Secrets and riddles about the Djoser pyramid. Secrets of the Egyptian pyramids. Numerological heresy of the Cheops pyramid

There are more than seventy Egyptian pyramids, but only three of them became the most famous. These are the tombs of the pharaohs located in Giza - the pyramids of Khafre (Khafre), Cheops (Khufu) and Mekerin (Menkaure). Most of the mysterious legends and inexplicable incidents are associated with them.

It is impossible to say with certainty that all the mysteries have been solved today. Egyptian pyramids, because their priests were very resourceful and inventive. Perhaps our researchers have yet to unravel the riddles of the Sphinx and penetrate into the very essence of Egyptian architecture, science and magic...

Secrets of the Pyramid of Khafre

The height of this structure is 136.5 meters. Its structure is relatively simple - two entrances located on the north side and two chambers. The Pyramid of Khafre was built from stone blocks of different sizes and lined with slabs of white limestone. The top of the pharaoh's tomb is made of beautiful yellow limestone.

It is not safe to try to penetrate the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids! Proof of this is the event that happened to tourists in 1984. An impressive queue stood in front of the entrance to the tunnel leading deeper into the Pyramid of Khafre. Everyone was awaiting the arrival of the group, which went to a compact room with a sarcophagus - the tomb of Pharaoh Khafre, in which the mummy of the ruler was once sealed. It is believed that this pharaoh, in addition to his pyramid, built the mysterious man-lion - the Great Sphinx.

Finally the tourists returned, but what happened to them! People were choking from coughing, staggering from weakness and nausea, their eyes were red. Later, the tourists said that they all simultaneously felt irritation in the respiratory tract, pain in the eyes, and experienced severe lacrimation. The victims were treated medical care, they were examined, but... No abnormalities were identified. People were told that the tomb of the pharaoh was probably filled with some mysterious gas that had leaked into the tomb in an unknown way.

The tomb was closed, and a commission was urgently convened to solve this mystery of the Egyptian pyramid. Experts have put forward several working versions - the emergence of caustic gases from faults in the depths of earth's crust, actions of unknown attackers and even interference. But according to the most interesting version, one of the ancient traps equipped by the priests against robbers could be located in the tomb of the pharaoh.

Tomb of Pharaoh Mikerin

The Greeks called Khafre's son and heir Mikerin. To this ruler belongs to the smallest of the famous great pyramids. The original height of the structure was 66 meters, today's height is 55.5 meters. Side length is 103.4 meters. The entrance is located on the northern wall, where part of the cladding has been preserved. The tomb of Mikerin also contributed to the formation of legends about the Egyptian pyramids.

In 1837, the Mikerin pyramid was discovered by the English Colonel Howard Vance. In the golden chamber of the tomb, he discovered a sarcophagus made of basalt, as well as a wooden coffin lid carved in the shape of a human figure. This find has been dated as belonging to the era of early Christianity. The sarcophagus was never delivered to England - the ship carrying it from Egypt sank.

There is a legend that the Egyptians adopted some secrets from the Atlanteans who arrived in their country. For example, it is believed that the effect it has on the cells of a living organism depends on the mass and shape of the pyramid. The pyramid can both destroy and heal diseases. It is known that the influence of the field of the Mikerin pyramid is so great that tourists who stay in its critical zone for a long time. Some people entering the tomb of Pharaoh Mikerin faint and suddenly feel a deterioration in their health. You should not try to unravel the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids by trial and error.

Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu)

The records of the Greek historian Herodotus indicate that the tomb of Pharaoh Cheops was built over a period of more than 20 years. During this period, approximately 100,000 people were constantly employed at the construction site. The body of the legendary Cheops pyramid consists of 128 layers of stone, the outer edges of the structure were lined with snow-white limestone. It should be noted that the facing plates are fitted with such precision that it is impossible to insert even a knife blade into the gap between them.

Many researchers have tried to penetrate the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids. Egyptian archaeologist - Mohammed Zakaria Ghoneim discovered an ancient Egyptian pyramid with an alabaster sarcophagus located inside. When the excavations were coming to an end, one of the stone blocks collapsed, taking several workers with it. There was nothing in the sarcophagus raised to the surface.

The Englishman Paul Brighton, having heard that many tourists visiting the tomb of Pharaoh Cheops complained of poor health, decided to experience the influence of the pyramid for himself. The tireless researcher penetrated directly into the burial room of Cheops, which ended very badly for him. After some time, Brighton was discovered and removed from there. The Englishman was in a semi-conscious state; he later admitted that he lost consciousness from indescribable horror.

The Mystery of the Egyptian Pyramid of Tutankhamun

The autumn of 1922 forever left its mark on the history of the development of archaeological science - the English archaeologist Howard Carter discovered the pyramid of Tutankhamun. On February 16, 1923, Carter and Lord Carnarvon (the philanthropist who financed this enterprise) opened the tomb in the presence of several witnesses.

In the sarcophagus room there was a tablet containing an inscription in the ancient Egyptian language, which was deciphered later. The inscription read: “Anyone who disturbs the peace of Pharaoh will be quickly overtaken by death.” When the archaeologist deciphered the tablet, he hid it so as not to confuse his companions and workers with this warning.

Further events developed at a rapid pace. Even before the pharaoh's tomb was opened, Lord Carnarvon received a letter from Count Haymon, an English clairvoyant. In this letter, the Count warned Carnarvon that if he penetrated the secret of the Egyptian pyramid of Tutankhamun, he would suffer a disease that would lead to death. This message greatly alarmed the lord, and he decided to seek advice from the famous fortune teller named Velma. The clairvoyant repeated Count Haimon's warning almost word for word. Lord Carnarvon decided to stop the excavations, but preparations for them had already gone too far. Involuntarily, he had to challenge the mystical forces guarding the tomb of the pharaoh...

57-year-old Lord Carnarvon suddenly fell ill just six weeks later. At first, doctors believed that the disease was the result of mosquito bites. Then it turned out that the lord cut himself while shaving. But be that as it may, the lord soon died, and the cause of his death remained unclear.

This incident is not limited to the death of Lord Carnarvon. Within a year, five more members of this expedition, who penetrated the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids, die. Among them were conservationist Mace, English literature professor La Fleur, Carter's secretary Richard Bethel, and radiologist Wood. Mace died at the same hotel where Carnarvon died, also of unknown cause. Before his death, he began to complain of attacks of weakness, experienced melancholy and apathy. Over the course of several years, 22 people who were in one way or another related to the excavations and research of the pharaoh’s tomb died suddenly and quickly.

Strange but true: Lord Canterville transported on the Titanic the perfectly preserved mummy of Amenophis the Fourth, an Egyptian soothsayer who lived during the time of Amenhotep the Fourth. This mummy was removed from a small tomb above which the temple towered. Her peace was protected by those who accompanied the mummy on this journey. Under the head of the mummy there was a tablet with an inscription and an image of Osiris. The inscription read: “Wake up from the faint in which you are, and triumph over all intrigues against you.”

Why were the pyramids of Giza built?

Such majestic structures could be not only the tombs of the pharaohs. The secrets of the Egyptian pyramids have not been solved to this day. And yet there are some assumptions regarding their purpose. Pyramids can be:
- encyclopedias of knowledge, a kind of treasury of Egyptian wisdom ();
- astronomical observatories;
- barriers against sand coming from the desert;
- standards of architecture;
- alien information capsules;
- border fortresses and even a berth for Noah's ark.

And this is only a small part of the assumptions made regarding these architectural structures. As you can see, the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids have not yet been solved...

One of these unsolved mysteries is the fantastic speed of construction with which each tomb of the pharaoh was erected. Scientists calculated it based on the life expectancy of the rulers, the time of the Nile flood, and other factors. It turned out that 4 blocks were installed every minute, and 240 every hour! And this is only with the help of primitive mechanisms - levers, ropes, etc. There is even an incredible assumption that the Egyptian priests possessed the secret of overcoming the law of attraction.

Who will master all the secrets of the Egyptian pyramids? What power lies within these timeless walls? Perhaps we have yet to witness the discoveries of modern researchers. Or maybe the tomb of the pharaoh is waiting for you?

We continue our research into ancient architectural monuments based on ancient sources. Previous articles have examined Solomon's Temple and ancient Babylon as described in the book Sketches of Historical Architecture: in Pictures of Various Famous Buildings, Antiquities, and Foreign Nations, from History Books, Commemorative Coins, Ruins, with True Descriptions Added for Visualization, 1725 year of publication. Let's start exploring the Egyptian pyramids with it. The book provides an illustration of these pyramids with explanatory text:

Egypt

A The largest of the pyramids, which was built by 360,000 people over 20 years.
B second, slightly smaller
WITH the smallest one, which does not have an entrance like the second one
D remains of a colossal sphinx
E whole sphinx

We must understand that those ruins of the colossal sphinx have not reached our time, and we can only see the sphinx that was intact at the beginning of the 18th century, i.e. at the time of writing this book. Beginning of description:

“The second wonder of the world is the Egyptians, and mainly the three that remain, which the Arabs call the mountains of Pharaoh. They are located about 3 leagues (approx. 13.3 km) from Cairo on a sandy plain located on a rocky base. Their distance from one to another is about 200 steps. Mr Thévenot doesn't think the smallest one was ever bigger. However, from the description of Strabo, who saw her, it seems that she was much more magnificent than she is now.”

It says here: “those 3 that remain.” Nowadays, there are 6 more small pyramids near the three large ones, 3 near the pyramid of Cheops and 3 near the pyramid of Menkaure, called companion pyramids. This book does not mention the number of small pyramids. Another book, published 61 years earlier, which will be discussed below, says that there were pyramids on this plateau near Cairo 17 . But there are three big ones. This means that the remaining small pyramids were destroyed. So did the second sphinx.

Winged Sphinx

Description of the destroyed sphinx given in this book:

“A few steps from the second Pyramid we discover, with some other small Pyramids, the amazing head of the Sphinx, carved in stone on a base proportional to this colossal figure. It must have been whole at one time; for Pliny gives us its length 143 feet (43m), height from belly to apex 62 feet (19m), and circumference of head 102 feet (31m). In order to give more information to the reader, we present the figure of the Roman Sphinx as described by Ausonius: “The Sphinx with the wings of a bird, the paws of a beast, the face of a girl. And in the distance is the Egyptian Sphinx without wings.” This next verse is translated from Greek in praise of the pyramids: "The pyramids stand quietly on the land of the Nilotids, the golden constellation of the Pleiades before them."

I’m not very sure about the translation of the last phrase, but for sure it has something to do with the pyramids located on Egyptian soil and with the Pleiades constellation. Here is this phrase in Latin: “Pyramides, sèd adhuc terra Nilotide tangunt Aurea Pleïadum sidera fronte suâ.” Maybe someone can translate it better? It turns out that the sphinx remained intact without wings. And the one with wings was completely destroyed. There was a sphinx in Greek mythology: “a monster with the head of a woman, the paws and body of a lion, the wings of an eagle and the tail of a bull, a character in the legend of Oedipus.” And he looked something like this:

Attic marble stele (c. 530 BC)

As I understand it, a fairly common image for ancient world. Found in Greece, northern Africa, in general, wherever the ancient “Greeks” lived?

The base of the column is in the shape of a double sphinx. From Sam'ala. 8th century BC Museum Ancient East, Istanbul

Ancient travelers and historians who described the Egyptian pyramids

The book mentions people who saw all these pyramids and sphinxes before they were destroyed. This Strabo- (64/63 BC - 23/24 AD) - ancient historian and geographer of Roman Greece. The author of “History” (not preserved) and the almost completely preserved “Geography” in 17 books, which serves as the best source for studying the geography of the ancient world. Something tells me that his “History,” which has not survived, was much more interesting than the 17 volumes that have survived. As it usually happens. Ausonius, the ancient Roman poet and rhetorician who described the ruined Sphinx, lived around the 4th century AD. (all dates are official, and it’s not a fact that they are correct, but we don’t have others). Jean de Thévenot(Jean de Thévenot) is the French traveler in the East closest to our time, who lived in the 17th century, famous for his travel notes. Often in the texts describing the pyramids there are names Diodora And Pliny:

“The strength of structures of this type, conical in shape, like a torch, has this advantage over all other structures that have been known for a thousand years since the time of Diodorus. Still preserved, they are beyond the forces of time, which would rather lose the memory of this structure than destroy it. Because since the time of Pliny man has not been able to learn anything more definite about their founders."

Diodorus Siculus(lat. Diodorus Siculus; about 90 - 30 BC) - ancient Greek historian and mythographer originally from Sicilian Agyria.

Pliny the Elder(between 22 and 24 AD - 79 AD) - Ancient Roman polymath writer. He is best known as the author of Natural History, the largest encyclopedic work of antiquity; his other works have not survived to this day. He was the uncle of Gaius Pliny Caecilius II, known as Pliny the Younger.

I don’t know when Diodorus actually lived, but Pliny, in my opinion, lived around the 15th century.

Construction of the pyramids

From the description of “Sketches of Historical Architecture”:

“We know that 360,000 people worked 20 years on the largest pyramid, according to Herodotus [who counts only 100,000 actions]: 10 years to prepare stones and materials, 10 years to build the pyramid. The largest, whose perimeter exceeds the second by 51 cubic feet, was the only one with an entrance discovered. Monsignor Thévenot counted 208 steps, most of which is 3 feet (0.9m) in height."

I wonder where they got so many people to build the pyramid? And where could they be located? This is approximately the population of the city of Vladimir or Arkhangelsk. Or did you calculate the total number of builders for the entire construction period, and not their simultaneous employment in construction? Russian-language Wikipedia gives a figure of 100,000 people. Other Wikipedias do not mention the number of builders at all. The results of modern measurements of the largest pyramid:

“Its initial volume was 2,520,000 cubic meters; now it is about 170,000 cubic meters smaller, because for centuries the pyramid was used as a quarry. About 2,250,000 stone blocks, each with a volume of more than a cubic meter, were used for its construction; this material would be enough to build a city with a population of one hundred thousand. Its weight is 6.5-7 million tons. If it were hollow, it would fit a space rocket launcher. According to experts, even an atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima would not have destroyed it.”

A city of 100,000 people is not small. Is the volume of material contained in one pyramid really enough to build such a city? I decided to calculate approximately how many Khrushchev buildings would fit into this pyramid (based on the volume of material). I took the standard 5th entrance, i.e. for 100 apartments, and about 300 residents - roughly. The volume of materials spent on such a house (92x12x16m), again approximately, roughly - 5 thousand. m3. Those. one pyramid fits approximately 504 of these houses, or 151,200 inhabitants.... I can’t even believe it, but I think I’ve counted everything exactly. And this is just one pyramid. And there are 3 of them. Even if they are smaller, they are a city for 100 thousand with complete infrastructure: shops, schools, gardens, etc. enough.

On the possibility of destroying the atomic pyramid bomb and in general, whatever the cataclysm, we will discuss below. For now, let’s calculate the man-hours, assuming that people worked 12 hours a day without days off, we get: 12x365x20=87,600 It turns out that 2.4 minutes were spent on the production of one block. Currently, some researchers believe that the blocks were not cut in a quarry, but were cast from concrete. But is it much simpler? Yes, there is no need to lift blocks weighing more than 2 tons to a height of more than 100 m, but you still need to extract material for making concrete, grind it, then mix it, diluting it with water, make formwork, pour concrete into it, and compact it. Currently, reinforced concrete plants exist for the production of concrete, a metal frame is used for formwork, and electric vibrators are used for compaction. Despite all this, 10 years for the construction of a large project is a normal period these days. For clarity, a photo of the pyramid:

What could the formwork be made of and how? I read several articles by researchers of the Egyptian pyramids, but did not find the answer to this question. Made of wood? Where did they get so much wood, and what tools did they use to process it? How was the formwork made from it? This is what modern formwork looks like:

Panel formwork diagram

Description of the manufacture of wooden formwork:

“Although you can use ordinary edged boards under the foundation formwork, you will have to ensure that the surface facing the concrete is smooth and clean.

It is not allowed for the inner surface of the boards to contain unevenness, cracks, traces of dirt, chips, etc.

The formwork must be set strictly according to the level; all fastenings are made in such a way that when the concrete mixture hardens no shrinkage occurred. If this condition is not met, then the foundation will begin to deform, and in the future will not withstand the loads that were planned during construction; (let me remind you that the weight of the pyramid is about 7 million tons, and the load, especially on the lower blocks, is colossal - my comment)

When attaching individual elements, care must be taken to ensure that There were no cracks or gaps between the individual boards. All fastenings must be secure, capable of withstanding the load from concrete poured into the structure.”

It is believed that formwork made from boards can withstand up to 15 cycles, after which it can be thrown away. We divide 2,250,000 stone blocks by 15 and get 150,000 formwork blocks we will need to build a pyramid (we are counting only one for now - Cheops), or approximately 1,500 large trees, with a trunk diameter of 30 cm and a height of more than 20 m. Something like this:

Or 37.5 hectares of forest(approximately), for construction only this one pyramid. But besides it there are 2 more, albeit smaller, but also quite large, and there were 17 small pyramids, as well as a lot of different temples and the city of Cairo nearby. Considering that wood was used not only for the formwork of pyramids and temples, but also for the manufacture of ships, roofs and ceilings of residential buildings, and furniture. Even without taking into account the possible use of wood for cooking (it can be cooked on dry grass, camel dung, etc.), Egypt had to have forests to provide the necessary needs for wood. But there is this opinion on this matter:

"Incredible fact: in Egyptian desert, two hours from Cairo, the capital of Egypt, there is a full-fledged thriving forest called the Serapium and covers an area of ​​\u200b\u200b240 hectares. But where did it come from in a place where there are no natural sources of water, no natural precipitation, and where for thousands of years there was only one hot, lifeless desert? The fact is that a team of German and Egyptian researchers came up with a very effective method stopping desertification and starting land reclamation from dry sands.”

It is likely that there was water and forests in Egypt, if you believe, for example, this map:

Carte de L "Afrique selon les auteurs anciens enrichie de remarques historiques (Map of Africa, according to ancient authors, enriched with historical notes)

And many other ancient maps. But what other types of formwork could be used instead of wood? Sackcloth? Then it would look like this:

A wall of bags.

This type of formwork does not correspond to the appearance of the pyramids. The wooden formwork also does not match the interior. It is not possible to achieve this look using it:

King's Chamber in the Pyramid of Cheops

What other types of formwork remain? Only metal or polymer (plywood also includes here) - this is already an industrial production; you cannot make it using a homemade method on your knees. But even if the builders of the pyramid used precisely these types of formwork, there are moments in the pyramid that cannot be explained simply by the use of concrete. For example, above this King’s chamber in the Cheops pyramid there is a structure made of a system of large blocks:

Unloading chambers above the Chamber of the King BP Cheops.

Description of these blocks:

“On long wall beams of low height lie across rather roughly processed, but very heavy and strong granite beams, of very heterogeneous thickness, about 1.5 meters on average, about 1 meter wide and over 7 meters long, forming the roof of the chamber and at the same time - the floor of the next one."

The same structures are found in the other two pyramids. Such blocks would crack under their own weight if they were made only of concrete. Concrete works well in compression, but not in bending. And to cover the spans, therefore, not concrete is used, but reinforced concrete, i.e. concrete, with a frame of metal rods located in it, pre-tensioned to increase the strength of the structure. In addition, both concrete and reinforced concrete are not so easy to obtain of good quality, even in industrial production conditions, where there is every opportunity for strict adherence to technology. Poor quality concrete begins to crumble very quickly. The service life of high-quality concrete is 50-100 years. For those who are interested: “Service life of concrete”. Natural stone still remains stronger than artificial, no matter how high quality it is.

Entrance to the Pyramid of Cheops

But let's return to the old description:

“The upper part of the pyramid, with the top cut off, according to the measure of Monsignor Thévenot, is a square of 16 feet (4.8 m) on each side, or 20 according to Lucas, composed of 5 blocks. This should make us admire the machines of the ancients to lift such a weight to such a height. But Diodorus believes that machines were not used in this century. Each side of the Pyramid is 682 feet (204m). The entrance is located on the north side near the 16th step, approximately in the middle. The entrance width is 3 feet, 3 inches; height is 3 inches longer(approximately 1x1m). Door set on top of a large stone 2 feet wide and 8 feet long.

This is how the entrance to the Cheops pyramid is depicted in an illustration from the book “Relations de divers voyages curieux, qui n"ont point esté publiees” (Descriptions of various curious journeys that were not published), published in 1664:

Obviously, the entrance was blocked later. But let's return to Thévenot's drawing. In addition to the entrance to the Great Pyramid, it shows the pyramids themselves, the Great and the Second, the profile of the wells of the great pyramid according to Pere Eliazar (in the upper right corner of the picture), and the profile of the internal channels of the pyramid from the entrance and on to the middle and upper chambers (at the bottom of the picture):

Explanatory notes:

A Entrance to the pyramid
bc The rise of the first gallery,
ce First gallery
dr Well
dh Passage leading to the vaulted chamber
lii vaulted chamber
fK Second gallery
Kn First vestibule
nq Second vestibule
op Chamber containing Tomb Q

And the dimensions of this tomb are given. The dimensions of the upper chamber and the tomb located in it are given in feet, with 3 digits after the decimal point. Why was such precision in measurements needed? And how was the person measuring it able to install it? Feet are centimeters. Those. the third digit after the decimal point is micrometers. On modern construction drawings, dimensions are plotted to the nearest millimeter. Well, in practice, such accuracy is never achieved in modern construction. Despite the use of the most advanced modern technology. Therefore, the accuracy of the dimensions of the Egyptian pyramids still amazes the imagination of specialists. And everyone who understands this. Those who measured the Cheops pyramid say that there is not a single random variable there. All quantities obey a certain mathematical law. All relationships between quantities are the same. Let's compare measurements made in the 17th century with modern ones:

Scheme of the Cheops pyramid

In my opinion, it's not a big difference. The modern drawing is more detailed. But the instruments of modern researchers are also more advanced?

Lighting the interior of the pyramids

Image of the second internal gallery of the Cheops pyramid:

La grande galerie vers 1799 (Description de l"Égypte)

Use burning torches for lighting. Thevenot writes in his book that it was hard to breathe inside the pyramids. Even without burning torches, there is not much oxygen to breathe there. And mentions perpetuelles lampes ( eternal lamps), which most likely were used by the builders of the pyramids. Here's what he writes:

“The blackness you notice there makes you believe that there were once lighting lamps. Burratini believes that some of these eternal lamps were found in Italy in the tomb of Tulliola, and also in England."

I found a mention of such a lamp in the book “” (Dictionary of the methodical encyclopedia or in order of disciplines: hobbies in mathematics and physical sciences), 1792, and in other sources, which say that eternal lamps used to be found everywhere: in ancient times in temples and burials Egyptians, Greeks and Romans, in Egypt, Europe, Asia Minor, India, Tibet, America. Perhaps one of these lamps is shown here:

Bas-relief sculpted on the walls of the Temple of Hathor at Dendera in Egypt.

Athanasius Kircher, in his book Oedipus Aegyptiacus, 1652–1655, described many eternal lamps found by his contemporaries in the underground vaults of Memphis.

Pyramid cladding

Description of the pyramids given by Jean de Thévenot:

“Pres described the appearance Great Pyramid with its dimensions, I begin here to describe the interior, which the ancients did not speak of; what I attribute to the belief they had for the tombs is that it did not allow them to enter this Palace of Death, dedicated to the peace and quiet of the dead. Herodotus says in a nutshell that the Pyramids had secret vaults carved into the rock; Diodorus Siculus does not talk about this at all, although he is too interested in things that are not so interesting. Strabo says little about this. According to him, 40 stadia (7.7 km) from the city of Memphis there is a rock on which pyramids and tombs of ancient kings were built. Three of these pyramids are very prominent; but, in general, two that are among the seven Wonders of the World; they are 4 stades (768m) high, and each of their four sides is almost as long as the height of the pyramid. One of these two pyramids is slightly larger than the other; At the top of the largest of these pyramids, at the point where its four sides end, there is a stone that can easily be removed and an entrance leading down to the tomb can be opened. Pliny only describes the well, which is still visible here today, he says its depth is 86 cubits (43m). It seems he thought that some underground tunnels carried water from the Nile. Aristide, in a speech entitled "Egyptian", says that the base of the pyramids descends underground to the same depth as the height of the pyramid above the ground. In this he was ill-informed by the Egyptians because the pyramids have no base other than rock. This is how he puts it: We look with admiration at the height of the pyramids and do not think that their bases are as deep as they are high, as I learned from their priests. This is what he found among the ancients, and which I report here only out of the respect we should have for antiquity.”

Those. The author of these lines does not believe that there are structures under the pyramids that go to such great depths. And I think that this may well be the case. Nowadays, there are also opinions that under the pyramids of Giza there is an underground city. Interesting in this description is the mention of the entrance to the pyramid located at its top. If there was such an entrance, then it was possible to get into it only from the air. When the pyramids were still intact, they were lined with stone, polished to such an extent that they sparkled in the sun, reflecting its rays. And therefore, they were so smooth that it was impossible to climb up the walls. The cladding of only one, the second largest pyramid of Khafre, has survived to this day:

The remaining cladding on the top of the Pyramid of Khafre. El Giza

But according to the descriptions of the ancients, all three pyramids were faced in the same way. Only the cladding material is called different. And speaking of the cladding, I cannot keep silent about the fact that Jean de Thévenot describes on the third pyramid, called the pyramid of Menkaure or Mikerinus, a completely different cladding that is present now:

Pyramid of Menkaure at Giza.

Here is what he writes about the cladding of this pyramid, excerpts:

« Diodorus says that each side of the base of the pyramid of Menkaure is 300 feet long; what is 15 main blocks of black stone, similar to the marble from Thebes, and the rest are made from the same blocks that make up other pyramids. He says that this pyramid is not as large as the others, but surpasses them in the beauty of its structure and the splendor of its fine marble. On the north side there is engraved the name of Menkaure the Founder.

Strabo says that on a higher rock in this place the third pyramid is much smaller than the other two, but much more expensive because from the base to half its height it is made of this black marble, from which they make cement in this area, and which is very difficult to cut.

Pliny describes it speaking more like a historian than an eyewitness. According to him, the third pyramid is smaller than the others, but much more beautiful; it is made of Ethiopian marble, each of its sides is 363 feet. This is all I have found of the antiquity of this pyramid.

But among the contemporaries we must first examine what Bellon says, or, moreover, Peter Gilius: The third pyramid is much smaller than the other two; but it is a third larger than the one located within the walls of Rome near the Mount of the Covenant (Pyramid of Cestius as further reported by the author - my note), it is so intact as if it had just been built; for it is built of marble, called basalt or Ethiopian marble, harder than iron.”

"It is true that on the eastern side of this pyramid we see ruins of dark colored stone mass, very similar to those we described between the first and second pyramids, which can lead to this error."

But no mention of red granite cladding. Most likely, the pyramid no longer had any cladding at the time when the traveler Thévenot saw it.

Etruscan pyramids

The Pyramid of Cestius mentioned here is believed to have been built around 18-12 BC. as a tomb for Gaius Cestius, magistrate and member of one of the four great religious corporations in Rome. The pyramid is made of concrete with brick cladding, covered with slabs of white marble, the base of the pyramid measures 30x30 m and height is 36.4 m. Thévenot also mentions other European pyramids:

« Pausanias says that formerly people who had wealth were buried under mountains, and that columns and pyramids were erected over their tombs. Perhaps it was precisely such a pillar or column that he wrote about Absalon in the 18th chapter of Samuel. And Pausanias, as he describes the funeral of the Sicyonians, said that they buried the bodies of the dead in the ground and placed columns on top. But having described the Egyptian pyramids, I don’t think there are any that deserve more attention than the pyramids Porsens, king of Etruria, which deserve a higher estimate for their number than for their size. Varro says that he was buried outside the city of Clusium. He had a tombstone made of square stones, 300 feet (91.5 m) long and 50 feet (15 m) high, under the base there was a labyrinth from which it was impossible to escape; at the top there were five pyramids, four at the corners and one in the middle; which was 75 feet ( 23m) at the base and 150 ( 46m) in height; at the top of the pyramid was a bronze circle around which there was a chain with bells attached. The wind made the structure make a sound that carried very far, like in the Dodona forest.”

Pausanias- ancient Greek writer and geographer of the 2nd century, author of a kind of ancient guidebook “Description of Hellas”. Absalon(1128 - 1201) - Danish archbishop and statesman. Lars Porsena(approximately 6th century BC) - Etruscan king and commander, ruler of the city of Clusium. So, the Etruscans also built pyramids. The proportions of the Etruscan pyramids indicated here (the height is 2 times the base) coincide with the pyramids depicted in numerous paintings by ruinists of the 17th and 18th centuries. For example:

Roman ruin with figures, Giovanni Paolo Pannini, 1748

Here, however, a small pyramid is depicted. The pyramid of Porsena described in the text is 46m high - this is approximately the height of a 12-story building. Apparently, by the 18th century there were no such large pyramids left in Europe. But at least this is additional confirmation that the ruin artists were not imagining the pyramids in their paintings. In his description of these pyramids, Thévenot refers to Etruscan mythology, from which we can conclude that in the 17th century the Etruscan language was quite readable. What I already wrote about in the article ““. The description of the bells making sound under the influence of the wind coincides with the description given by Nicholas Witsen in the book “Northern and Eastern”. Excerpt from there:

“Mr. Adam Brand, a noble merchant from Lübeck, who saw this temple, writes to me the following: “Near the river Kazumur, which flows into Naum and has good drinking water, there are ruined cities, where figures of men, women and wild animals carved from stone are still visible life-size animals. It is rare to find more skillfully executed sculptures in Europe. These are obviously images from ancient history: men with bows - and they say that this area was destroyed by Alexander the Great. We saw here huge columns skillfully carved from stone; some of them have many bells hanging on them. They make a lot of noise when there is wind Source

What speaks about the unified culture of the Slavs in the past, regardless of their place of residence.

Pyramids - repositories of knowledge for descendants who survived the disaster

The 17th century French traveler Jean de Thévenot also describes possible reason construction of pyramids:

“Most chronologists agree that these pyramids were built by King Saurid of Egypt 300 years before the flood. This prince had a vision that the earth was turned upside down, he saw people lying face down and stars falling from the vault of heaven. Disturbed by this dream, he kept it a secret. Then he saw the fixed stars fall to the earth, in the form of white birds, which served as guides for the people and led them between two great mountains; the tops of these two mountains approached and crushed these people, meanwhile the stars darkened. He was very surprised by this vision and gathered the leaders of all the provinces of Egypt. He collected them to the number of 130, among whom the most famous was named Aklimon. The prince, who was narrating his dream, drew the figure of Heaven during this dream. From what they heard, they concluded that something great was about to happen and the country was in danger of ruin. Because this terrible event was to occur several years later, Saurid built pyramids and constructed a cistern or underground canal to drain water from the Nile in Western Egypt, in a province called Alsaida. He filled this channel with talimans (Talimans, maybe talismans? - my note) and placed his treasures in the pyramid, as well as collections of everything he learned from the most skilled people of the time, including jewelry, the secrets of astrology, object lessons in geometry , physics and other sciences, books understandable only to those who know their character. Then he cut stones and columns of enormous size, the stones were brought from Ethiopia, he laid them in the foundation of three pyramids, they were connected to each other with iron ties sealed with lead(A. Kircher speaks about the same technology, describing the Babylonian Bridge over the Euphrates River. About this in the previous article - my note)

The entrances to the pyramids were made and sealed underground at a depth of 40 cubits ( 51m). The height of the pyramids was 500 royal cubits ( 265m). Having made them, he covered them with satin of a beautiful color (satin is also translated from French as “barium sulfate”, here I did not understand what he actually covered the pyramids with - fabric or some kind of possibly waterproof substance? - my note). There was a solemn holiday in which all subjects participated. He then built thirty chambers in the western pyramid, which were filled with treasures and many magical precious stones, machines, all kinds of tools and malleable glass. He put in all sorts alakakirov(???), several singles, duplicates, several poisons (potions), and thousands of other things that he put inside the pyramid. Balls, celestial spheres, stars of the sky, with inscriptions about their nature and their aspects, and perfumes were placed in the eastern pyramid. He also placed in the Pyramid, painted with the interpretations of his priests, black marble chests containing books containing the secrets of the science of these priests, their occupation, their actions, their temperament, the history of everything that was done in their time, and the history of everything that would happen to the end Sveta.

He installed a guardian in each pyramid. In the pyramid facing west stood a statue of black marble with a spear and a snake entwined around it; when someone approached, the snake rushed at him, made several turns around his neck and returned to its place after killing. The guardian of the Pyramid, facing the east, was an idol made of black agate with open and shining eyes; he sat on a throne with a spear in his hand, and whoever approached him heard a voice that stopped the feeling, he fell to the ground and died almost suddenly. For the guardian of the colored pyramid, he made a statue from a stone called albut. It was a seated figure that attracted those who looked at it. They died clinging to her, unable to break away. The Copts write in their books that there is an inscription on this pyramid that reads:

“King Saurid built the pyramids at such and such a time, he completed them in 6 years. The one who comes after me, and who believes in himself as much as I believed, undertakes to destroy them in 600 years. Because it is easier to demolish a building than to build it. I covered them with satin, and he undertakes to cover them with matting.”

Here is the information I found about malleable glass:

« The History of the World by the Hellenic historian Pliny describes an episode with forging glass, whose method has been lost. In the Middle Ages they knew about this and tried to restore the method, but to no avail.”

The same as with eternal lamps and many other ancient technologies. The pyramids were built with the expectation that they could withstand a global cataclysm. Which turned out to be true. It’s just that there are no more people who are able to read the inscriptions and feel as strong as the Builder of the Pyramids, judging by the fact that the pyramids are still standing, albeit partially destroyed. Unless, of course, such an inscription on the pyramid really exists, and is not a fantasy of Thevenot or the Copts to whom he refers. And it is obvious that the Guardians of the pyramids could not protect them from plunder. Although probably the essence of these pyramids, based on the text, was precisely to preserve knowledge for surviving descendants. That’s why it was ordered to dismantle the pyramids. To remove from them everything carefully preserved. Perhaps not everything has been found yet? But perhaps the purpose of the pyramids was completely different? Nowadays, there are many versions of the purpose of the pyramids, and all of them can be considered equal until one of them is precisely confirmed.

If you find an error, please highlight a piece of text and click Ctrl+Enter.

The pyramids still keep many secrets and mysteries. Some of them, of course, have already been revealed, but questions remain that still trouble the minds of scientists and historians. How and by whom were these monuments created? What technologies were used during construction? How did builders manage to move huge stone blocks? Why did the pharaohs need this kind of tomb? You will learn all this and many other interesting facts from the article and will become a little closer to understanding the secrets of the pyramids and knowing their power and greatness.

Interesting facts about Egyptian pyramids

These ancient building structures have been occupying their places of honor for centuries and glorifying the talent of their creators, thanks to whom it was possible to make eternal monuments. Until now, scientists have not been able to reliably determine how the pyramids were made and what technologies were used. Only some data is known, but most of the technologies used remain secret.

Just tombs?

There are about 118 pyramids in Egypt, created in different periods, of various sizes and types. There are two types of pyramids, the older step pyramids, one of the first surviving examples is the pyramid of Djoser, around 2650 BC. e.

In reality, these pyramids are graves, and their clusters are a cemetery. In ancient times, it was believed that wealthy people should be buried with everything they might need in life. afterlife, so the pharaohs found their last refuge in the luxurious pyramids that they began to build long before their death.

Robbers of the tombs of the pharaohs

The horrors that take place about the Egyptian pyramids are directly related to the robbers who love to visit them under the cover of darkness and take away their last property from the deceased. However, looters visit monuments not only for the sake of jewelry hidden in tombs.

Local residents have spoiled the appearance of some of the pyramids. For example, the two pyramids at Dahshur look completely different from what they used to be; all the limestone with which they were covered was stolen to build houses in the nearby city. Stone blocks and other building materials are also often stolen, causing incredible destruction.

Secrets and myths

The horrors of the Egyptian pyramids also lie in the fact that many legends reign around them. The reason for the emergence of such a myth was the fictitious curse of the most famous tomb in the world - the tomb of Tutankhamun. It was discovered in 1922 by a group of researchers, most of whom died within the next seven years. At the time, many believed it was due to the curse of the tomb or some mysterious poison, although most still believe this.

But it all became one huge misconception. Immediately after the tomb was opened, it created a real sensation. In one of the newspapers, in the name of raising ratings, it was stated that in front of the entrance to the tomb there was a sign warning that anyone who entered here would die. However, this turned out to be just newspaper duck, but after the researchers began to die one after another, the article gained popularity, and since then a similar myth has existed. It is worth noting that most of these scientists were elderly. This is how some of the riddles of the Egyptian pyramids are easily solved.

Pyramid design

The funerary complex of the pharaohs consists not only of the pyramid itself, but also of two temples: one next to the pyramid, one should be washed by the waters of the Nile. The pyramids and temples, which were located not far from each other, were connected by alleys. Some have partially survived to this day, for example, the alleys between Luxor and Between the Pyramids of Giza, such alleys, unfortunately, have not survived.

Inside the pyramid

Egyptian pyramids, interesting facts relating to them, and ancient myths - all of this is directly related to the internal structure. Inside the pyramid there is a burial chamber, to which passages lead from different sides. The walls of the passages were usually painted with religious texts. The walls of the pyramid at Saqqara, a village near Cairo, were painted with the oldest mortuary texts that have survived to this day. Near the pyramids of Giza there is also the famous figure of the sphinx, which, according to legend, should guard the peace of the deceased. Unfortunately, the original name of this structure has not reached our time; it is only known that during the Middle Ages the Arabs called the monument “the father of horror”

Types of pyramids

Many mysteries of the Egyptian pyramids are directly related to their creation. Until now, no one has been able to reliably determine how the ancient Egyptians were able to create such monumental structures that are still intact to this day.

Scientists believe that construction was carried out in several stages, during which the dimensions of the pyramid could have increased significantly compared to the original ones. Construction began long before the death of the pharaoh and could take several decades. It took about a dozen years just to create a suitable site for construction and level the soil. It took two decades to create the largest pyramid to date.

Who built the pyramids

There is an opinion that the pyramids were built by slaves who were starved and whipped for poorly done work, but this is not so. showed that the people who built the pyramids were kept in good conditions and were well fed. However, no one has yet been able to unravel for certain how the heaviest stone blocks rose to the top, because human power is incapable of this.

However, archaeologists believe that over time, construction techniques changed, and the Egyptian pyramids themselves changed. Interesting Facts in mathematics they also relate to the construction of pyramids. Thus, scientists were able to determine that the pyramids have mathematically correct proportions. How the ancient Egyptians managed to do this remains a mystery.

Egyptian pyramids - a wonder of the world

• The Pyramid of Cheops is the only surviving wonder of the world.
• There are several theories about the construction of the pyramids. According to one of them, construction took place according to the principle of leverage, but if this were taken into account, it would have taken no less than a century and a half, and the pyramid was erected in two decades. That's what remains a mystery.

• Some lovers of the mystical consider these buildings to be powerful energy sources and believe that the pharaohs spent time in them during their lifetimes in order to receive new vitality.
• There are some completely incredible theories. For example, some believe that the pyramids were built by aliens, while others believe that the blocks were moved by people who owned a magic crystal.
• There are still some questions regarding the construction. For example, it has not yet been clarified why the pyramids were built in two stages and why breaks were needed.
• The pyramids took two centuries to build and were erected several at a time.
• Now, according to research by various scientists, their age ranges from 4 to 10 thousand years.
• In addition to precise mathematical proportions, pyramids have another feature in this area. The stone blocks are arranged in such a way that there are no gaps between them; even the thinnest blade will not fit through there.
• Each side of the pyramid is located in the direction of one side of the world.
• The Cheops Pyramid, the largest in the world, reaches a height of 146 meters and weighs more than six million tons.
• If you want to know how the Egyptian pyramids were created, you can learn interesting facts about construction from the pyramids themselves. Construction scenes are depicted on the walls of the passages.
• The edges of the pyramids are curved by one meter so that they can accumulate solar energy. Thanks to this, the pyramids could reach thousands of degrees and emit an incomprehensible hum from such heat.
• A perfectly straight foundation was made, so the edges differ from each other by only five centimeters.
• The first pyramid built dates back to 2670 BC. e. In appearance, it resembles several pyramids located next to each other. The architect created the type of masonry that helped achieve this effect.
• The Cheops Pyramid is made of 2.3 million blocks, perfectly aligned and matching each other.
• Structures similar to the Egyptian pyramids are also found in Sudan, where the tradition was later picked up.
• Archaeologists managed to find the village where the pyramid builders lived. A brewery and bakery were discovered there.

• The Egyptian pyramids hide many secrets. Interesting facts concern, for example, the principle by which the pyramid is made. The walls are at an angle of 52 degrees, which makes the ratio of height and perimeter equal to the ratio of length.

Power and greatness

Why were the Egyptian pyramids created? Interesting facts about construction do not give an idea of ​​what they served. And the pyramids were created to praise the power and greatness of their owners. Magnificent tombs were a significant part of the entire funerary complex. They were filled with things that the pharaohs might need after death. There you could find literally everything a person might need. Any clothes, jewelry, dishes - all this and many other things were sent along with the pharaohs to their tombs. These riches, buried with their owners, are often the reason for the appearance of robbers who want to get the jewelry. All these mysteries and myths that shroud the pyramids, starting from their very creation, have remained unsolved for many centuries, and no one knows whether they will ever be revealed.

Moscow Humanitarian College of Economics and Law

Subject: Cultural Studies

on the topic: "Mysteries of the Egyptian pyramids"

Moscow 2008

Introduction

Miracle in the Desert

Architectural planning, labor organization and work execution

Mysteries of the pyramids

The mystery of the ventilation shafts of the Cheops Pyramid

Book on the stones

Secrets of stone dungeons

Conclusion

Introduction

Almost five thousand years ago, the Egyptian pharaoh Djoser and his brilliant architect Imhotep decided to erect a structure that the world had never seen before - a colossal mountain of stone, built according to strict mathematical calculations, so strong that it would stand until the end of time. The construction of this world's first pyramid lasted more than two decades, and the number of workers - prisoners of war, slaves, volunteer helpers - numbered in the tens of thousands. Over the next two centuries, the Egyptian pharaohs, following the example of the first pyramid builders, erected tombs for themselves. During this relatively short period of time, the great pyramids were built, which to this day amaze and delight crowds of tourists. But the construction of these grandiose man-made mountains stopped as suddenly as it began. The pharaohs, as before, were content with more modest tombs.

The world's oldest and most massive monuments made of stone - the Egyptian pyramids - were created to inspire people with awe and amaze their imagination. It is amazing with what interest people have always accepted the most incredible theories that arose about them. For example, one astronomer from Scotland saw in the dimensions of the Cheops pyramid not only the distance from the earth to the sun and the time of the exodus of the Jews from Egypt encoded in them, but also the date of the future end of the world - 1881.

Despite all the apparent inviolability of the pyramids, they, ironically, suffered not so much from the forces of nature as from the hands of man. The ancient Egyptians were the first vandals: they robbed their burial chambers and mercilessly tore off their limestone shell, using the material for other buildings, etc. this barbarism continued in later times.

With the growth of tourism, the likelihood of damage to monuments has also increased. Crowds of tireless climbers rushed at the risk of their lives to the tops of the pyramids, causing them irreparable damage. Thanks to a law passed in 1983 by Egyptian authorities, the four tiny figures storming the Cheops Pyramid in the photo above were among the last to do so, although tourists are still allowed to go inside the pyramid.

Camel drivers and street vendors, who must have annoyed the Greek historian Herodotus with their calls when he inspected the pyramids, are now required to keep a good distance from them.

“The Father of History,” Herodotus called the Egyptian pyramids “the first wonder of the world.” The past millennia not only confirm this name, but also increasingly force researchers to consider this “miracle” the greatest and most mysterious of all known to mankind.

Miracle in the Desert

The deserted, rocky Giza plateau, where the pyramid complex is located, has a flat shape, with a slight slope from west to east for 2 kilometers and from north to south - 1.3 kilometers and is now practically absorbed by Cairo. The complex located on it consists of three large pyramids, a sphinx, and several small pyramids, temples, tombs of priests and officials. It is noteworthy that all sides of the pyramids are almost exactly oriented to the magnetic poles (deviation of only 3 degrees). At a distance of approximately 160 meters from the Pyramid of Cheops, the Pyramid of Khafre (Khafre) rises, the height of which is 136.6 meters (previously 143.5), and the length of the sides is 210.5 meters. Visually, the pyramid of Khafre, which has preserved 22 rows of cladding, seems higher than the pyramid of Cheops. The effect is achieved due to the fact that its base is at a higher level. One of the most magnificent and well-preserved monumental structures Ancient kingdom is the lower temple of Khafre. This temple, which has a square plan with a side of 4.5 m, is built from large granite blocks. Its walls have a slight slope, and due to this it gives the impression of a huge mastaba, especially from the facade.

The Pyramid of Mikerin (Menkaure), the smallest, is located 200 meters from the Pyramid of Khafre. Its height is 62 meters, and the length of the sides is 108.4 meters. Initially, it was 4 meters higher, but retained the length of the sides, because sand deposits protected the lower part of its lining. This facing - made of red Aswan granite - initially covered the pyramid for almost a third of its height, then it was replaced by white slabs of Tura limestone, and the top, in all likelihood, was also red granite. It was so two-colored back in the 16th century, until it was plundered.

To the south of the third pyramid are three small pyramids connected to it, surrounded by a common wall. The base area of ​​each of them is equal in size to 1/3 of the base area of ​​the Mikerinus pyramid. It is generally accepted that the wives of the pharaoh were buried in these pyramids. In one of the rooms associated with the pyramid of Mikerin, the American archaeologist Reisner discovered during excavations four sculptural groups of slate, now called the triads of Mikerin. Three of them are now in Cairo, one in Boston.

No dead bodies were found in any of the Pyramids, only empty sarcophagi.

The ventilation shafts of the Pyramid of Cheops have raised a number of questions for a number of years. It was previously believed that the shafts in the queen's chamber were unfinished, but research by Rudolf Gantenbrink, carried out in 1993, cast doubt on this assumption.

But let's start from the beginning. The so-called ventilation shafts run north and south from the burial chambers. They have an almost square cross-section (23*22 cm) and the following angles of deviation from the horizontal (according to measurements in 1993):

Northern shaft of the King's chamber - 32 0 28", Southern shaft of the King's chamber - 45 0, Northern shaft of the Queen's chamber - 37 0 28", Southern shaft of the Queen's chamber - 39 0 30"

The two shafts of the pharaoh's burial chamber have been known since the seventeenth century. John Greaves, professor of astronomy at Oxford, reported the existence of these shafts after his famous survey of the Pyramids of Giza in 1638, mentioning that the northern shaft was "blackened by the fire of torches." In 1693, de Maillet, the French consul general, also reported his discovery of the mines and made the unusual conclusion that they served to drain food and remove garbage." The British adventurer, Colonel Wise, along with his colleague, J.S. Perring, discovered that the shafts went outside; this happened in 1837. At first, both researchers decided that the shafts led to some kind of room, although this passage had very small dimensions (23 by 22 centimeters), but abandoned their idea , when we felt air currents after clearing the northern mine." They suggested that the shaft was created for ventilation; It was thanks to them that the expression “ventilation shaft” was established.

However, “such a ventilation” system bears very little resemblance to the ventilation system of Egyptian houses... In order to ventilate the burial chambers in the Cheops pyramid, it would be more reasonable to place the shafts horizontally at ceiling level than to make them inclined, starting one meter from the floor, at the level of the sarcophagus lid. It can be added that when constructing an inclined shaft, builders have to deal with a lot of problems when laying it through the tiers, which would not be the case if the ventilation shafts were horizontal."

For some reason, the builders left the last 13 cm of the block untouched at the entrance to the two ventilation shafts in the queen's chamber, so the fact that they did not serve for ventilation at all is beyond doubt. Only in 1872, Wayneman Dixon, by analogy with the king’s chamber, discovered them by tapping and made his way to a channel 20 cm high and 23 cm wide. After 2 meters, the channels went up at an angle. The Dixon brothers managed to make three small finds in the mines - the only items discovered in the Cheops Pyramid.

Given the above, it was conjectured that the shafts were not intended for ventilation at all; but served for purely religious purposes: “It is more likely that they played some role during burial, perhaps being a path for the king’s soul to exit.”

Book on the stones

Abbot Moret, by the way, believed that the architects of the Great Pyramid knew many other things that they were able to embody in stone: the duration of the leap year; the distance the Earth travels in its orbit in 24 hours; the density of the Earth’s substance, as well as the average temperature of our planet, since the thermal unit of the Great Pyramid is equal to the average temperature of the Earth’s surface, etc.

Research provides even more intriguing results. recent years, from which it follows that the dimensions, magnitude, weight and mutual distances from each other of the three pyramids and the Sphinx reflect similar relationships between the Sun, Venus, Earth and Mars. And an in-depth analysis of the geometric relationships of the elements of the Giza necropolis not only proved that its creators knew such a thing as the “golden ratio”, but also miraculously connected the Giza pyramid complex with the “pyramids” and the “face” of Sidonia on Mars!

This concept, for example, is subtly substantiated by a group of authors led by G. Hancock, who also show that individual elements of the Giza complex may be much older than the 5,000 years traditionally attributed to it by scientists, dating back more than 12,000 years.

Secrets of stone dungeons

And yet the mysteries of the external characteristics of the pyramids are nothing compared to what happens inside. Mysterious and almost detective stories forced scientists to pay attention to them. The most sensational case is the discovery of Tutankhamun's burial in 1923. The sensation spread throughout the world, but after this, inexplicable events began, which were later symbolically called the “curse of the pharaohs” - a more accurate name for this strange phenomenon was not found in human language. Most of the members of the expedition - 11 people, led by its main sponsor and patron Lord Carnervon and scientific director Howard Carter, died over the next six years for various reasons and under various circumstances, which are outwardly in no way connected with each other and cannot be connected if be guided by our usual human logic. But in this case, it is obviously not enough.

Are there pyramids only in Egypt?

We say “pyramids”, immediately “Egypt” comes up. The simplest associative series, however, does not give the complete picture: the pyramids look into the sky from all corners of the globe. Egypt may be the centerpiece of the epic, but it is not the only one. In France, in Brittany, 4 abandoned pyramids have been preserved, older than the Egyptian ones. In China there is a Valley of Pyramids that are significantly larger than even the Cheops Pyramid - the tallest is about 300 meters in size. America can be proud of the step pyramids that were erected by the Mayans more than 3.5 thousand years ago; but that's not all - about one of Bahamas ruins were discovered at the bottom of the sea giant structure rectangular shape. Underwater research has shown that this is... no, not a pyramid - a destroyed and sunken city. However, what is noteworthy is this: the buildings were made of stone blocks weighing from 2 to 25 tons, and the blocks were as perfectly fitted to each other as the blocks of the Egyptian pyramids. The form is different, but the technology is the same. According to radiocarbon dating, ancient city about 10 thousand years. At the foot extinct volcano, near Mexico City, the remains of a destroyed pyramid were found under a layer of lava. If we remember that the last volcanic eruption occurred 8 thousand years ago, then the age of the Mexican pyramid is defined as “more than 8 thousand years.” So the world is full of pyramids. It turns out that the ancient Egyptians did not have a “patent” for their construction. Pyramids are not dislocations of the capricious imagination of the pharaohs, not the consequence of elementary megalomania embodied in stone. The pyramids are more than the resting place of rulers Ancient Egypt. By the way, this is clearly evidenced by the following fact: not a single mummy has been found in any of the Egyptian pyramids to date. All sarcophagi discovered in the pyramids are empty. The pharaohs rested in crypts and tombs in the Valley of the Kings, next to the pyramids - but not inside them!

Conclusion

Children love to play with blocks, moving them from place to place, building different shapes from them. A long time ago, thousands of years ago, when the baobab trees were big and people were small and in loincloths, they also played with cubes. Only the cubes were huge, and the shape they made was almost always the same - a pyramid.

Many have tried to unravel the secrets of the pyramids. This structure is an unsolvable puzzle of number combinations. The fantastic ingenuity, skill, time and labor used by the pyramid's architects in constructing the eternal symbol, according to many researchers, indicate the extreme importance of the message that the ancient Egyptians wanted to convey to future generations.

The globe is studded with them, they are everywhere - in Africa, America, Europe and Asia. All civilizations have suffered from pyramids. Is it possible now, hundreds of centuries later, to understand what made humanity play such strange and identical games? And were they games? ...

List of used literature

1. K. Mikhailovsky “Pyramids and Mastabas”.

2. N.A. Dmitrieva “ Short story arts

3. Babanin V.P. Secrets of the Great Pyramids. St. Petersburg: Lan, 1999. - 510 p.

4. Website materials: www.bankreferatov.ru.

Behind Egyptian pyramids a strange feature was noticed: they are capable of destroying modern precision equipment. And, according to some information, up to 80% of the electronic devices that have visited the pyramids come out intact. According to the stories of old Cairo residents, in 1967, during the Arab-Israeli war, three Israeli planes flying low over the Giza pyramids crashed into the sand for an unknown reason. The Arabs explain this as the “curse of the pharaohs.” Independent researchers believe that inside the pyramids there is a powerful electromagnetic emitter
An examination of the pyramids with a thermal imaging system showed that there are several powerful heat sources inside the pyramids. Ancient energy installations? The legendary “perpetual motion machine”? The results of the study, which is not surprising, were attributed to errors in the device, especially since after the expedition it really began to malfunction.
The technologies used to build the pyramids appear to have been very different from those used by the ancient Greeks and Romans, as described by the ancient Greek historian Herodotus. We were hardly talking about tens of thousands of slaves. What could he know about ancient Egyptian technology when more than two millennia separated him from the construction of the pyramids at Giza? He presented only his ideas and judgments of the ancient Egyptian priests of his time.
Archaeologist and surveyor Flinders Petrie researched and presented his conclusions about the technologies for building them. In his opinion, the ancient craftsmen had at their disposal tools of a type “that we have only recently invented.” Petrie carefully examined the sarcophagus of the Cheops pyramid and reported that it was cut out of a granite block with saws “at least 2.5 Peters in length.” This granite is of very high strength. It was assumed that the saws were made of bronze, and the cutting edges were equipped with very strong stones. Diamonds?
The processing of the internal cavity of the sarcophagus is even more mysterious. It is much more difficult than cutting out a block of rock. To do this, the Egyptians had to “move from reciprocating cutting to rotary cutting, turning the saw into a pipe, making annular grooves with the resulting tubular drill. The diameter of these tubular drills ranged from 6 to 130 millimeters, the width of the cutting edge was from 0.8 to 5 millimeters.” Of course, Flinders admits that no one has been able to find the diamond saws and drills themselves. The nature of the surfaces processed by drilling and sawing showed the existence of such tools among the ancient Egyptians.


The deeper the scientist researched, the more mysterious the stone-cutting technology of the ancients became. “The magnitude of the cutting forces is worthy of surprise, as evidenced by the speed with which the drills and saws passed through the stone,” writes Petrie, “apparently, when drilling granite with 100-mm drills, they were subjected to a load of at least two tons.”
Over 4,500 years ago, the ancient Egyptians introduced industrial age technology? Drilling machines had over a ton of spindle force, allowing them to drill through hard stones like butter.
Diorite bowls from the IV Dynasty... Diorite is one of the hardest stones on the planet, it is harder than iron. And the hieroglyphs on the bowls were cut with an extremely sharp tool, and not scratched, as evidenced by the edges of the lines. “Since the width of the lines is 0.17 millimeters, the hardness of the cutting edge must be higher than that of quartz and viscous enough not to crumble with such a sharp edge (about 0.13 mm). It is known that it was possible to engrave parallel lines with a pitch of 0.8 mm.” What kind of instrument it is, how it was maintained at such high precision, how it was worked with is a mystery.
The pyramids were built using technologies close to modern ones. They contain proportions that testify to the brilliant knowledge of the ancients in the field of mathematics. The angle of inclination of the side faces of the Cheops pyramid (52 degrees) is chosen so that the original height of the monument is 146.6 meters, the perimeter of the base is 920.85 meters, are in the same ratio as the radius of the sphere with its circumference. The ratio is equal to 2p. That is, the Egyptians used this number before its discovery by the ancient Greeks. In addition, the layout of the Cheops pyramid uses the “golden section rule”, known to architects since the Middle Ages. The height of the pyramid is exactly a billion times less than the distance from the Earth to the Sun.
If for academic science the age of the pyramids ranges from the 25th to 25th centuries BC, then atlantologists suggest much greater deviations from these dates.
About the construction of the pyramids, the Arab historian of the 9th century Ibn Abd Hokmah said: “Most people agree that the first pyramids were built by Sorid ibn Solyuk, the pharaoh of Egypt, who ruled three hundred years before the flood. The reason was that he saw in a dream that the whole earth had turned over... People were lying face down, and the stars were falling and hitting each other with a terrible roar. Waking up in horror, he gathered the high priests of all the provinces of Egypt, a total of one hundred and thirty people led by Aklimon, and told them everything. They measured the heights of the stars and, after making calculations, predicted the catastrophe.”
Sorid (Zarid) built 30 treasuries in the pyramid. He filled them with gold, gems, jewelry, stainless steel weapons, vessels, ceramics, and also, according to the ancient author, unbreakable glass that can be bent. 1000 years before the invention of stainless steel and plastics, the author should have known about their existence.
Interestingly, recently new datings of the age of the Sphinx have appeared, based on the nature of its water erosion. The dates are close to the hypothetical time of the Great Flood, possibly taking place in the ninth millennium BC. The heavy rainfall required for the sphinx's observed erosion ceased to occur in Egypt thousands of years before Egyptologists say the sphinx was built. Then, according to Egyptology, the Nile Valley was inhabited only by primitive Neolithic hunter-gatherers, with tools such as sharpened pieces of flint and sticks...