Antique sculpture. Abstract: Antique sculpture. Outstanding sculptors of ancient Hellas

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Winged escape and death

According to legend, Icarus collapsed while escaping across the sea because he came too close to the sun. Only Daedalus could escape to Sicily, and even then King Minos could track him. It came to a violent conflict in which Daedalus King Minos was defeated and killed.

The second person to be left out of the "industrial" relief is Budad Sikyong, a semi-legendary figure from the seventh century BC. He, like a legend, modeled both the first tone and gave impetus to the sculptures. In addition, thanks to his methods, he created the basis for the design of bronze sculptures.

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EssayOutstanding sculptors Ancient Hellas

Timergalina Alfina

Plan

Introduction

1. Sculpture of the Homeric period of the XXI-VIII centuries.

2. Sculpture of the 7th-3rd centuries.

Conclusion

Everyone notices, everyone comments. Impressive and beautiful European statues from centuries ago, especially Greek and Roman, have something not so impressive among one of its intricate details: a miniature penis in the vast majority of works. But why did artists of that time carve small penises for their statues?

The height of the statue is 5.17 meters, but no one notices his modest penis. This anatomical feature extends to other works by Michelangelo, including paintings such as The Birth of Man, where the penis size is even smaller. Now, traveling further back in time, we have a statue of Laocon and his children that is likely a copy of the original made about 200 years ago. Located in the Pio Clementino Museum in the Vatican, it has a height of 1.84 meters, as well as our small "mirror" as seen in the picture below.

Introduction

An increasing number of people are realizing that familiarization with the historical past is not only an acquaintance with the masterpieces of world civilization, unique monuments of ancient art, not only a school of education, but also a moral and artistic integral part of modern life.

The largest civilization of the ancient world was the ancient Greek civilization. The civilization had a developed culture.

And this extends to several other works of art. Yes, we may find this look strange, but the most likely reason for this alienation is our porn alienation and the inflated state of our modern standard of beauty. According to art historian Ellen Oredson, there are two main reasons for the penises in ancient Greek and Roman works, most having a small penis. The first obvious explanation, however, is that the male sexual organ is presented in a flaccid state, which usually reduces its size compared to an erect penis.

It can be considered indisputably proven that class society and the state, and with it civilization, arose on Greek soil twice with a large gap in time: first in the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. and again in the first half of the 1st millennium BC. Therefore, the entire history of ancient Greece is now usually divided into two great eras: 1) the era of the Mycenaean, or Crete-Mycenaean, palace civilization and 2) the era of the ancient polis civilization.

Besides, the size of these flaccid penises is not too far from reality. How alienated we are by pornographic productions, where the penis size of the actors on stage is quite large compared to the world average, only having it as an ideal model of beauty and sexual splendor, and we tend to believe that these sizes are the most common.

That is, the average part of the world's population is much lower than what was seen in pornographic films. And considering that this size can reach less than 8 cm on average to a flaccid state, ancient sculptures do nothing more than depict reality. In addition, it was a common practice of public baths among the Romans, Greeks and other ancient civilizations because it was more difficult for private places to cleanse the body to arise. So most people have always been naked, which is not the case today. It was easy to see that large penises were not very common and that most men were of modest size.

1. Sculpture of the Homeric period of the XXI-VIII centuries.

Unfortunately, practically nothing has reached us from the monumental sculpture of the Homeric period. Xoan was, for example, a wooden statue of Athena from Dreros, decorated with gilded plates depicting details of clothing. As for the surviving sculptural samples, small ceramic figurines from Tanagra dating back to the 7th century are of undoubted interest. BC e., but made under the clear influence of geometric style. It is interesting that the same influence can be traced not only in painted ceramics (which is not difficult to imagine: the figurines are simply painted with certain patterns or figures repeating in shape), but also in bronze sculpture.

But note that in this second explanation only the Greeks were quoted. But it appears that Greek influence remained strong in Roman art, causing the choice of small penises for sculptures of powerful and heroic figures. This continued for a time during the Renaissance, as already quoted from the works of Michelangelo. But there may be an interesting exception here. According to researchers, this is consistent with Michelangelo's intention to sculpt every feeling David was experiencing at that moment, including symptoms of fear and tension in every part of his body.

2. Sculpture VII-III centuries.

In the 7th-6th centuries. BC. two types dominate in sculpture: a naked male figure and a draped female figure. The birth of the statue type of the male nude figure is associated with the main trends in the development of society. The appearance of relief is mainly associated with the custom of erecting tombstones. Later, reliefs in the form of complex multi-figure compositions became an indispensable part of the temple entablature. Statues and reliefs were usually painted.

But perhaps the size would not have increased significantly under other circumstances. Overall, since classical Greek culture greatly influenced the art of all of Europe, it is not surprising that most of ancient sculptures acquired a “small” real penis. And it's even funny when we realize that before a large penis can cause more embarrassment than pride in certain cultures. Cultural values ​​come and go, but complexes are always present in various inexplicable carapacs.

Broad shoulders, developed pectoral muscles, swollen biceps, elongated abdomen, narrow pelvis, firm hips, the bodies of ancient statues, first the Greeks, then the Romans, impress with perfection. And when the eye passes over the intimate part of these excellent anatomies, it is defeat that takes precedence over admiration. Why are people with such good bodies presented with child sex? Does this size mean that the people of this era were less wealthy than our current men, whose resting size in the male organ ranges from 7.5 to 10.2 centimeters?

Sculpture and painting of Greece of the 5th century. BC. developed the traditions of previous times. The main images remained of gods and heroes. ancient greek sculpture statuary Homeric

The main theme in the art of the Greeks in the archaic period was man, represented as a god, a hero, an athlete. This man is beautiful and perfect, he is like a deity in strength and beauty, and confident authority is discernible in his calmness and contemplation. These are the numerous marble sculptures of the late 7th century. BC. naked rope boys.

Doesn't this represent an aesthetic ideal? The answer is clearly in the second option. In the ancient world, the perfection of body lines should not stop at elements as “disturbing” as a penis and two testicles! The eye must glide over this part of the anatomy without stopping to enjoy the perfection of the global aesthetics. As the English art historian Ernst Hans Joseph Gombrich explains, Greek artists did not take into account the dissatisfied features of their models in order to make them the most perfect.

On the contrary, as English historian Kenneth Dover wrote in his book Greek Homosexuality, Greek artists conceived of long and thick penises as grotesque or comic, reserving them for representations of satyrs, semi-human creatures, old men, deformed people, and barbaric people.

If earlier it was considered necessary to create an abstract embodiment of certain physical and mental qualities, an average image, now sculptors paid attention to a specific person, his individuality. The greatest successes in this were achieved by Scopas, Praxiteles, Lysippos, Timothy, Briaxides.

There was a search for means to convey shades of the movement of the soul and mood. One of them is represented by Skopas, a native of Fr. Paros. Another, lyrical direction was reflected in his art by Praxiteles, a younger contemporary of Skopas (Aphrodite of Cnidus, Artemis and Hermes with Dionysus). The desire to show the diversity of characters was characteristic of Lysippos (statue of Apoxyomenes, “Eros with a bow”, “Hercules fighting a lion”).

On the contrary, a small, beautiful penis was considered an aesthetic ideal. However, this proportion also corresponds to the moral ideal! Small and discreet sex is proof of control over his person and his emotions. The first proposes an education that will give "a rosy complexion, broad shoulders, a muscular torso, a plump buttock," and he adds "a small penis," while the education of the second will offer "a pale complexion, thin shoulders, a thin torso, stubborn buttocks and heavy penis." Thus, discreet sex symbolizes an educated person who is able to control his sexual urges.

Gradually, the numbness of figures and schematism characteristic of archaic sculpture is overcome, greek statues become more realistic. The development of sculpture is also connected in the 5th century. BC. with the names of three famous masters Myron, Polykleitos and Phidias.

The most famous of Myron’s sculptures is considered to be the “Disco Thrower” - an athlete at the moment of throwing a discus. The perfect body of an athlete at the moment of highest tension is Myron’s favorite theme.

Thus, a small and resting penis is associated with moderation, an important force in Greek culture. But these aesthetic and moral ideals associated with a small penis did not stop the Greeks of the ancient world from celebrating huge phalluses. Great festivals, the Fallophora, were organized in honor of Dionysus, who celebrated male sex in all its splendor. The processions featured statues with oversized penises and huge tree male sex, just like our holy relics. Some actors wore masks and fake genitals and sang “Get out, give in to God!” because he wants to resist, to inflate, to advance in the middle.

The most famous, revered and incomparable sculptor of the period of mature (also called “high”) classics was Phidias, who led perestroika Athens Acropolis and the construction of the famous Parthenon and other beautiful temples on it. Phidias created three statues of the Athenian patron goddess for the Acropolis. In 438 BC. e. he completed a twelve-meter statue of Athena Parthenos, specially made of wood, gold and ivory for interior decoration Parthenon. On outdoors, on a high pedestal stood another Athena by Phidias - the bronze Athena Promachos ("Warrior"). The goddess was depicted in full armor, with a spear, the gilded tip of which shone so much in the sun that it replaced a coastal lighthouse for ships sailing to Piraeus. There was another Athena, the so-called Athena Lemnia, inferior in size to other works of Phidias and, like them, has come down to us in rather controversial Roman copies. However, the greatest glory, eclipsing even the glory of the Athena Parthenos and all other Acropolis works of Phidias, was enjoyed in ancient times by the colossal statue of Olympian Zeus.

Antiquity has never ceased to inspire artists. Contemporary art also feeds it energetically, enough to inspire us with a lesson in the history of Greek art, illustrated in works made over the years. With the completion of the Temple of Aphaia in Aegina, the Classical period begins. The decoration of the two pediments, east and west, shows the two wars of Troy, in which the soldiers of Aegina were shown. The warriors are protected on each side by a helmet and armed Athena.



The message of Krios is a naked young man standing with his arms around his body, his right leg bent. Cretan sculpture is seen as an example of the transition between the Archaic period and the Classical period. Artist Benoît Mair captures the ephebe's face, which he transfers into photography and sculpture.


Built between 472 and 457, the Temple of Zeus at Olympia was home to one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World: the monumental chryselephantine statue of the god. On the pediments there was the legend of the Pelops and Oinomaos on one side, and on the other the war between the centaurs and the Lapita.

Conclusion

A characteristic feature of early Greek culture was the amazing unity of its style, clearly marked by originality, vitality and humanity. Man occupied a significant place in the worldview of this society; Moreover, the artists paid attention to representatives of the most diverse professions and social strata, and to the inner world of each character. The peculiarity of the culture of early Hellas is reflected in the amazingly harmonious combination of motifs of nature and the requirements of style, which are revealed in the works of its best masters of art. And if initially artists, especially Cretan ones, strived more for decoration, then already from the 17th-16th centuries. Hellas' creativity is full of vitality. In the XXX-XII centuries. the population of Greece went through a difficult path of economic, political and spiritual development. This period of history is characterized by intensive growth of production, which created in a number of regions of the country the conditions for the transition from the primitive communal to the early class system. The parallel existence of these two social systems determined the uniqueness of the history of Greece in the Bronze Age. It should be noted that many achievements of the Hellenes of that time were the basis of the brilliant culture of the Greeks classical era and together with her they entered the treasury of European culture.

Jeff Koons accepts the fragment.


Parthenon, coat of arms of Greece and high place tourism, was built on the initiative of Pericles between 447 and 438 BC. The decoration, partially destroyed today, developed both on the frieze and on the techniques around the building and on the east and west gables.

Martin Parr immortalizes groups of tourists here, not without humor.


The statue of the Cape Artemia is one of the rare examples of Greek bronze sculptures surviving from this period. The legs are spread, the left arm is extended forward, facing the same direction, the right arm, laid back, originally possessed the attribute, lightning or trident. Photograph by Elliot Erwitt from the Museums series, which humorously reflects the appearance and attitude of visitors to the works on display.

Then, over the course of several centuries, called the “Dark Ages” (XI-IX centuries), in their development the peoples of Hellas, due to still unknown circumstances, can be said to be thrown back to the primitive communal system.

The “Dark Ages” are followed by the Archaic period - this is the time of the emergence, first of all, of writing (based on Phoenician), then philosophy: mathematics, natural philosophy, then the extraordinary wealth of lyrical poetry, etc. The Greeks, skillfully using the achievements of the previous cultures of Babylon, Egypt, create their own art, which had a huge influence on all subsequent stages of European culture.



This work of the sculptor Mairon, known for many copies, is most faithfully preserved in the Palace of Massimo alle Terme.



Although some original works have been authenticated, Pracliteles bequeathed to posterity numerous models, copied many times: Aphrodite of Cnidus, Hermes carrying the child of Dionysus or Apollo Sarocton, to name a few. Robert Mapplethorpe's photograph of Hermes disturbs the deeply human, almost living nature of his subject.

Nothing is known about monumental painting of the Archaic period. Obviously, it existed, but for some reason it was not preserved.

Thus, the archaic period can be called a period of a sharp leap in the cultural development of Greece.

The archaic period is followed by the classical period (V-IV centuries BC).

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There are many common features that related the art of various areas, from the 4th to the 1st century BC. In those ancient times, it embodied a new idea about the greatness of the world, which also found its manifestation in the sculpture of ancient Hellas.

By the end of the 4th century BC, ancient world, which contained internal contradictions, has actually outlived its usefulness. Borders, peoples and cultures changed - a new era was dawning. The times of ancient Hellas are known for their fantastic projects: mountains turned into cities, such giants as the copper Colossus of Rhodes appeared in the bay of the island of Rhodes. The desire to comprehend the world of the gods, to go beyond simple human understanding, is one of the most characteristic features sculptures of that era.

The Hellenes, in their cultural development, followed an independent path, which is why the sculptural and architectural images they created were so sincere and sublime. The mythological basis of the sculpture of ancient Hellas was a close connection with the ordinary life of ordinary free citizens. It had an educational and ennobling orientation. Many masters of that time were excited by the thought of a perfect, beautiful, harmoniously developed person and his depiction in art. This is, first of all, felt in ancient sculptures created by one of the greatest masters - Polycletus from Argos. In the works of Polykleitos, the main stylistic features of the sculpture of ancient Hellas are truly embodied: peace, stability of poses, large planes, collected images.

In his works, Polykleitos is quite restrained. The images in his sculptures are intimate, slightly provincial. Such is his statue of Kinisk - the victorious young man Kinisk, frozen, putting the laurel wreath he received as a reward on his head. Such portrait compositions have something in common with philosophical reflections on the character of an ideal person. The sculptors of ancient Hellas expressed wisdom and perfection through plastic art. Polykleitos's talent was able to reveal itself more fully in the statue of Doryphoros the Spear-bearer. In the combined image of a warrior, athlete and simply a valiant citizen.

This one features a young man, the winner of the competition. He is depicted with a long spear on his shoulder in a calm standing pose. The sculpture does not contain the symmetry features of the ancient Apollos, who timidly stepped forward with their left foot. Realizing his strength and perfection, which became a strong support for him. A very mature, one might even say serial, work by Polykleitos conveys the ideas of high classicism in the sculpture of ancient Hellas. Turning to the then popular image of the winner in spear throwing, just like Myron in his sculpture of the Discus Thrower, he created a non-individualized portrait of the athlete. Despite the fact that in the image of Doryphoros the sculptor was based on the image of a very real person (an athlete who won a competition), he managed to create a typified monument carrying the idea of ​​victory.

Doryphoros became an example for many sculptors of ancient Hellas in depicting humans. While working on the sculpture, the master was able to reveal the proportionality of forms, which is characteristic of the structure of the male figure. It is believed that Polykleitos based the proportions of the spearman on a certain modular value, which was placed a certain number of times in various elements of the sculpture - arms, legs, head, torso. This module was either the phalanx of the spearman’s finger, or the width of his palm; no one can reliably establish this today. Thanks to the use of the module, Polycletus managed to create a sculpture with ideal proportions, according to his ancient contemporaries. Based on the Roman copies that have come down to us, this statue seems somewhat heavy, and sometimes even too stocky compared to Greek sculptures subsequent centuries. It was in this that the hand of the master of sculpture of ancient Hellas was manifested; in the ancient monuments left to us forever, the courage and physical perfection of man were emphasized.

One of the recognized masterpieces of ancient Hellas is the group of sculptures “Laocoon and His Sons”, created by three sculptors: Athenodorus, Agesander, and Polydorus. The gods sent two huge snakes. Laocoön tries to break his serpentine shackles, poison spreading throughout his body. The ancient sculpture was executed masterfully. Anatomy human body(father) is conveyed carefully, it sometimes reaches the point of naturalism, and the figures of his offspring resemble pitiful adults.

Another masterpiece of the art of ancient Hellas is the sculpture of the goddess - this is Nike of Samothrace, created in the second century BC. The sculpture is depicted flying from a pedestal in the shape of the stern of a ship. Her beautiful body in wet clothes is shown in a half-turn, which was widely used at that time. The powerful wings of the goddess flutter, each feather is clearly carved with great care. According to the poetry of the image, this ancient sculpture surpasses all previously created.

In addition to ideas about the greatness and grandeur of the world, the sculpture of ancient Hellas also developed in another direction. The best example of sculptures of this kind is the Venus de Milo, found on the territory of the modern Melos peninsula. The sculpture depicts a half-naked goddess, her clothes enveloping her legs and torso, her arms are shown in motion. In the era of ancient Hellas, Aphrodite was the most beloved goddess. She was portrayed as flirtatious, brooding, and sometimes even playful. Aphrodite from the island of Melos is strict and restrained, her hair is collected in a hairstyle with a clear parting, and the sculptor shows her beautiful face and figure in a rather general way. Her whole posture, facial expression and gaze evokes peace and tranquility.