When was Tutankhamun's tomb found? The tomb of Tutankhamun - the greatest falsification or curse from the darkness of centuries

PHARAOH TUTANKHAMUN

After Akhenaten, a transition period was introduced in Egypt.

After Akhenaten, Pharaoh ruled Egypt for 2 years. Tutankhamun(Tut-Ankh-Amon or Amon-Ankh-Toth). He was only 18 years old when he became ruler. He was married to one of the daughters of Nefertiti and Akhenaten. Tutankhamun was given the opportunity to rule only for two years. He ruled during the transitional time between Akhenaten and the next ruler. Tutankhamun communicated telepathically with Nefertiti, and in fact she ruled the country during this year. She had to hide.

Ankhesenamun

Ankhesenamun was the 3rd of 6 reliably known daughters of the reformer pharaoh Akhenaten and his “main wife” Nefertiti. She was born in the old capital of the state - Thebes (ancient Egyptian. Ne, Ne-Amon, Uast) in the 5th year of her father's reign. Carrying out religious reform, Akhenaten built a new capital, Akhetaten (modern Tell el-Amarna), where the princess spent her childhood. She probably lived either in the main or in the Northern Palace, which belonged to her mother Queen Nefertiti. The essence of Akhenaten’s transformations was to replace the old gods with the cult of the solar disk of Aten, therefore, like her older sisters, the princess was named after Aten - Ankhesenpaaton. This name meant “She lives thanks to Aten.”
Born before the completion of the capital, Ankhesenpaaton appears on many Amarna reliefs and bears the traditional title for a princess: “The daughter of the king from his flesh, beloved by him, Ankhesenpaaton, born of the great wife of the king, his beloved Nefer-neferu-Aten-Nefertiti, she lives forever, forever (ancient Egyptian nsw-sn.t h.t-f mr.t-f ˁnḫ-s-n-itn-rˁ ms-n nsw-tḫm.t-wr.t mr.t-f nfr-nfr.w-itn-nfr. t-jty ˁnḫ-ti ḏt-nḫḫ)".

Ankhesenamun in the image of the goddess Serket. (Gilded statue of one of the 4 guardian goddesses from the tomb of Tutankhamun, XIV century BC)

On the monuments of the last years of Akhenaten’s reign, Princess Ankhesenpaaton appears with a girl named Ankhesenpaaton-Tasherit in her arms. The inscriptions say that this is the child of the pharaoh.
Apparently the princess was betrothed to Tutankhamun while her father was still alive in Akhetaten.

Tutankhamun receives flowers from Ankhesenpaaton. Fragment of a wooden chest

Tutankhamun and Ankhesenamun. Fragment of the back of the golden throne of Tutankhamun, XIV century. BC.

Aya appears again in documents as a mentor to the young reigning couple.
Ankhesenamun did not give birth to heirs to Tutankhamun and after the death of the latter she became a dowager ruler. The death of her husband was a real tragedy for the queen. A symbol of her love for her husband can be a wreath of flowers left on the sarcophagus of the young pharaoh. This bouquet was preserved for 3,300 years and was discovered by archaeologist Howard Carter when opening the tomb of Tutankhamun.

Treasures of Tutankhamun's tomb

The English Lord Carnarvon - heir to a huge fortune, collector and sportsman - was also one of the first motorists. He barely survived one of the car accidents, and since then he had to give up his dreams of sports. To improve his health, the bored lord visited Egypt and there became interested in the great past of this country. For his own entertainment, he decided to take up excavations himself, but his independent attempts in this field turned out to be fruitless. Money alone was not enough for such a task, and Lord Carnarvon did not have enough knowledge and experience. He was recommended to seek help from Howard Carter, who came to archeology in a completely different way.
In 1914, Lord Carnarvon saw the name of Tutankhamun on one of the earthenware cups found during excavations in the Valley of the Kings. The same name was on the gold plate from the small cache. These finds forced the lord to obtain permission from the Egyptian government to search for the tomb of the pharaoh. The same material evidence also supported G. Carter when he was overcome by despondency from a long but fruitless search. But first, members of Lord Carnarvon's expedition decided to clear the Valley of the Kings from piles of sand. They laid rails, and trolleys rolled along this narrow-gauge railway, transporting sand and rubble, ton after ton. Archaeologists searched for the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun for seven long years, but in the end happiness smiled on them.
Sensational news spread around the world in the beginning. 1923 In those days, crowds of reporters, photographers and radio commentators flocked to the small and usually quiet Egyptian town of Luxor. From the Valley of the Kings, reports, messages, notes, essays, reports, reports, articles were rushing hourly by telephone and telegraph...
For eighty-four days, archaeologists reached the inner golden coffin of Tutankhamun - through four outer arks, a stone sarcophagus and three inner coffins - until they finally saw the one who for a long time was only a ghostly name for historians. But first, archaeologists and workers discovered steps that led deeper into the rock and ended at the walled-up entrance. When the entrance was cleared, behind it there was a corridor covered with fragments of limestone, and at the end of the corridor there was another entrance, which also turned out to be walled up.
Having made a hole in the masonry, Howard Carter stuck his hand in with a candle and clung to the hole. “At first I didn’t see anything,” he later wrote in his book. - Warm air rushed out of the room, and the candle flame began to flicker. But gradually, when the eyes became accustomed to the twilight, the details of the room began to slowly emerge from the darkness. There were strange figures of animals, statues and gold - gold shimmered everywhere!
When Lord Carnarvon and G. Carter entered the first room, they were stunned by the number and variety of objects that filled it. There were chariots covered in gold, bows, a quiver of arrows and shooting gloves; beds, also upholstered in gold; armchairs covered with the smallest inserts of ivory, gold, silver and gems; magnificent stone vessels, richly decorated caskets with clothes and jewelry.

The first room was followed by others, and what was discovered in the tomb of the pharaoh exceeded the wildest expectations of the expedition members. Here were magnificent works ancient Egyptian art. Ruthless time destroys many things, in addition, thieves also visited the tomb in ancient times. Countless treasures, which were supplied to the deceased rulers, members of their families and important dignitaries, have long attracted greedy robbers. Neither terrible spells, nor careful security, nor pyramid mountains, nor clever tricks of architects (camouflaged traps, walled chambers, false passages, secret staircases, etc.) helped against them. But thanks to a happy coincidence, the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun remains the only one preserved almost completely intact.
The fact that G. Carter's expedition discovered the tomb was in itself an incomparable success. But fate smiled at him one more time, and in those days he wrote: “We saw something that not a single person of our time was awarded.”
From the front chamber of the tomb alone, the English expedition removed 34 containers full of priceless jewelry, precious stones, gold and works of art. And when the members of the expedition entered the funeral chambers of the pharaoh, they found a wooden gilded ark, and in it another - an oak ark, in the second - a third gilded ark, and then a fourth. This fourth contained a sarcophagus made from a single piece of the rarest crystalline quartzite, and there were two more sarcophagi in it. Now the treasures from Tutankhamun's tomb are on display in Egyptian Museum in Cairo and occupy ten halls there, the area of ​​which is equal to a football field.

Tutankhamun had two statues of Ka, which were carried in a row of honor in the funeral procession - immediately after the pharaoh's sarcophagus. In the burial chambers, these statues stood on the sides of the sealed door leading to the golden sarcophagus. Ka is the life force that the gods endow every mortal at birth. This force was invisible, but was depicted in the guise of the one it inspired. With the death of a person, Ka left his body, but still took care of her master. The well-being of Ka, in turn, depended on the condition of the body of the deceased, which is why embalming was given such importance in Ancient Egypt.
Ka Pharaoh has a youthfully handsome face with wide-set eyes looking with the dispassionate stillness of death. Ancient sculptors and artists repeated it many times on chests, chests and arks. The dimensions of the statue of the spirit-double helped scientists determine the height of the pharaoh himself, since according to ancient Egyptian tradition the dimensions corresponded to the height of the deceased. It turned out that the height of Ka and the data obtained from examining Tutankhamun’s body differ by only a few millimeters.
The human soul is Ba, and it was represented in the form of a bird with a human face. The ba of Tutankhamun was guarded by a wooden sculpture depicting the pharaoh on the funeral bed, and on the other side a falcon overshadowed the sacred mummy with its wing. Ba and the falcon represent heavenly protection. On the figurine of Tutankhamun, archaeologists saw carved words with which he addressed the sky goddess in prayer: “Come down, Mother Nut, bend over me and turn me into one of the immortal stars that are all in you!” This sculpture was among the gifts that friends and courtiers presented to the now dead pharaoh, as an obligation to serve him in the afterlife.

To get to the sacred mummy of Tutankhamun, scientists had to open several sarcophagi. “The mummy lay in a coffin,” writes G. Carter, “to which she was tightly stuck, since, having been lowered into the coffin, she was filled with aromatic resins. The head and shoulders, right down to the chest, were covered with a beautiful golden mask, reproducing the features of the royal face, with a headband and necklace. It was impossible to remove it, since it, too, was stuck to the coffin with a layer of resin, which thickened into a mass as hard as stone.” The head was apparently shaved bald, and its skin was coated with some kind of whitish compound (probably a known type of fatty acid).

The third coffin, in which the mummy of Tutankhamun lay (the king is depicted in the image of Osiris), was entirely made of massive gold sheet with a thickness of 2.5 to 3.5 millimeters. In its shape, the third coffin repeated the previous two (the first was made of gilded wood, the second was entirely inlaid with multi-colored glass), but its decor was more complex. The pharaoh's body was protected by the wings of the goddesses Isis and Nephthys; chest and shoulders - kite and cobra - patron goddesses of the North and South. They were placed on top of a golden coffin, with each kite feather filled with pieces of gems or colored glass.
The mummy lying in the third coffin was wrapped in many shrouds. On the top veil were sewn golden hands holding a whip and a staff; under them there was also a golden image of the soul in the form of a bird with a human head. At the places of the belts there were longitudinal and transverse gold stripes with the texts of prayers.

When Howard Carter unwrapped the mummy from the shrouds, he found a lot more precious jewelry, the inventory of which is divided into 101 groups. For example, on the body of the king, scientists found two daggers - bronze and silver. The handle of one dagger is decorated with gold grain and framed with interlocking ribbons of cloisonné enamel. At the bottom, the decorations end with a chain of scrolls made of gold wire and a rope design. The blade, made of hardened gold, has two more longitudinal grooves in the middle, topped with a palmette, above which there is a geometric pattern in a narrow frieze. The forged gold mask that covered Tutankhamun's head was made of a thick sheet of gold and richly decorated: the stripes of the scarf, eyebrows and eyelids were made of dark blue glass, the wide necklace shone with numerous inserts of gems. Tutankhamun's golden throne was made of wood, covered with gold leaf and richly decorated with inlays of multi-colored faience, glass and stones. The legs of the throne in the shape of lion paws are topped with lion heads made of beaten gold; the handles represent winged snakes coiled in a ring, supporting the pharaoh's cartouches with their wings. Between the supports behind the back of the throne there are six uraei with crowns and solar disks. They are all made of gilded wood with inlay: the heads of the uraei are of purple faience, the crowns are of gold and silver, and the sun discs are of gilded wood.
On the back of the throne there is a relief image of papyrus and water birds. On the front back there is a one-of-a-kind inlaid image of the pharaoh and his wife. The lost gold decorations that connected the seat with the lower frame are an ornament of lotuses and papyrus, united by a central image - the hieroglyph “sema”, which symbolized the unity of Upper and Lower Egypt. In Egypt, from time immemorial, there was a custom of decorating the bodies of the deceased with wreaths of flowers. The wreaths found in the tomb of Tutankhamun, of course, did not reach us in very good condition; two or three flowers crumbled into powder at the first touch. The leaves turned out to be very brittle, and scientists kept them in lukewarm water for several hours before starting their research.
The necklace found on the lid of the third coffin was composed of leaves, flowers, berries and fruits of various plants mixed with blue glass beads. All this was arranged in nine rows, tied to semicircular strips cut from the core of papyrus. By analyzing flowers and fruits, scientists were able to establish the time of the pharaoh’s burial - it happened between mid-March and the end of April. It was then that cornflowers bloomed in Egypt, and the fruits of mandrake and nightshade, woven into a wreath, ripened.
In magnificent stone vessels, archaeologists found fragrant ointments with which Tutankhamun was supposed to anoint himself in the afterlife, just as he did during life. These perfumes, even after 3000 years, emitted a strong aroma...
Two mummified human embryos were found in Tutankhamun's tomb. It is believed that these are the premature daughters of the royal couple.

For the tomb of a pharaoh, the grave looked very hastily made. The fact that it was not originally intended for a royal person was indicated not only by its modest size, but also by its sloppy decoration: there were stains of paint on the wall paintings that no one bothered to erase. Some items of utensils that so amazed the world with their sophistication, in fact, apparently were taken from a funeral warehouse, since upon careful examination they were found to contain traces of inscriptions of the names of other people. These names were erased, and in their place they put the necessary inscription - Tutankhamun. After embalming, whole buckets of balm were poured onto the mummy, which only worsened her condition. Was this part of a ritual or simply an attempt to cover up the crime? To answer this question, in 1925 Carter conducted an anatomical examination of the corpse, which was done using crude methods and was more reminiscent of cutting up a meat carcass. The balm glued the bandages that wrapped the mummy together, so the body was damaged when removed from the sarcophagus. After examining the body, the first anatomist found nothing suspicious. However, more than forty years later, in 1968, a scientist from the University of Liverpool received permission to x-ray the mummy and discovered several intriguing things: a narrow fragment of bone in the brain cavity and some kind of lump at the base of the skull, which could well be a blood clot. Such a clot could have formed as a result of a severe, possibly fatal blow to the back of the head. To find out, Cooper and King took the original X-rays and showed them to medical experts, radiologists and neurologists. Experts immediately discovered new Interesting Facts. For example, the thinned right temporal bone of Tutankhamun, covered with small cracks, which may have appeared when struck by a heavy object. In addition, Tutankhamun suffered from the so-called Klippel-Feil syndrome: he had fused cervical vertebrae. People with this pathology cannot turn their head without turning their entire body. Such an illness cannot be hidden, and it makes a person extremely vulnerable at the moment of a fall or push.

On one of the gifts in Tutankhamun's tomb the name Maya (was treasurer) is inscribed.

During the reign of Akhenaten, Aya bore the high titles of “bearer of the fan at the right hand of the king, chief of the king’s friends,” “chief of all the horses of the ruler of both lands,” “personal scribe of the king.” Aya was a zealous supporter of Akhenaten and the cult of Aten promoted by the latter.
IN last years Akhenaten's reign, the name of Aya is not mentioned. But under Tutankhamun, he is again found in the position of the supreme dignitary - chati (vizier), who under the pharaoh concentrated all real power in his hands.

After the death of Tutankhamun, his widow Ankhesenamun, trying to maintain her rights to the throne, asked the Hittite king Suppiluliuma I to send her one of his sons as a husband. The Hittite king yielded to Ankhesenamon's requests and sent her his son Tsannantsu as her husband. But the prince was killed along the way, perhaps on the orders of the commander Horemheb, who cherished far-reaching hopes that he was not able to immediately realize. It must be assumed that Aya, who was then the vizier of Southern Egypt, knew about the correspondence between Ankhesenamon and Suppiluliuma. Moreover, perhaps it was carried out on his initiative, since by marrying a young widow to a foreigner who knew neither local customs nor orders, he could have retained actual power for a long time. An attempt at rapprochement with the Hittites, apparently undertaken on the initiative of Aya, failed. Suppiluliuma, enraged by the death of his son, invaded the Egyptian territory. In Syria, in the Amka region (south of Kadesh), Egyptian and Hittite troops met, but a decisive battle did not take place, since plague broke out in the Hittite army from Egyptian prisoners. The Hittites were forced to retreat.
The disease claimed the lives of so many of the subjects of King Suppi-lulium I that he was no longer able to wage war as energetically as before in the last years of his reign.
The possibility cannot be ruled out that it was Horemheb who had to lead the reflection of the Hittites. This, naturally, to some extent, distracted him from direct participation in the struggle for Tutankhamun’s legacy. As a result, Aya came to power.

In 1322 BC. The ancient Egyptian solar cycle of 1460 years ended.

Aya and Taya

After Tutankhamun, the Limurians were allowed to rule the country Ayu And Taye. Aya was married to Tayi, the nurse of Pharaoh Akhenaten. Taya was called in the inscriptions “high nurse”, “mother who fed the divine”, “clothing the king”. Taya in official inscriptions was called “the nurse of Nefertiti, the great wife of the king.”
They ruled the country for about 30 years (1335 - 1302 BC).
Wall paintings in Tutankhamun's tomb depict Aya performing the Opening of the Gates ritual at the pharaoh's funeral, a ceremony that would have been performed by the heir to the throne.

The place of residence of Pharaoh Ai, according to the scanty data available, remained Memphis. Aya pretended to resurrect the fighting traditions of warrior kings. Under him, the permanent pharaonic title once again sounded militant, which was not observed in the previous reigns. However, apart from the name “mighty in strength, suppressing the northeast” and the image in the form of a formidable archer on a chariot, there seems to be no news about the military exploits of the elderly pharaoh.
Aya completed the decoration of the temple at Sulba in Nubia, begun under Tutankhamun, where two magnificent sculptures of a lion made of pink granite were installed.
Many records dated to the 3rd year of Ai’s reign have been preserved (in particular, on the slab of the Theban nomarch Ramose). The latest year of Aye's reign known to us is the 4th.

Taya

And I

There is an ancient round building in Egypt. For a long time, this was the home of Aya and Taiya. There is a wall in the middle of this round house. To go from one part of the house to another, you need to go outside, go around the house and enter it from the other side. On one side in the middle there are images of Ay, who looks like a typical Egyptian with characteristic clothing, a beard and other Egyptian attributes. He appears to be of normal height. On the other side of the wall, Ai is depicted at 4.8 m tall. He looks completely different, but with the same face and a huge, drawn-back skull.
Ai could transform from one level of Consciousness to another, i.e. he could take on the appearance of an ordinary Egyptian and the appearance of a Limurian/Sirian.