic plinth and topped with a cone-shaped roof, it is topped with an acroteria - a kind of stand for the prize - a tripod. The monument, small in size, gives the impression of harmony and grandeur thanks to the skillful use of the Corinthian order. A completely different scale and character of forms distinguishes the Halicarnassus Mausoleum - the grandiose monumental tomb of the Kari ruler Mausolus (c. 353 BC).
Sculpture
The general character of late classical sculpture was determined by the further development of realistic trends.
Skopas. The tragic contradictions of the era found their deepest embodiment in the work of the greatest master of the first half of the 4th century. before i. e. Skopas, who worked in different cities of Ancient Greece. Preserving the traditions of monumental art of high classics, Skopas imbued his works with great drama, striving for a multifaceted disclosure of images, complex feelings and experiences of a person. The heroes of Skopas, like the heroes of high classics, embodied the perfect qualities of strong and valiant people. But gusts of passion disrupted the harmonious clarity of the images and gave them a pathetic character. Skopas discovered the realm of the tragic in man himself, introducing themes of suffering and internal breakdown into art. These are the images of wounded warriors from the pediments of the Temple of Athena in Tegea (mid-4th century BC, Athens, National Archaeological Museum). The head of a warrior from the western pediment is given in a swift, pathetic turn, a sharp, restless play of chiaroscuro emphasizes the dramatic expression. The harmonic structure of the face is disrupted to reveal internal tension.
Head of a wounded warrior from the western pediment of the Temple of Athena-Alen at Tega
Skonas preferred to work in marble, almost abandoning the material favored by the masters of high classics - bronze. Marble made it possible to convey a subtle play of light and shadow, and various textural contrasts. His “Maenad” (“Bacchae”, c. 350 BC, Dresden, Sculptural Collection), which survived in a small damaged antique copy, embodies the image of a man possessed by a violent impulse of passion. The dance of the Maenad is swift, the head is thrown back, the hair falls in a heavy wave onto the shoulders. The movement of the curved folds of her chiton emphasizes the rapid impulse of the body.
Skopas's heroes appear either deeply thoughtful, elegiac, or lively and passionate, but they are always harmonious and significant. The frieze of the Halicarnassus Mausoleum depicting the battle of the Greeks with the Amazons (c. 350 BC, London, British Museum) has been preserved. The part of the frieze performed by Skopas is full of rapid dynamics and tension. The uniform and gradually increasing movement of the Parthenon frieze is replaced by a rhythm of emphatically contrasting oppositions, sudden pauses, and bursts of movement. The sharp contrast of light and shadow emphasizes the drama of the composition. The name of Skopas is associated with a remarkable tombstone of a young man (“Tombstone of a young man from Attica,” c. 340 BC, Athens, National Archaeological Museum).
The influence of Skopas's art on the further development of Greek plastic arts was enormous, and can only be compared with the influence of the art of his contemporary, Praxiteles.
Praxiteles.
In his work, Praxiteles turned to images imbued with the spirit of clear and pure harmony, calm thoughtfulness, and serene contemplation. Praxiteles and Scopas complement each other, revealing the various states and feelings of a person, his inner world.
Having depicted harmoniously developed, beautiful heroes, Praxiteles also discovered a connection with the art of high classics, however, his images, full of grace and subtle feelings, lost the heroic life affirmation and monumental grandeur of the works of the heyday, acquiring a more lyrically refined and contemplative character.
Praxiteles’ mastery is most fully revealed in the marble group “Hermes with Dionysus” (c. 330 BC, Olympia, Archaeological Museum).
Hermes with Dionysus
The graceful curve of the figure of Hermes, the relaxed resting pose of the young slender body, the beautifully inspired face. The master brilliantly uses the ability of marble to convey a soft shimmering play of light and shadow, the finest light and shadow nuances.
Praxiteles created a new ideal of female beauty, embodying it in the image of Aphrodite, who, having taken off her clothes, is about to enter the water. Although the statue was intended for cult purposes, the image of a beautiful naked goddess was freed from solemn majesty. It captivates with its vitality, perfection of forms and proportions, and amazing harmony. The statue was extremely highly valued in ancient times.
Aphrodite of Knidos caused many repetitions in subsequent times, but none of them could compare with the original, since the sensual principle predominated in them, while Aphrodite of Knidos embodied admiration for the perfection of human beauty. Aphrodite of Knidos (before 360 BC) survived in Roman copies, the best of them are kept in the Vatican and Munich Museums, the head of Aphrodite of Knidos is in the Kaufmann collection in Berlin.
Aphrodite of Knidos
Praxiteles sometimes introduced features of everyday life and elements of genre into mythological images. The statue of “Apollo Saurocton” (third quarter of the 4th century BC, Rome, Vatican) is an image of an elegant teenage boy aiming at a lizard running along a tree trunk. This is how the traditional image of the deity is rethought, acquiring a genre-lyrical coloring.
Some of the statues of Praxiteles were skillfully painted by the painter Nicias.
The influence of Praxiteles’ art was later manifested in numerous works of park sculpture from the Hellenistic era, as well as in small plastic works, in particular, in the wonderful terracotta (fired clay) figurines from Tanagra (for example, “Aphrodite in a Shell”, Leningrad, Hermitage, or “Girl , wrapped in a cloak", late 4th century BC, Paris, Louvre). These graceful, graceful female images have retained all their charm and purity. Greek classics. The subtle poetry inherent in the works of Praxiteles continued to live in small plastic for a long time.
If in the art of Scopas and Praxiteles there are still tangible connections with the principles of high classical art, then in the artistic culture of the last third of the 4th century. BC e. these ties weakened.
Leading importance in social and political life ancient world acquired by Macedonia. After the victorious campaigns of Alexander the Great and his conquest of the Greek city-states, and then the vast territories of Asia that became part of the Macedonian state, a new stage in the development of ancient society began - the period of Hellenism.
The breakdown of the old and the emergence of the new in art, and especially in sculpture, led to the demarcation of directions: classicizing, idealistic and realistic, seeking new ways of development based on the processing of the best achievements of the classics.
Leohar. The most prominent representative of the idealizing trend was Leochares, the court master of Alexander the Great. His most famous statue is Apollo Belvedere (c. 340 BC, Rome, Vatican), executed with high professional skill, characterized by calm grandeur and cold solemnity.
Apollo Belvedere
Lysippos.
The largest sculptor of the realistic movement was Lysippos, the last great master of the late classics. The heyday of his work dates back to the 40s and 30s. 4th century BC e., during the reign of Alexander the Great. In the art of Lysippos, as well as in the work of his great predecessors, the task of individualizing the image of a person and revealing his experiences was solved; he introduced more clearly expressed characteristics of age and occupation. What was new in Lysippos’s work was his interest in the characteristically expressive nature of man, as well as the expansion of the visual possibilities of sculpture. He also owned a huge (20 m high) bronze statue of Zeus (which has not survived to this day) and a tabletop figurine of Hercules, made for Alexander the Great.
Lysippos embodied his understanding of the image of man in the statue of a young man scraping sand from himself after a competition - “Apoxiomen” (325-300 BC, Rome, Vatican), which he presented not at the moment of tension, but in state of relaxation. The slender figure of the athlete is shown in a complex spread, as if inviting the viewer to go around the statue. The movement is freely deployed in space. The face expresses fatigue, the deep-set, shadowed eyes look into the distance.
Apoxyomenes
Lysippos skillfully conveys the transition from a state of rest to action and vice versa. This is the image of Hermes resting (330-320 BC, Naples, National Museum).
The work of Lysippos was of great importance for the development of portraiture. The portraits he created of Alexander the Great reveal a deep interest in revealing the spiritual world of the hero. The most notable is the marble head of Alexander (Istanbul, Archaeological Museum), which reveals a complex and contradictory image.
In the art of the late classics, more differentiated images of people of different types and in different states appeared. A student of Lysippos made the head of the fist fighter Satyrus from Olympia (c. 330 BC, Athens, National Archaeological Museum), with merciless realistic observation conveying brute physical strength, primitiveness of spiritual life, gloomy gloominess of character. The author of the portrait of a fist fighter was not interested in assessing and condemning the ugly sides of human character, he only stated them. Thus, turning to a more specific depiction of reality in its individual manifestations, sculpture lost interest in the ideal generalized heroic image, and at the same time the special educational significance that it had in previous periods.
Vases and paintings
Towards the end of the classical period, the nature of vase painting changed. Patterned ornamentation occupied an increasing place in it, heroic motifs gave way to genre and lyrical ones. Painting also evolved in the same direction. According to the figurative decision, “Aphrodite Anadyomene”, a painting by the famous artist of the late 4th century, echoes Praxiteles’ Aphrodite. BC e. Apelles, who enriched the colorful palette and used light and shadow modeling more freely.
The variety of trends in monumental painting of the late classics is vividly illustrated by the unique paintings of an unknown Greek master found in the Kazanlak tomb, in Bulgaria in the 1940s, as well as colorful mosaics in Pella, in Macedonia.
Artistic crafts
During the Late Classic period, artistic crafts continued to flourish. Vases acquired more complex shapes; sometimes craftsmen imitated expensive silver vases in clay with their complex embossing and reliefs, and resorted to multi-color painting. Metal products, silver dishes, gilded cups, etc. became widespread.
The art of late Greek classics completed a long, fruitful path of development of ancient Greek art.