Detailed plan for describing the lake. How to describe a lake according to plan? Lakes: characteristics and types Artistic description of the lake

This summer August turned out to be hot and muggy. On the day off, mom suggested that dad and I go to the lake for a swim. We really liked the offer. We quickly collected everything we needed and hit the road.

It took us a long time to get there, because the distance from our village to the lake is long.

It was hot, the windows in the car were open all the time. I looked out the window the whole way, and I didn’t get bored at all.

I looked at the yellowing fields and green meadows, at the river with lonely fishermen in the reeds, at the blue sky with white clouds that seemed to float after the car, not lagging behind or overtaking it.

The road wound through corn fields, sometimes surrounded by walnut groves. Several times our path passed through villages and small towns. The streets were quiet and somehow strangely thoughtful. Someone else's life flashed past, very interesting, bright, and sometimes

and mysterious. I watched, with bated breath, someone else’s life, revealed for a second in fleeting pictures, as if in film frames: a girl came out and started playing with a ball. Before you have time to think about who she is, what she thinks and dreams about, a new picture opens: a woman takes off her underwear from a line stretched next to the porch of the house. Here

There’s a truck standing at a railroad crossing, and the driver is saying something to the old railroad worker, waving his arms, and it’s unclear whether they’re swearing or laughing.

It is interesting to observe the diversity of life from the car window.

Here is the lake! It looked like the sea, only a narrow strip of the opposite shore was visible. Low waves splashed lazily at our feet. I wanted to stroke their cool “back.” I bent down to dip my hand into the depths, slipped and... Plop!

It’s good that it wasn’t deep, because I’m not swimming well yet.
Then there was everything: swimming in clean water, barbecue, baked potatoes in the coals. And also the evening sky with huge stars.

Late in the evening, when it was already dark, we left for home, but there were many impressions left for a long time. Just enough until next summer!

- a body of water formed on the surface of the land in a natural depression. Since the lake does not have a direct connection with the ocean, it is a body of slow water exchange.

total area lakes on the globe - about 2.7 million km 3, which is 1.8% of the land surface.

Main characteristics of the lake:

• lake area - water surface area;
• length coastline - water edge length;
• lake length - the shortest distance between the two most distant points on the coastline, average width - area to length ratio;
• lake volume - volume of the basin filled with water;
• average depth - ratio of water mass volume to area;
• maximum depth - is found by direct measurements.

The largest lake on Earth by water surface area is the Caspian (376 thousand km 2 at a water level of 28 m), and the deepest is Baikal (1620 m).

The characteristics of the largest lakes in the world are given in table. 1.

Each lake has three interconnected components: basin, water mass, vegetation and animal world reservoir

Lakes of the world

By position In the lake basin, lakes are divided into above-ground and underground. The latter are sometimes filled with juvenile water. The subglacial lake in Antarctica can also be classified as an underground lake.

Lake basins could be like endogenous, so exogenous origin, which most significantly affects their size, shape, and water regime.

The largest lake basins. They can be located in tectonic depressions (Ilmen), in foothill and intermountain troughs, in grabens (Baikal, Nyasa, Tanganyika). Most large lake basins have a complex tectonic origin; both fault and fold movements are involved in their formation (Issyk-Kul, Balkhash, Victoria, etc.). All tectonic lakes are large in size, and most have significant depths and steep rocky slopes. The bottoms of many deep lakes lie below the level of the World Ocean, and the surface of the lake lies above the level. Certain patterns are observed in the location of tectonic lakes: they are concentrated along faults earth's crust either in rift zones (Syrian-African, Baikal), or frame shields: along the Canadian shield there are the Great Bear Lake, the Great Slave Lake, the Great North American Lakes, along the Baltic shield - Onega, Ladoga, etc.

Volcanic lakes occupy craters and calderas extinct volcanoes(Kronopkoye Lake in Kamchatka, lakes in Java, New Zealand).

Along with lake basins created by internal processes of the Earth, there are very numerous lake baths formed due to exogenous processes.

Among them the most common glacial lakes on the plains and in the mountains, located both in basins plowed by glaciers and in depressions between hills with uneven deposition of moraine. The lakes of Karelia and Finland, which are elongated in the direction of glacier movement from northwest to southeast along tectonic cracks, owe their origin to the destructive activity of ancient glaciers. In fact, Ladoga, Onega and other lakes have a mixed glacial-tectonic origin. Glacial basins in the mountains include numerous, but small carts lakes located in bowl-shaped depressions on mountain slopes below the snow line (in the Alps, Caucasus, Altai), and trogous lakes - in trough-shaped glacial valleys in the mountains.

The uneven accumulation of glacial deposits on the plains is associated with lakes among hilly and moraine terrain: in the north-west of the East European Plain, especially in the Valdai Upland, in the Baltic states, Poland, Germany, Canada and the northern USA. These lakes are usually shallow, wide, with lobed shores, with islands (Seliger, Valdai, etc.). In the mountains, such lakes arose on the site of former glacier tongues (Como, Garda, Würm in the Alps). In areas of ancient glaciations, there are numerous lakes in the hollows of the runoff of melted glacial waters; they are elongated, trough-shaped, usually small and shallow (for example, Dolgoe, Krugloe - near Moscow).

Karst lakes are formed in places where rocks are leached by underground and partly surface waters. They are deep, but small, often round in shape (in the Crimea, the Caucasus, in the Dinaric and other mountainous regions).

Suffosion lakes are formed in basins of subsidence origin at the site of intensive removal of fine earth and mineral particles by groundwater (southern Western Siberia).

Thermokarst Lakes appear when permafrost soil melts or ice melts. Thanks to them, the Kolyma Lowland is one of the most lake regions in Russia. Many relict thermokarst lake basins are located in the north-west of the East European Plain in the former periglacial zone.

Aeolian lakes arise in blowing basins (Lake Teke in Kazakhstan).

Zaprudnye lakes are formed in the mountains, often after earthquakes, as a result of landslides and landslides blocking river valleys (Lake Sarez in the Murghab valley in the Pamirs).

In the valleys of lowland rivers, the most numerous are floodplain oxbow lakes of a characteristic horseshoe shape, formed as a result of meandering of rivers and subsequent straightening of channels; when rivers dry up, river lakes are formed in bochagas - reaches; in river deltas there are small ilmen lakes, in place of channels, often overgrown with reeds and reeds (ilmen lakes of the Volga delta, lakes of the Kuban flood plains).

On the low-lying coasts of the seas, coastal lakes are typical in place of estuaries and lagoons, if the latter are separated from the sea by sandy alluvial bridges: spits, bars.

A special type is organogenic lakes among swamps and coral buildings.

These are the main genetic types of lake basins, determined by natural processes. Their location on the continents is presented in Table. 2. But recently, more and more “man-made” lakes created by man have appeared - so-called anthropogenic lakes: lakes - reservoirs on rivers, lakes - ponds in quarries, in salt mines, on the site of peat mining.

By genesis of water masses There are two types of lakes. Some have water of atmospheric origin: precipitation, river and groundwater. Such lakes fresh, although in dry climates they may eventually become salty.

Other lakes were part of the World Ocean - these are relict salty lakes (Caspian, Aral). But even in such lakes, primary sea water can be greatly transformed and even completely displaced and replaced by atmospheric waters (Ladozhskoye, etc.).

Table 2. Distribution of the main genetic groups of lakes by continent and part of the world

Depending from water balance, t.s. According to the conditions of inflow and outflow, lakes are divided into drainage and drainageless. Lakes that discharge part of their waters in the form of river runoff - sewage; a special case of them are flowing lakes. Many rivers can flow into the lake, but only one flows out (the Angara from Lake Baikal, the Neva from Lake Ladoga and etc.). Lakes that do not drain into the World Ocean - drainless(Caspian, Aral, Bolshoye Solenoye). The water level in such lakes is subject to fluctuations of varying duration, which is primarily due to long-term and seasonal climate changes. At the same time, the morphometric characteristics of lakes and the properties of water masses change. This is especially noticeable on lakes in arid regions, which promise long cycles of climate moisture and aridity.

Lake waters, like other natural waters, are characterized by different chemical compositions and varying degrees of mineralization.

Based on the composition of salts in the water, lakes are divided into three types: carbonate, sulfate, and chloride.

By degree of mineralization lakes are divided into fresh(less than 1%o), brackish(1-24.7%c), salty(24.7-47%o) and mineral(more than 47%c). An example of a fresh lake is Baikal, the salinity of which is 0.1%, brackish - Caspian sea water - 12-13%, Bolshoye Solenoye - 137-300%, Dead Sea - 260-270%, in some years - up to 310%c.

In the distribution of lakes with varying degrees of mineralization on earth's surface There is a geographic zonality determined by the moisture coefficient. In addition, those lakes into which rivers flow are characterized by low salinity.

However, the degree of mineralization can vary within the same lake. For example, in the closed lake Balkhash, located in an arid zone, in the western part, where the river flows. Or, the water is fresh, but in the eastern part, which is connected to the western part only by a narrow (4 km) shallow strait, the water is brackish.

When lakes become oversaturated, salts begin to precipitate from the brine and crystallize. Such mineral lakes are called self-planting(for example, Elton, Baskunchak). Mineral lakes in which lamellar fine needles are deposited are known as mud.

Plays an important role in the life of lakes thermal regime.

Fresh lakes hot thermal zones are characterized by the warmest water at the surface, which gradually decreases with depth. This temperature distribution over depth is called direct thermal stratification. Lakes in the cold thermal zone have the coldest (about 0 °C) and lightest water at the top almost all year round; With depth, the water temperature increases (up to 4°C), the water becomes denser and heavier. This temperature distribution over depth is called reverse thermal stratification. Lakes in the temperate thermal zone have variable stratification by season: direct in summer, reverse in winter. In spring and autumn there come moments when the vertical temperature is the same (4 °C) at different depths. The phenomenon of constant temperature over depth is called homothermy(spring and autumn).

The annual thermal cycle in temperate lakes is divided into four periods: spring heating (from 0 to 4 °C) is due to convective mixing; summer heating (from 4 °C to maximum temperature) - by molecular thermal conductivity; autumn cooling (from maximum temperature to 4 °C) - by convective mixing; winter cooling (from 4 to 0 °C) - again by molecular thermal conductivity.

IN winter period Freezing lakes have the same three phases as rivers: freezing, freezing, opening. The process of ice formation and melting is similar to rivers. Lakes tend to be covered with ice for 2-3 weeks longer than rivers in the region. The thermal regime of freezing salt lakes resembles that of seas and oceans.

Dynamic phenomena in lakes include currents, waves and seiches. Katabatic currents occur when a river flows into a lake and water flows out of the lake into the river. In flowing lakes they can be traced throughout the entire water area of ​​the lake, in non-flowing lakes - in areas adjacent to the mouth or source of the river.

The height of the waves on the lake is less, but the steepness is greater compared to the seas and oceans.

The movement of water in lakes, along with dense convection, promotes mixing of water, penetration of oxygen into the lower layers, and uniform distribution of nutrients, which is important for the very diverse inhabitants of lakes.

By nutritional properties of water mass and the conditions for the development of life, lakes are divided into three biological types: oligotrophic, eutrophic, dystrophic.

Oligotrophic- low-nutrient lakes. These are large, deep, transparent lakes with greenish-blue water, rich in oxygen, so organic residues are intensively mineralized. Due to the small amount of nutrients, they are poor in plankton. Life is not rich, but there are fish and crustaceans. These are many mountain lakes, Baikal, Geneva, etc.

Eutrophic the lakes have a high content of nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, are shallow (up to 1015 m), well heated, with brownish-green water. The oxygen content decreases with depth, which is why fish and other animals die in winter. The bottom is peaty or muddy with an abundance of organic residues. In summer, water blooms occur due to the strong development of phytoplankton. The lakes have a rich flora and fauna. They are most common in forest-steppe and steppe zones.

Dystrophic the lakes are poor in nutrients and oxygen and are shallow. The water in them is acidic, slightly transparent, and brown due to the abundance of humic acids. The bottom is peaty, there is little phytoplankton and higher aquatic vegetation, as well as animals. These lakes are common in heavily swampy areas.

In the last decade, due to the increased supply of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds from fields, as well as the discharge of wastewater from some industrial enterprises, eutrophication of lakes has been observed. The first sign of this unfavorable phenomenon is a strong bloom of blue-green algae, then the amount of oxygen in the reservoir decreases, silt forms, and hydrogen sulfide appears. All this will create unfavorable living conditions for fish, waterfowl, etc.

Evolution of lakes occurs in different ways in humid and dry climates: in the first case they gradually turn into swamps, in the second - into salt marshes.

In a humid (humid) climate, the leading role in filling the lake and turning it into a swamp belongs to vegetation, partly to the remains of the animal population, which together form organic remains. Temporary streams and rivers bring mineral deposits. Small lakes with gentle shores are overgrown by pushing vegetation ecological zones from the periphery to the center. Eventually the lake becomes a grassy, ​​low-lying marsh.

Deep lakes with steep banks overgrow differently: by growing from above alloys(swell) - a layer of living and dead plants. It is based on plants with long rhizomes (cinquefoil, cinquefoil, whitewing), and other herbaceous plants and even shrubs (alder, willow) settle on the network of rhizomes. The float first appears on the shores, protected from the wind, where there is no waves, and gradually advances onto the lake, increasing in power. Some plants die and fall to the bottom, forming peat. Gradually, only “windows” of water remain in the raft, and then they disappear, although the basin is not yet filled with sediments, and only over time the raft closes with the peat layer.

In dry climates, lakes eventually become salt marshes. This is facilitated by an insignificant amount of precipitation, intense evaporation, a decrease in the influx of river water, and the deposition of solid sediments brought by rivers and dust storms. As a result, the water mass of the lake decreases, the level decreases, the area decreases, the concentration of salts increases, and even a fresh lake can first turn into a salt lake (Bolshoy Salt Lake V North America), and then into the salt marsh.

Lakes, especially large ones, have a softening effect on the climate of the surrounding areas: they are warmer in winter and cooler in summer. Thus, at coastal weather stations near Lake Baikal the temperature in winter is 8-10 °C higher, and in summer by 6-8 °C lower than at stations outside the influence of the lake. Air humidity near the lake is higher due to increased evaporation.

Geographical objects are everything that surrounds us, that is, they are stable or relatively stable objects with a certain location on Earth that can be described. Our article will tell you how to describe a lake.

Standard plan for describing geographical objects

Before making a plan for describing the lake, you should briefly make a plan for the story about any geographical object. So, you can describe it:

• population in a certain territory;
• journey;
• Natural resources countries;
• geographical location of the continent;
• relief of the territory;
• climate;
• natural area/areas;
• country;
• Agriculture;
• description of the political map.

As can be seen from listed list, you can describe anything, and for each object there is its own plan. But if you don’t know it, then you can describe the object according to a standard plan, which is the following:

1. Define a map, which can be political, physical, textual, or complex.
2. Determine the scale.
3. Get acquainted with the legend, i.e. determine what objects, conventional images, units of measurement are to express quantitative indicators.
4. Find a given territory or object and describe it using a legend.
5. It happens that one map is not enough to describe it, so it’s worth using several to get the full picture.

Lake description plan: where to start

As mentioned above, there are standard types of description, and each object has its own plan, including such a lake. First you need to make a brief plan, and then describe it in more detail.

Lake description plan:

1. Name.
2. Location of the reservoir.
3. Basin type.
4. Greatest depth.
5. Salinity.
6. Definition of drainage or drainage lake.
7. Description of the shores.

In this lake description plan, you can also add a division of salt lakes according to chemical composition, which are divided into carbonate, sulfate and chloride. Lakes can also be divided according to nutrients:

• oligotrophic, i.e. low amount of nutrients;
• eutrophic, i.e. where there is a large amount of nutrients;
• dystrophic, i.e. poor in nutrients, mainly refers to swampy lakes.

Plan for describing basic information

The description of lakes can be done following the plan described above. It is universal and suitable for characterizing any body of water. But first, it’s worth giving a definition.

A lake is a naturally occurring body of water that is filled with water within the lake bowl and has no connection with the sea or ocean.

On planet Earth today there are more than 40 largest lakes, which have an area of ​​more than 4 thousand km 2. The largest are the Caspian Sea, Huron, Victoria, Superior and Michigan.

The description of the lake should begin with its name. For example, this is where the story of Lake Huron can begin. It is located in North America in two countries: Canada and the USA. It occupies an area of ​​59 thousand 600 kilometers and has a depth of up to 229 meters.

Next, it is necessary to determine the type of basin, which are divided by origin into tectonic (i.e., formed in places of a fault or shift in the earth's crust); glacial (when the basin was formed by plowing a glacier); river; seaside; failures (formed where frozen soils began to thaw); underground; volcanic; artificial.

It should be clarified that it is freshwater and was formed due to tectonic processes.

Other lakes should be described according to the same plan, for example, the largest in Russia and one of the largest among freshwater lakes - Lake Baikal. Let's look at a few examples.

Lake Baikal

It is worth starting the description of Lake Baikal according to the plan with its location. It is located in Central Asia, in Irkutsk region Russia. This is one of the largest lakes in the world, which ranks seventh in area and is the deepest among freshwater lakes. Its depth is 1637 meters.

Origin. Scientists are still arguing about its origin, since they cannot fully establish the exact date. It stretches for 600 kilometers, and in some places its width can reach 80 kilometers. The area of ​​the reservoir is 31 thousand km 2, such as the area of ​​Belgium or Denmark. The coastline stretches for 2,100 kilometers, in the west the coast is rocky and steep, and in the east it is flatter.

Lake Baikal is a drainage lake, more than 300 rivers and streams flow into it, the largest are Snezhnaya, Barguzin, Sarma, and only the Angara River flows out.

The description of Lake Baikal according to the plan can be completed by clarifying the volume of water. They are huge, and account for 19% of all fresh water reserves, second only to the Caspian Sea. The lake is home to more than 2 thousand species of plants and animals, 2/3 of which are endemic, that is, living organisms that are found only in this reservoir. This abundance is explained by the high oxygen content throughout the water column.

Lake Victoria

The plan for describing Lake Victoria should begin with the fact that it is located in East Africa on the territory of three states, such as Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. In terms of area, it ranks first on the mainland and third in the whole world and is 68 thousand km 2, the maximum depth is 80 meters, and the length of the coastline stretches for 7 thousand kilometers.

The lake is a drainage lake, the Kagera River flows into it, and the Victoria and Nile flow out, but the main source of nutrition is precipitation, and not its tributaries.

The shores of the lake are mostly flat and low, heavily indented and swampy.

Lake Victoria is one of the largest freshwater lakes, which ranks third in area. It is home to more than 200 species of fish, on which many animals feed.

Lake Chad

The plan for describing Lake Chad needs to start with the fact that it is located in Central Africa on the territory of several states, more precisely Nigeria, Niger and Cameroon.

The lake is in twelfth position among the largest lakes in the whole world and covers an area of ​​26 thousand km 2. It is impossible to clearly indicate the area, because during rains it floods and the area increases to 50 thousand km 2, and during drought the area decreases to 11 thousand km 2. The maximum depth reaches 12 meters.

In the south, the lake flows into the lake, which is one of the sources of food, in the west, the Komadugu-Vaube River, in the east, Bar el-Ghazali.

A lake is a closed depression of land filled with water and not having a direct connection with the ocean. Unlike lakes, they are reservoirs of slow water exchange. The total area of ​​the Earth's lakes is about 2.7 million km2, or about 1.8% of the land surface. Lakes are distributed everywhere, but unevenly. The geographical distribution of lakes is greatly influenced by climate, which determines their nutrition and evaporation, as well as factors contributing to the formation of lake basins. There are many lakes in the regions; they are deep, fresh and mostly flowing. In areas with a dry climate, all other things being equal, there are fewer lakes, they are often low-water, often drainless, and therefore often salty. Thus, the distribution of lakes and their features are determined by geography.

4. Karst lakes, the basins of which arose as a result of failures, soil subsidence and erosion (limestones, gypsum, dolomites). The dissolution of these rocks by water leads to the formation of deep but small lake basins.

5. Dammed (dammed, or dam) lakes arise as a result of blocking the river bed (valley) with blocks of rock during landslides in the mountains (Sevan, Tana, many lakes of the Alps, and other mountain lakes). From a large mountain collapse in 1911, Lake Sarez with a depth of 505 m was formed.

A number of lakes are formed for other reasons:

• estuary lakes are common on the shores of the seas - these are coastal areas of the sea, separated from it by means of coastal spits;
• oxbow lakes are lakes that arose in old river beds.

Based on the origin of the water mass, lakes are of two types.

1. Fresh lakes - the salinity of which does not exceed 1‰ (one ppm).

2. Brackish - the salinity of such lakes is up to 24‰.

3. Salty - with a content of dissolved substances in the range of 24.7-47‰.

4. Mineral (47‰). These lakes are soda, sulfate, and chloride. In mineral lakes, salts can precipitate. For example, self-settling lakes Elton and Baskunchak, where salt is mined.

Usually wastewater lakes are fresh, since the water in them is constantly renewed. Endorheic lakes are often salty because their water flow is dominated by evaporation, and all minerals remain in the reservoir.

Lakes, like rivers, are the most important natural resources; used by humans for navigation, water supply, fishing, obtaining mineral salts and chemical elements. In some places, small lakes are often artificially created by humans. Then they are also called .

Geographical objects are everything that surrounds us, that is, they are stable or relatively stable objects with a certain location on Earth that can be described. Our article will tell you how to describe a lake.

Standard plan for describing geographical objects

Before making a plan for describing a lake, you should briefly make a plan for a story about any geographical feature. So, you can describe it:

• population in a certain territory;
• journey;
• natural resources of the country;
• geographical location of the continent;
• relief of the territory;
• climate;
• natural area/areas;
• country;
• Agriculture;
• description of the political map.

As can be seen from the list above, anything can be described and each object has its own plan. But if you don’t know it, then you can describe the object according to a standard plan, which is the following:

Lake description plan: where to start

As mentioned above, there are standard types of description, and each object has its own plan, including a water body such as a lake. First you need to make a brief plan, and then describe it in more detail.

Lake description plan:

In this plan for describing the lake, you can also add a division of salt lakes according to their chemical composition, which are divided into carbonate, sulfate and chloride. Lakes can also be divided according to nutrients:

• oligotrophic, i.e. low amount of nutrients;
• eutrophic, i.e. where there is a large amount of nutrients;
• dystrophic, i.e. poor in nutrients, mainly refers to swampy lakes.

Plan for describing basic information

The description of lakes can be done following the plan described above. It is universal and suitable for characterizing any body of water. But first, it’s worth giving a definition.

A lake is a naturally occurring body of water that is filled with water within the lake bowl and has no connection with the sea or ocean.

On planet Earth today there are more than 40 largest lakes, which have an area of ​​more than 4 thousand km2. The largest are the Caspian Sea, Huron, Victoria, Superior and Michigan.

The description of the lake should begin with its name. For example, this is where the story of Lake Huron can begin. It is located in North America in two countries: Canada and the USA. It occupies an area of ​​59 thousand 600 kilometers and has a depth of up to 229 meters.

Next, it is necessary to determine the type of basin, which are divided by origin into tectonic (i.e., formed in places of a fault or shift in the earth's crust); glacial (when the basin was formed by plowing a glacier); river; seaside; failures (formed where frozen soils began to thaw); underground; volcanic; artificial.

It should be clarified that Lake Huron is freshwater and was formed due to tectonic processes.

Other lakes should be described according to the same plan, for example, the largest in Russia and one of the largest among freshwater lakes - Lake Baikal. Let's look at a few examples.

Lake Baikal

It is worth starting the description of Lake Baikal according to the plan with its location. It is located in Central Asia, in the Irkutsk region of Russia. This is one of the largest lakes in the world, which ranks seventh in area and is the deepest among freshwater lakes. Its depth is 1637 meters.

Lake of tectonic origin. Scientists are still arguing about its origin, since they cannot fully establish the exact date. It stretches for 600 kilometers, and in some places its width can reach 80 kilometers. The area of ​​the reservoir is 31 thousand km2, the same as, for example, the area of ​​Belgium or Denmark. The coastline stretches for 2,100 kilometers, in the west the coast is rocky and steep, and in the east it is flatter.

Lake Baikal is a drainage lake, more than 300 rivers and streams flow into it, the largest are Snezhnaya, Barguzin, Sarma, and only the Angara River flows out.

The description of Lake Baikal according to the plan can be completed by clarifying the volume of water. They are huge, and account for 19% of all fresh water reserves, second only to the Caspian Sea. The lake is home to more than 2 thousand species of plants and animals, 2/3 of which are endemic, that is, living organisms that are found only in this reservoir. This abundance is explained by the high oxygen content throughout the water column.

Lake Victoria

The plan for describing Lake Victoria should begin with the fact that it is located in East Africa on the territory of three states, such as Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. In terms of area, it ranks first on the mainland and third in the whole world and is 68 thousand km2, the maximum depth is 80 meters, and the length of the coastline stretches for 7 thousand kilometers.

The lake is a drainage lake, the Kagera River flows into it, and the Victoria and Nile flow out, but the main source of nutrition is precipitation, and not its tributaries.

The shores of the lake are mostly flat and low, heavily indented and swampy.

Lake Victoria is one of the largest freshwater lakes, which ranks third in area. It is home to more than 200 species of fish, on which many animals feed.

Lake Chad

The plan for describing Lake Chad needs to start with the fact that it is located in Central Africa on the territory of several states, more precisely the Republic of Chad, Nigeria, Niger and Cameroon.

The lake is in twelfth position among the largest lakes in the whole world and covers an area of ​​26 thousand km2. It is impossible to clearly indicate the area, because during rains it floods and the area increases to 50 thousand km2, and during drought the area decreases to 11 thousand km2. The maximum depth reaches 12 meters.

In the south, the Shari River, which is one of the food sources, flows into the lake, in the west the Komadugu-Vaube River, in the east Bar el-Ghazali.