Abstract: General information about natural fires. Classification, striking factors, criteria. Natural fires, their characteristics, Forest Fire Features - Abstract
| Name of parameter | Value |
| Theme of article: | Natural fires |
| Rubric (thematic category) | Population |
Fires - This is an uncontrolled combustion process, entailing the death of people and the destruction of material values.
Most of the forest, peat and field fires occur near population points and outside of roads because of the careless handling of fire, from the unshakable fires, from sparks flying out from exhaust pipes of cars, tractors and other techniques, violations of the rules fire safety, self-burning of dry vegetation and peat, as well as from such a phenomenon of the Nature of Lightning. It is known that 90% of fires arise the obey of human and only 7-8% of the lightning.
Coniferous forests, dry peatlands, ripened bread, dry grass have the greatest ability to fire.
The main types of fireworks of natural disasters covering, as a rule, extensive territories in several hundred, thousands and even millions of hectares are landscape fires - forest and steppe (field).
Fig. 2.9. Forest fire
Forest fires - uncontrollable burning of vegetation, propagating on the forest area (Fig. 2.9).
Forest fires in the intensity of burning are subdivided into weak, medium and strong, and by the nature of the burning - on the grassroots and rigging fires (fluid and stable).
Forest lower fires are characterized by burning forest litter, adder cover and undergrowth without capturing crowns of trees (Fig. 2.10). The speed of movement of the bottom fire is from 0.3 - i m / min. (with a weak fire), up to 15 m / min - I km / h (with a strong fire), the height of the flame - 1-2m , The maximum temperature on the edge of the fire reaches 900 ° C.
Forest riding fires develop, as a rule, from the lower and characterized by burning the crowns of trees (Fig. 2.11). With a fluid runaway, the flame applies mainly from the crown of the crown at high speed reaching 8-25 km / h, leaving sometimes entire areas of the unspoken fire of the forest. With a stable foot fire, not only crowns are covered with fire, but also trees trunks. The flame applies at a speed of 5-8 km / h, covering the entire forest from the soil cover and to the top of the trees.
Fig. 2.10 Forest lower fire Fig. 2.11 Forest riding fire
Underground fires There are as a continuation of the lowered riding forest fires and apply to a depth of 50 cm in the ground and more. The combustion goes slowly, almost without air access, with a speed of 0.1-0.5 m / min with a large amount of smoke and the formation of burnt voids (progars). For this reason, it is necessary to approach the hearth of an underground fire with great care, constantly tugging the soil with a sixth or dipstick. The burning can continue for a long time even in winter under the layer of snow.
Steppe (field) fires There are outdoor areas in the presence of dry grass or ripe bread (Fig. 2.12). ʜᴎʜᴎ wear seasonal character and are more often in summer as the grass ripening (breads), less often in spring and practically absent in winter. The speed of distribution can reach 20-30 km / h.
Fig. 2.12. Steppe fire
The main afflicting factors of natural fires is the fire, high temperature, secondary defeat factors.
Mass natural fires have a devastating effect on forest resources, destroy the flora and fauna, cause damage to the organic layer of soil and its erosion, contaminate the atmosphere of combustion products. Weakened planting fires become sources of plant diseases, recesses mediterranean, water protection and other beneficial features the woods.
Forest fires can lead to mass fires in rural populations, dacha villagers, failure of lines of communication and power transmission, bridges and C / x land. Fires often lead to the defeat of people, causing their death, burns, injuries, serve the cause of the death of C / x and other animals.
The root of the prevention of natural fires is the strengthening of fire protection measures.
To prevent the emergence of fires, it is forbidden to breed fires in the forests, especially coniferous, on peatlands, in the thickets of the reed and cane, near the breads of breads. It is forbidden to leave shards of glass, bottles on the solar forest glade. It is not allowed to smoke in the forest (except for specially equipped sites), at the rolls of beveled bread, as well as during work on combines, tractors, pickles, cars. All cars must be equipped with sparks.
A temporary cessation of access to the forest and transport forest should be installed in the fire hazardous season.
The easiest and at the same time effective way to extinguish fires- Soaring the edge of the fire. To do this, use bundles of branches of 1 - 2 m or small trees of hardwood. A group of 2 - 5 people for 30 - 40 minutes can repay the flooding edge with a length of up to 1000 meters. You can throw the edge of the fire with loose soil.
On the way of the movement of the fire, the barrier and minaserized bands and ditches are arranged, stewed with water or solutions of fire extinguishing chemicals, allowed oncoming fire (annealing).
The main way to extinguish the underground peat fire - Paving the burning territory of the peat by fedleful ditch. You can pour the spots of peat combustion of a powerful water jet.
In cases where the fire is approaching the population located in the forest, it may be extremely important to evacuate people. The conclusion or removal of people is carried out in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the wind (fire). It is extremely important to move not only on the roads, but also along rivers and streams. Roth and nose It is advisable to close the wet voiced marlay bandage.
To reduce the possibility of fires, every citizen is obliged to strictly comply with the established rules for preventing them in residential buildings and in enterprises, in forests and in peatlands, in the field and other places. Malicious violators, on the Wine of which there were fires caused significantly material damage, are prosecuted.
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Faculty FEF
Department environmental and Economic Policy
abstract
on the topic: « General About natural fires. Classification, striking factors, criteria "
Is done by a student __ 1 ___ Kursa
___11_ __Groups
Specialty Accounting, analysis and audit
AB-Ganeyev Asia Rinatna
(surname, first name, patronymic student)
«_ 11 _»___ december _____ 2010
(student's signature)
Reviewer associate Professor Rogozin V.F. (Position, Surname I.O. Teacher)
Introduction 3.
General information about natural fires. four
Classification of natural fires. 7.
Agrowing fire factors. 13
Criteria fires. fourteen
Conclusion. fifteen
Used Books. sixteen
Introduction
Today, in the century of technical progress, the development of science and technology in the world there are many different types of accidents, a disaster, certainly related to the death of people, with the destruction of material values, with the emergence of serious violations of ecology, etc.
Extraordinary situation of natural nature becomes increasingly relevant. The number of flooding, earthquakes, eruptions of volcanoes increases every year, the increasing number of people die in them.
TO emergency situations Natural nature includes natural fires. Forest fires are one of the most serious problems of Russian forests. Recently total area Forests are incommensurable. And one of the reasons for such a reduction is forest and peat fires. Currently, many forest fires occur annually, and catastrophic outbreaks of forest and peat fires increase. The harm that they bring humanity is huge, especially if you consider not only direct, but also indirect damage. Fire is a spontaneous (uncontrollable) combustion, which has spread to the forest area, surrounded by a non-hearing territory. In the forest area, which extends the fire, includes open forest areas. One fire belongs to the entire area covered with fire, surrounded by a non-affordable territory.
General information about natural fires.
A fire that occurs in environmental conditions is called natural.
The concept of natural fires includes forest fires, fire and breadfire fires, peat and underground fires of combustible fossils. To the most common natural phenomena, leading to the destruction of forestseed arrays and other material values, and sometimes human victims include forest fires. Statistics show that they arise in 8 - 10% of cases of spontaneously, and in 90% of cases due to human fault.
In Russia, on average, annually burns out from 30 to 50 thousand hectares of forests. Depending on the nature of the ignition and the composition of the forest, fires are divided into lower, rigid, soil. Almost all of them at the beginning of their development are the nature of the lower and, if certain conditions are created, they are going to the upper and soil.
The most important characteristics are the rate of spreading and riding fires, the depth of the underground increase. Fires are divided into weak, medium and strong. In the speed of the spread of fire, the grassroots and the rigid are divided into stable and runaway. The speed of propagation of a weak bottom fire does not exceed 1 m / min, medium - from1 to 3 m / min, strong - over 3 m / min ... weak riding has a speed of up to 3 m / min., Middle up to 100 m / min., And strong - Over 100 m / min ... the weak underground is such a fire, in which the depth does not exceed 25 cm., Middle - from 25 to 50 cm., Strong - more than 50 cm ...
Natural fires are very dangerous and often repetitive emergencies. They lead to the destruction of forests, death of animals and plants, impaired heat balance in the fire zone, contamination of the atmosphere of combustion products, to soil erosion. Often, natural fires are the cause of injury, diseases, the death of people.
Causes of fires
The source of natural fires may be natural reasons: the discharge of lightning, self-burning, friction of trees. In the overwhelming majority of cases, natural fires are a consequence of a person's violation of fire safety requirements. Approximately 60-70% of natural fires occur within a radius of 5 kilometers from settlements. In this zone, most often people spend time "in nature".
The main reasons for the occurrence of natural fires: a nonposted cigarette, burning match, smoldering flies after a shot, oil rags or rags, a glass bottle, refracting rays of sunlight, sparks from the silencer vehicle, combustion of old grass, stubble, garbage near the forest or peatman, clearing with forest areas for agricultural use or arrangement of forest pastures. One of the main potential sources of natural fires is the fire. In some cases, natural fires become a consequence of an intentional arson, a technogenic accident or catastrophe.
Bans to prevent fire in the natural environment:
Throw in the forest burning matches, cigarettes, smoldering rags;
To breed a fire in thick thickets and in coniferous young, under low-hanging crowns of trees, near the warehouses of wood, peat, in close proximity to the ripening farmcultum;
Leave in the forest Self-coiled materials: rags and rags impregnated with oil, gasoline, glass dishes, which can focus the sunbeam in sunny weather and ignite dry vegetation;
Slice dry grass on forest glades, in the gardens, in the fields, under the trees;
Roggle reed;
Breed a fire in windy weather and leave it unattended;
Leave the fire burning after leaving the parking lot.
When a natural fire is found, try to eliminate the focus of ignition by our own; If it failed to do, lose quickly dangerous zone, be sure to report on the place of fire in forest security, administration, police, rescue service.
Classification of natural fires.
Natural fires include forest, steppe, peat, underground, as well as possible combinations.
Forest fires
Forest fire is an uncontrolled burning of vegetation, spontaneously spreading through the forest area. The phenomenon is very fast and frequent. Such disasters and emerging associations of emergencies occur in various regions of the country annually and largely depend on behavior in the forest forest. Forest fires destroy trees and shrubs, prepared in the forest products, buildings and structures. Weakened planting fires become the foci of harmful diseases, which leads to the death of not only affected by fire, but also adjacent to them landings. As a result of fires, protective, water protection and other useful properties of the forest are reduced, valuable fauna is destroyed, the planned maintenance of L / X and the use of forest resources is disturbed. Up to 80% of fires occur due to violation by the population of fire safety measures when dealing with fire in places of labor and recreation, as well as as a result of use in the forest of faulty techniques. In the areas of logging areas, forest fires occur mainly in the spring when cleaning the cutting lights with firing methods - burning remnants. Forest fires may be a consequence of the insufficiently established service of observing the state of the forest and the late alerts of the relevant bodies on the fires arises in the forest and transform them into mass.
Depending on what elements of the forest spreads fire, fires are divided:
Forest fire classification is shown in Figure 1.
Most often, low-level fires are observed - about 90% of their total number. In this case, the fire applies only to the adrenal cover, covering the lower parts of the trees and protruding the surface of the roots.
Low fires are divided into fluid and stable. With a lower fluid fire burns alive and dead inspection cover, lev saming, fallen leaves and needles, burn the bark of the bottom of the trees and naked roots, coniferous teen and undercomes. Such a fire applies at high speed, bypassing places with high humidity, so part of the area remains unaffected by fire. Fight fires most often occur in the spring, when only the most upper layer Small combustible materials.
With a stable lower fire, the litter burns, the roots and bark of trees are burning greatly, the teen and undercomes are completely burned. Usually sustainable fires begin with the middle of the summer, when the litter creates.
With a lower fluid fire, a flamicly combustion type prevails, with a stable - translation.
Break riding steady and horseback raid fires. Especially great damage causes riding fires when the crowns of the trees of the upper tier are burning. Running riding fires are characteristic both for the first and second half of summer.
Analyzing the causes of the emergence and the process of the development of forest fires It is not difficult to note that the fire hazard in forests significantly depends on the weather conditions, for the prediction of which there are currently quite perfect methods. The greatest probability of forest fires in the fire hazardous season (April-November). The greatest impact on fire danger in the forest: precipitation, air temperature and its humidity, wind and cloudiness.
Peat fires.
Under the influence of temperature, humidity, the biological structure of peat plants and a number of other causes, peat is gradually decomposed. The higher the degree of the decomposition of the peat, the more it is subject to fire. Because Such peat has a smaller humidity, a large average density and heat capacity. The speed of burnout peat into the windless weather or at a weak wind is 0.18 kg / sq. M.
With wind speed, 3 m / s and the boleenere is scattered with burning peat particles in the wind at considerable distances. Sparks, falling on the layer of the dried peat, located on the surface, ignite this layer and form new foci of burning. There is a fire distribution in the direction of wind.
The movement of fire on the surface of the solid line without the registration of foci formed by the sparks spread by the wind, is customary to be called the speed of moving the fire, and the rate of movement of fire, taking into account the foci, formed from the sparks - the rate of fire distribution.
Depending on the rate of fire promotion, 4 front of peat fire are distinguished:
Head (main) moving in the direction of wind with highest speed;
Two side (flanking) moving on the parties from the head front and at a lower speed;
The rear moving toward the opposite direction of the wind (towards the wind), and at the lowest speed.
A large influence on the development of peat fires has the time of year and day, as well as meteorological factors. At night, the fire is developing slower, because The temperature of the peat surface below the deposit temperature, and as a result, the moisture rises into its upper layers. In addition, the wind will usually subsides at night and dew drops.
The development of peat fires can be divided into three periods.
The first is the initial - the sunbathing of the peat. It is characterized by a small area of \u200b\u200bthe focus, a small speed of combustion, relatively low temperature and weak smoke in the burning zone. The duration of the sunbathing period ranges from a few minutes to several hours and depends on the humidity of the peat, wind speed, temperature and relative humidity.
The second is characterized by intense burning with increasing speed and temperature. Fire area increases rapidly, reaching somewhat several thousand sq.m. The ambient temperature increases, smoke spreads to a large distance.
The third - the fire applies the most intensively and on a very large area, is a multiple hectares. The fire is characterized by a high temperature in the burning zone and strong smoke.
In the foci of peat fires there are diluted from the burnt, fallen trees and the cavity of the burneda peat that people and technique may fall.
Underground peat fires themselves spread very slowly and usually arise from the grassroots, in which the fire is plunged throughout the fire with separate foci. Therefore, the priority task is to extinguish the lower fire. Then proceed to the elimination of the underground fire foci. To extinguish underground fires, solutions of chemicals or "wet" water supplied under pressure by injection by injecting a peat layer using fire or polyvoy machine, equipped with hoses with perforated trunks - peaks. You can localize underground fires by creating ditch around them with groovers, trenchers, bulldozers or explosive methods. The depth of the canvas must reach the level of groundwater or reach the mineral soil, drowning into it by 20 cm, i.e. It should be equal to:
External slopes canvas fall asleep with mineral soil. The ditch is appropriate to fill with water. Considering that the edge of underground fires is noticeable everywhere, when extinguishing such fires it is necessary to be taken care to avoid people and cars in the burnt pits or cavities.
Underground fires.
Underground fires arise in mines, mineral mining solids. Their causes are like external thermal impulses (careless handling of fire, malfunction of electrical equipment, friction of moving parts of machines and mechanisms), and self-burning coal, angry rocks, sulfide ores. A special danger is underground fires in places of accumulation of explosive substances, including methane, coal and sulfide dust. The prevention of underground fires and the prevention of their consequences are that, along with common fire and preventive measures (the use of non-combustible materials for fastening mountain workings, faintly conveyor belts and electrical cables in non-combustible shells, a device for a branched network of fire water supply, etc.). It is envisaged to apply special deposits and field preparation schemes. They allow localizing the area in the event of a fire and remove fire gases into a general-cheat outgoing jet of air, bypassing the rest of the sites on which people are located.
Steppe fires.
Steppe fires are a consequence of the ignition of dry grass or mature crops of crops and apply to windy weather at a speed of up to 120 km / h.
Agrowing fire factors.
The main affecting factors include the immediate effect of fire (combustion), high temperature and heat emissions, gas medium; Skurning and gas supply of premises and territory toxic combustion products. People who are in the burning zone are most of all suffer, as a rule, from open fire and sparks, elevated ambient temperature, toxic combustion products, smoke, reduced oxygen concentration.
Open fire. Cases of direct exposure to open fire on people are rare. Most often, the defeat comes from radiant fluxes emitted by the flame.
Wednesday temperature. The greatest danger For people, it represents inhalation of heated air, leading to the burn of the upper respiratory tract, suffocation and death. So, at temperatures above 100 ° C, a person loses consciousness and dies in a few minutes. Also the skin burns are also dangerous.
Loss of visibility due to smoke. The success of the evacuation of people in a fire can be provided only with their unhindered movement. Evacuated must necessarily clearly see evacuation outputs or output pointers. With loss of visibility, the movement of people becomes chaotic. As a result, the evacuation process is hampered, and then can become unmanageable.
Reduced oxygen concentration. Under the conditions of fire, the concentration of oxygen in the air decreases. Meanwhile, the decrease of it even 3% causes the deterioration of the engineering functions of the body. A concentration of less than 14% is considered dangerous; With it, brain activity and coordination of movements are disturbed.
Criteria fires.
According to official statistics, the fire is covered up to 2 million hectares of the forest per year, and according to unofficial - up to 14 million hectares (this is 140 times the area of \u200b\u200bMoscow). Why such difference? Very simple: about a third, that is, 200 of the 600 million hectares of Russian forests officially (!) Is out of the fire protection zone, and there are no significant statistics on the number and area of \u200b\u200bfires. For the rest of the terrain, data on fires are also far from always reliable.
So, according to official data in 2007, one million hectares of Russian forests burned down in fires. And the International Organization of International Forest Fire News with reference to our "Avialesochran" calls the figure, ten times (!) Large.
According to official data, about 67% of forest fires and 95% of forest covered area has accounted for 24 subjects of the Russian Federation. This is Chita, Irkutskaya, Amur, Belgorod, Ryazan, Voronezh, Arkhangelsk, Volgograd, Rostov, Nizhny Novgorod, Ulyanovsk region, Komi, Tyva, Buryatia, Khakassia, Krasnodar, Stavropol, Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk region, Yamalo-Nenets, Khanty-Mansiysk, Chukotka, Ust-Orda Buryat and Agini Buryat autonomous districts.
The most fire-hazardous territories were the Chita region and the Khabarovsk region, they had 56% of the territory passed by fire.
Unfortunately, official statistics practically does not take into account fires outside the territories of the State Forest Foundation. In particular, huge areas covered with fire of herbal fires are not taken into account.
Conclusion.
Emergency statistics show that in Russia the proportion of natural fires and emergencies caused by approximately 24% of the total number of natural situations. Thus, the problem of natural fires is one of the serious and requiring special attention. To solve this problem, it is necessary to improve the machinery and equipment of the Ministry of Emergency Situations to extinguish fires on natural. In the densely populated areas of Russia, it is necessary when planning and maintaining forestry leave crops, especially dangerous in the fireplace. An effective national satellite monitoring system of fires should be created, providing direct reception of satellite information by all both state and independent, including public receiving stations.
Used Books.
3. Korovin G.N., Isaev A.S., the protection of forests from fires as the most important element of the national security of Russia. "Forest Bulletin", № 8-9 1998
4. Methodical instructions To study the topic "Emergencies associated with fires and explosions" / Sost. CM. Serbia, G.A. Coluteev. M.: Publishing House Ros. ECON. Acad., 1999. 34 p.
Test
on discipline life safety
Topic 6: Natural Fires
Performed: Student Balandin Elena Vladimirovna
Group: Zipob-14-1
CIFR: 44.03.05
Lecturer: Kuvolov I.A.
Magnitogorsk
What features are natural fires classified?
A fire that occurs in environmental conditions is called natural.
The concept of natural fires includes forest fires, fire and breadfire fires, peat and underground fires of combustible fossils. The most common natural phenomena leading to the destruction of forestseed arrays and other material values, and sometimes human victims include forest fires. Statistics show that they arise in 8 - 10% of cases of spontaneously, and in 90% of cases due to human fault.
In Russia, on average, annually burns out from 30 to 50 thousand hectares of forests. Depending on the nature of the ignition and the composition of the forest, fires are divided into lower, rigid, soil. Almost all of them at the beginning of their development are the nature of the lower and, if certain conditions are created, they are going to the upper and soil.
The most important characteristics are the rate of spreading and riding fires, the depth of the underground increase. Fires are divided into weak, medium and strong. In the speed of the spread of fire, the grassroots and the rigid are divided into stable and runaway. The speed of propagation of a weak bottom fire does not exceed 1 m / min, medium - from1 to 3 m / min, strong - over 3 m / min. Weak riding has a speed of up to 3 m / min., Average up to 100 m / min., And strong - Over 100 m / min .. The weak underground is such a fire, in which the depth of the exhaust does not exceed 25 cm., average - from 25 to 50 cm., Strong - more than 50 cm.
Natural fires are very dangerous and often repetitive emergencies. They lead to the destruction of forests, death of animals and plants, impaired heat balance in the fire zone, contamination of the atmosphere of combustion products, to soil erosion. Often, natural fires are the cause of injury, diseases, the death of people.
Natural Fire Definition and Characteristics
From the point of view of the production of works related to fire extinguishing,
rescue people and material values, classification of fires
produced in three zones:
Individual fires;
Mass and solid fires;
Flowing fires and thoughts in the bumps.
Fires are also divided into forest, peat, steppe, fires in populated areas, gas, gas-chaff and petroleum products.
The zone of individual fires is areas in the territories
which arise fires in separate areas, in separate zones and production facilities. Such fires are dispersed throughout the area, which allows the rapid organization of their mass extinguishing with the involvement of all available forces and funds.
The zone of mass and solid fires is the territory where there is
such a lot of fires and fires that passage and finding in it
the relevant units without conducting activities on localization or extinguishing are impossible, and the management of rescue work is difficult. Such zones occur under conditions of continuous development, compactness of forest arrays, clusters of a large number of combustible materials.
A variety of solid fire is a fiery storm. It
characterized by the presence of air convergence arising in
the result of the burning of a large number of materials, which causes the formation of a convection flow to which, in turn, rush air masses at a speed of 15 m / s. The conditions for the occurrence of the fire storm are: the presence of construction or spreading of a fuel material on an area of \u200b\u200bup to 1000 hectares, reduced relative humidity (less than 30%), the presence of a certain amount of combustible materials on the appropriate area. In terms of wood - about 200 kg / m2 on Square 1 km2.
The zone of fading fires and tanks in the breakdown is characterized by strong
skurning and long (over two days) combustion in the ribbons. The effects of the respective units are limited to the danger to the lives of people, due to thermal radiation and the release of toxic products of combustion.
Dangerous smoke is considered to be like visibility
it exceeds 10 m. The concentration of carbon oxide in the air is up to 0.2%. Waste american poisoning of people during their stay in the zone for 30-60 minutes, and at a concentration of 0.5-0.7% within a few minutes.
The cause of the death of people can be a high temperature of the smoked medium. Inhalation of combustion products heated to 60 ° C, even at 0.1% of the content of carbon oxide leads to a fatal outcome.
Forest fires represent unmanaged burning of vegetation, spreading through the territory of the forest. Depending on what heights the fire applies, forest fires are divided into lower,
underground and riding.
Low forest fires develop as a result of the combustion of the undergrowth
coniferous rocks, capped layer of pioneering (fallen needles, leaves, bark,
vallery, stumps) and living vegetation (moss, lichen, herbs, shrubs). The front of the lower fire with strong wind moves at a speed of up to 1 km / h, with a height of 1.5-2 m.
Low fires can be a speed and usual. Firefires are characterized by a rapidly moving flame and a smoke of light gray. Conventional lower fires apply relatively slowly. They are distinguished by the full combustion of the living and dead inspection cover.
High forest fires are the combustion of the pre-cover and biomass of the stand. The speed of their distribution is 25 km / h. Develop from lower fires when drought is combined with windy weather.
High fires can be a speed and ordinary.
Underground (soil) Forest fires are stages of development
low fires. They arise in areas with peat soils. The fire penetrates under the ground through the slots in the trunks of the trees. The burning occurs slowly, free. After the combustion of the roots of the trees fall, forming the ruins.
Peat fires - are the result of the fire of peat layers on
different depth. They cover large areas. Peat burns slowly, on the depth of the occurrence. The burnt places are dangerous, as they fall into their areas of roads, technique, people, at home.
Steppe fires occur in open areas with dry
vegetation. With a strong wind, the speed of the spread of fire is 25 km / h.
Fire - uncontrolled burning, causing material damage, harm and health of citizens, the interests of society and the state.
Approximately 80% of all fires occur due to human fault due to violation of fire safety measures when handling fire, as well as as a result of the use of faulty techniques. It happens that fires arise as a result of a lightning strike during a thunderstorm.
Natural fire is an uncontrolled combustion process, spontaneously emerging and spreading in a natural environment.
Natural fires are divided into forest and steppe fires.
Forest fire - spontaneous or man warning fire in forest ecosystems.
On the territory of the Russian Forest Foundation, Russia annually registers from 10 to 30 thousand forest fires, often host the nature of natural disasters. The main part of the area passed by fire is to the districts of Siberia and the Far East. In these areas, the forest fire is a forest forming factor determining the structure and dynamics of the forest fund.
The most important characteristic of the forest fire is the speed of its propagation, which is determined by the speed of promoting its edge, i.e. Burning strips along the contour of the fire.
Forest fires depending on the sphere of the spread of fire, are divided into lower, riding and underground (peat).
The lower fire is a fire spreading along the ground and in the lower tiers of forest vegetation. With a grassland fire, a forest litter is lit, herbal - shrub cover, teen and undergrowth.
The lower fire is most often occurring in deciduous forests, while the height of the flame comes to 1.5-2 meters, and the spreading rate usually does not exceed 1-3 meters per minute, the temperature of the fire in the fire zone is 400-900 ° C. Low fires are most frequent and up to 98% of the total number of lighting.
Horse fire is most dangerous. It begins with strong wind and covers the crowns of trees. The fire is moving along the crowns of trees, the speed of its distribution in the windless weather can reach 3-4 km / h, in windy - 25-30 km / h or more.
The conductor of burning, in the root fires, serves as a layer of needles, foliage and branches of the crown space. The temperature in the fire zone rises to 1100 ° C. The wind spreads burning sparks that create new foci of fire for several dozen, and then hundreds of meters from the main focus.
The underground (peat) fire is a fire at which a peat layer of wetlands and marsh soil is lit. It is characterized by a low speed of promotion (about 0.5 m / min). A characteristic feature of peat fires is the flameless burning of peat with the accumulation of a large amount of heat. Peat fires are characterized by the fact that they are very difficult to stew. The cause of the emergence (ignition) of the peat fire is overheating the surface of the peat swamp, drained or natural, when overheating its surface with the rays of the sun or as a result of a careless circulation of people with fire.
The causes of fire and breadfire fires may be thunderstorms, the accidents of ground and air transport, Accidents of harvest equipment, terrorist acts and negligent opening treatment. The most fire-hazard furnishings are in the late spring and at the beginning of summer, when it is dry and hot weather.
Methods of extinguishing fires
The simplest and however, a fairly effective way to extinguish the weak and medium fires is to overvalue the edge of the fire. To do this, the branches of the branches are 1-2 m. Or small trees are predominantly hardwood. A group of 3-5 people for 40-50 minutes is capable of overwrching the edge of the fire with a length of up to 1000 meters.
When the winding of the fire does not give proper effect, you can throw the fire edge with loose soil. To do this, it is best to use special techniques, but sometimes you have to do this manually. One person in half an hour can fall asleep about 20 meters of fire edge.
In order for the fire did not apply further, they arrange earthbands and wide ditches on the path of its movement. Strips should not have vegetation and any other materials contributing to the burning. When the fire comes to such a strip, it stops.
It is widely used to combat fire fires, when another counter shaft is created to meet the moving shaft of the fire. When these two shafts meet, there is nowhere to spread fire. When organizing a counter shaft, it is necessary to take into account the direction of the wind and the direction of the spread of fire.
If the fire failed to stop, and it approaches the settlement, follows, in addition to the adoption of all fire-fighting measures, proceed to evacuating the population. The conclusion or removal of people should be produced in the direction perpendicular to the spread of fire. At the same time, it follows not only on the roads, but also along the streams and rivers, but if necessary, along the water itself. Mouth and nose It is advisable to cover with a wet vanity-gauze bandage or a towel.
Indirect signs of forest fire approximation are:
Stable smell Gary, brought by the wind;
Thinking over the forest massif fog-shaped smoke;
Restless behavior of animals, birds, insects;
Night glow, in one of the horizon points, gradually expanding on the sides.
When a fire is detected:
Do not rush and do not give in to panic;
Analyze the situation, determine the path of evacuation, for what to climb to the elevated point on the ground or climb on a high tree and carefully look around. Reveal the boundaries of the fire focus, direction and approximate speed of its distribution;
Halfing from a fire should be on bare islands and fellows located in the middle of large lakes, on the bare parts of the swamps, on the rock vertices of the ridges located above the forest level, on glaciers;
It is necessary to leave the fire in the windward side (that is, go to the wind), in the direction, perpendicular to the spread of fire, trying to bypass the fire from the side, in order to go to the rear.
Rules of behavior in the fireplace:
It is necessary to clean around itself possible a large area from foliage, herbs and branches;
It is necessary to richly moisten clothes, mouth and nose It is advisable to cover with a wet vanity-gauze bandage or a towel, remove all melting clothes;
Get rid of fuel and flammable equipment, if there is an opportunity, then periodically wet the dried plots of material on clothing;
rumble into wet soil;
Head, limbs, open areas of the body to wind through any non-flammable material, if possible, smileing it with water, but not very tight, so that during fire can be instantly removed.
In a dry season and in fire hazardous places, special caution should be taken when handling fire:
The place intended for the bonfire needs to be purified from dry grass, leaves, branches and other forest garbage;
Do not divide the fire near the hanging crowns of trees, in coniferous youngsters, among the dry roaster and on the peatlar;
Do not leave a fire unattended;
Do not leave the place of the prival, without making sure that the fire is awesome;
In the steppes, the fire is better to breed in areas of bare land;
Near the fire should always be duty - bonfire;
If there are small foci of fire, they need to immediately extinguish: to fill with water, fall asleep sand, earth, cover with tarpaulin slices, covering oxygen access, tap and knock down with wet rags or bunches of branches;
It is categorically unacceptable to put fire to the forest for the purpose of feeding the disaster signal.
The main types of lesions during fires are burns and carbon monoxide. When assisting, it is necessary, first of all, to pay off on the victims of burning clothes, and put sterile dressings on the oborced surface. In the event of damage to people, carbon monoxide should immediately remove them from the zones of intensive smoke and, if necessary, make artificial respiration.
It should be remembered that emergency situations may be accompanied by various infectious diseases that can be infected, eating dirty and infected water, food, as well as in infection through damaged human skin, etc.
abstract
in the course "Safety of vital activity"
on the topic: "Natural fires"
Content
Introduction
Today, in the century of technical progress, the development of science and technology in the world there are many different types of accidents, a disaster, certainly related to the death of people, with the destruction of material values, with the emergence of serious violations of ecology, etc.
Extraordinary situation of natural nature becomes increasingly relevant. The number of flooding, earthquakes, eruptions of volcanoes increases every year, the increasing number of people die in them.
Natural fires relate to natural emergencies. Forest fires are one of the most serious problems of Russian forests. Recently, the total area of \u200b\u200bforests is incommensurable. And one of the reasons for such a reduction is forest and peat fires. Currently, many forest fires occur annually, and catastrophic outbreaks of forest and peat fires increase. The harm that they bring humanity is huge, especially if you consider not only direct, but also indirect damage. Fire is a spontaneous (uncontrollable) combustion, which has spread to the forest area, surrounded by a non-hearing territory. In the forest area, which extends the fire, includes open forest areas. One fire belongs to the entire area covered with fire, surrounded by a non-affordable territory.
1. The concept of "fire" and "fire safety"
Fire is a burning outside a special focus that is not controlled and can lead to massive damage and death of people, as well as to apply environmental, material and other harm.
Fire safety is the state of the object at which the possibility of fire is eliminated, and in the event of its occurrence, the necessary measures are used to eliminate the negative impact of hazardous factors of fire on people, structures and material values.
Fire safety can be provided with fire prevention and active fire protection measures. Fire prevention includes a set of measures aimed at preventing a fire or reduce its consequences. Active fire protection measures ensuring successful struggle against fires or explosive situations.
Fire protection is intelligenting the most effective, economically appropriate and technically sound methods and means of preventing fires and their elimination with minimal damage with the most rational use of forces and technical means of extinguishing.
2. General information about natural fires.
A fire that occurs in environmental conditions is called natural.
The concept of natural fires includes forest fires, fire and breadfire fires, peat and underground fires of combustible fossils. The most common natural phenomena leading to the destruction of forestseed arrays and other material values, and sometimes human victims include forest fires. Statistics show that they arise in 8 - 10% of cases of spontaneously, and in 90% of cases due to human fault.
In Russia, on average, annually burns out from 30 to 50 thousand hectares of forests. Depending on the nature of the ignition and the composition of the forest, fires are divided into lower, rigid, soil. Almost all of them at the beginning of their development are the nature of the lower and, if certain conditions are created, they are going to the upper and soil.
The most important characteristics are the rate of spreading and riding fires, the depth of the underground increase. Fires are divided into weak, medium and strong. In the speed of the spread of fire, the grassroots and the rigid are divided into stable and runaway. The speed of propagation of a weak bottom fire does not exceed 1 m / min, medium - from1 to 3 m / min, strong - over 3 m / min. Weak riding has a speed of up to 3 m / min., Average up to 100 m / min., And strong - Over 100 m / min .. The weak underground is such a fire, in which the depth of the exhaust does not exceed 25 cm., average - from 25 to 50 cm., Strong - more than 50 cm.
Natural fires are very dangerous and often repetitive emergencies. They lead to the destruction of forests, death of animals and plants, impaired heat balance in the fire zone, contamination of the atmosphere of combustion products, to soil erosion. Often, natural fires are the cause of injury, diseases, the death of people.
2. Against the emergence of fires
The source of natural fires may be natural reasons: the discharge of lightning, self-burning, friction of trees. In the overwhelming majority of cases, natural fires are a consequence of a person's violation of fire safety requirements. Approximately 60-70% of natural fires occur within a radius of 5 kilometers from settlements. In this zone, most often people spend time "in nature".
The main reasons for the occurrence of natural fires: a nonpositive cigarette, a burning match, smoldering flies after a shot, oil rags or a rag, a glass bottle, refracting rays of sunlight, sparks from a vehicle silencer, burning old grass, stroke, garbage near the forest or peatlar, clearing with The help of fire of forest areas for agricultural use or arrangement of forest pastures. One of the main potential sources of natural fires is the fire. In some cases, natural fires become a consequence of an intentional arson, a technogenic accident or catastrophe.
Bans to prevent fire in the natural environment:
Throw in the forest burning matches, cigarettes, smoldering rags;
- to breed a fire in thick thickets and in coniferous young, under low-hanging crowns of trees, near the warehouses of wood, peat, in close proximity to the ripening agricultural curtulines;
- leave in the forest Self-coiled materials: rags and rags, soaked in oil, gasoline, glassware, which can focus the sunlight in sunny weather and ignite dry vegetation;
- burn dry grass on forest glades, in gardens, in the fields, under the trees;
- To upload Ramysh
- breed a fire in windy weather and leave it unattended;
- Leave the fire burning after leaving the parking lot.
When a natural fire is found, try to eliminate the focus of ignition by our own; If this could not be done, quickly leave the dangerous zone, be sure to inform the place of fire to the forest guard, the administration, the police, the rescue service.
3. Classification of natural fires.
Natural fires are divided into:
- Forest fires.
Peat fires.
Steppe fires.
Landscape fires.
In the speed of the spread of fire Snow and riding fires are divided into sustainable and runaway.
Distribution speed:
weak The lower fire does not exceed 1 m / min (the height of a weak bottom fire up to 0.5 m);
medium from 1 m / min to 3 m / min (middle height - up to 1.5 m);
strong Over 3 m / min. (The height of the strong is over 1.5 m).
Riding fire, distribution speed:
weak up to 3 m / min;
average up to 100 m / min;
strong over 100 m / min.
The strength of the soil fire is determined by the depths of burnout:
a weak soil (underground) fire is considered such that the depth of the exhaust does not exceed 25 cm;
average - 25-50 cm;
strong - more than 50 cm.
Square assessment:
safety - the fire covered 0.1-2 hectares;
small - 2-20 hectares;
average - 20-200 hectares;
large - 200-2000 hectares;
catastrophic - more than 2000 hectares.
Low forest fires develop as a result of the combustion of the undergrowth of coniferous rocks, the superior layer of the pole (fallen needles, leaves, bark, dealer, stumps) and living vegetation (moss, lichens, herbs, shrubs). High forest fires are the combustion of the pre-cover and biomass of the stand. Underground (soil) Forest fires are stages of the development of grassroots fires. They arise in areas with peat soils. The fire penetrates under the ground through the slots in the trunks of the trees. The burning occurs slowly, free. After the combustion of the roots of the trees fall, forming the ruins.
Peat fires - are the result of the fire of peat layers at different depths. They cover large areas. Peat burns slowly, on the depth of the occurrence.
A large influence on the development of peat fires has the time of year and day, as well as meteorological factors. At night, the fire develops slower, as the temperature of the peat surface is lower than the deposit temperature, and as a result, moisture rises into its upper layers. In addition, the wind will usually subsides at night and dew drops.
The development of peat fires can be divided into three periods.
First - initial - Safety peat. It is characterized by a small area of \u200b\u200bthe focus, a small speed of combustion, relatively low temperature and weak smoke in the burning zone. The duration of the sunbathing period ranges from a few minutes to several hours and depends on the humidity of the peat, wind speed, temperature and relative humidity.
Second - It is characterized by intense burning with increasing its speed and temperature. The fire area is rapidly increasing, reaching several thousand square meters. m. Enhance the ambient temperature, the smoke spreads to a large distance.
The third - The fire applies most intensively and on a very large area, calculated by several hectares. The fire is characterized by a high temperature in the burning zone and strong smoke.
Underground peat fires themselves spread very slowly and usually arise from the grassroots, in which the fire is plunged throughout the fire with separate foci.
Steppe fires There are outdoor areas with dry vegetation. With a strong wind, the speed of the spread of fire is 25 km / h. In cities and settlements are possible individual (if the house or group of buildings lights up), mass (if 25% of buildings light up) and solid (when 90% of structures) fires light up. The spread of fires in cities and settlements depends on the fire resistance of buildings, density of development, the nature of the terrain and weather conditions.
Landscaping fire It is a spontaneous spurious burning, as a result of which forests, shrubs, peat reserves and various types of vegetation are destroyed, located on its path.
The main striking factors of landscape fires are:
- high temperature, causing the ignition of everything that will be in the fire area;
skurning of large areas, providing an irritating effect on people and animals, and in some cases poisoning their carbon monoxide; limiting visibility;
easy psychological impact on people.
4. Receptions and means of liquidation of fire consequences
The main ways to combat forest lower-fire fires are:
- overwhelming the edge of the fire, frustration of his land,
pouring water (chemicals),
creation of barrier and mineralized strips,
start of the oncoming fire (annealing).
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