How to organize a city tour. V. Some rules for conducting an excursion. New franchises in the catalog

State cultural institution

4. organization of the inspection

5. availability of a route

TO features museum excursions should include greater mobility and frequent changes of topics and routes due to the constant development of the exhibition (introduction of new topics, exhibits, partial reexpositions, etc.). The museum tour is limited by the space of the exhibition room. The guide cannot pause during the excursion; its ability to relax and prepare the group to perceive new material is limited. Often, exhibits that appear before tourists in variety and multitude scatter the group’s attention, and the guide has to put a lot of skill and effort into organizing and directing the audience’s attention to the desired exhibit.

All of the above should be taken into account when preparing and conducting a tour of the museum.

Depending on the breadth of the topic and the depth of its disclosure, excursions are divided into overview and thematic. Also in some cases there are cyclic excursions.

The most common type of excursion is sightseeing tour .

Its purpose is to give the visitor a general idea of ​​the museum, its collections, and the exhibition as a whole.

Thematic excursion is a tour of one specific topic. It sets the task of a complete and deep disclosure of the topic while using the maximum of relevant material presented in the exhibition.

Thematic excursions are not possible in all non-state museums. Their presence depends on the profile of the museum, the nature of its main theme, exhibition space, the number of sections and topics, and most importantly, on the variety and richness of museum material.

Cycle excursions For non-state museums, this is a rare phenomenon, since they require combining excursions with a single theme, working with the same group of visitors in a certain sequence for a certain time.

II. Preparation museum excursion

1. The beginning of work on a new excursion is determination of the topic, purpose, range of issues that need to be covered.

All these components of the initial stage of work depend, first of all, on the profile of the museum, the collections that are presented in the exhibition, as well as the demand of visitors.

IV. Guided tour methodology

The main methods and techniques for conducting an excursion are outlined in the process of developing its content. However, they receive specific forms and a complete character only after special testing at the exhibition, in conditions as close as possible to an excursion. The guide must, in practice, choose the most successful methodological techniques for a given exhibition.

The following are distinguished: general techniques conducting the excursion:

2. story

In practice, they all act in interconnection, ultimately forming a single excursion method. Its main requirement is an organic connection between the show and the story, but, as a rule, in the process of conducting an excursion, the show precedes the story. Displaying an exhibit is not a simple demonstration of an object. Each material presented in the exhibition carries certain information and plays a certain role. The guide’s task is to convey this to the tourists.

When conducting a specific excursion, show and tell methods are implemented through a number of techniques, such as:

1. verbal or mental reconstruction (recreation of an event based on the materials presented in the exhibition)

2. comparison

3. quoting the exhibited documents (the excerpts read out should be skillfully combined with the display of the exhibit itself, helping to reveal the topic)

Conversation is an integral part of any excursion. First of all, these are the introductory and final parts of the excursion, which were discussed above. Certain elements of the conversation are introduced into the main part of the excursion, having thought through questions for the excursionists in advance.

In addition to showing, telling and talking, which form the basis of the excursion methodology, additional techniques are often used in museum excursions: listening to sound recordings of the memories of participants in the events discussed in the excursion, watching videos, filmstrips, etc. It should be noted that resorting to such methods should be used only in cases where this material is bright, emotional, and rich in information. The duration of such “inserts” should not exceed 4-5 minutes. Otherwise, the attention of tourists will be scattered, and interest in continuing the excursion will decrease.

For a more complete disclosure of the topic, with a small number of exhibits, you can resort to the use of additional, auxiliary material not included in the exhibition: photographs, reproductions, copies, diagrams, maps, drawings, etc. (the so-called “tour guide’s briefcase”).

V. Some rules for conducting an excursion

The success of the excursion depends on many factors. The guide is required to:

Knowledge of the material

Correct speech

Impeccable look

Ability to establish contact with a group, etc.

During the excursion, the guide must position the group in such a way that the excursionists, without exception, can see the exhibit material with which they are currently working. The guide's place is between the group (1.5 m from it) and the stand. When showing this or that material with a pointer (unless a document is being read out or certain features of the exhibit are indicated), the guide should be addressed to the group and observe its reaction. The guide's indifference to the behavior of the audience, as well as his display of a bad mood, are not acceptable. The guide is a kind of actor. And the success of both the entire work of preparing the excursion and conducting it for a specific excursion group largely depends on how he prepares his role and plays it in public.

VI. Improving the excursion

Before going out with a prepared excursion to a group, the guide must present it to a more experienced and knowledgeable employee for audition, and then the excursion is officially accepted by a commission, which may include representatives of the museum administration, staff members, and members of the Museum Council.

But even after the commission accepts the excursion, the work on it is not considered completed.

It is necessary to continue studying the chosen topic - get acquainted with new publications, clarify information about the exhibits, listen to tours of other guides, analyze the reaction of visitors.

This will make it possible to constantly improve the excursion, make it more relevant and attractive for tourists, and, consequently, increase interest in the museum as a whole.

Instructions

When it comes to the actual excursion, try to find out in advance which group you will be working with. If these are children or – maybe less formal. But even such an audience is more difficult. Since most often children come to museums on the initiative or. It’s easier with adults, since they purposefully went to the museum to hear your story.

Be sure to say hello to the group and introduce yourself. Tell visitors which room to go to. During the tour, be prepared to ask questions about all the exhibits, as you will be surprised at the little details an art lover can notice. At the end of the tour, thank your audience and invite them to your museum for other exhibitions. The main thing in the work of a guide is friendliness and the ability to interest visitors.

Video on the topic

Helpful advice

Remember that you are the owner of this “house” and welcome guests. Be attentive to your visitors, and they will respond to you with mutual attention and respect.

Instructions

Developing a route is the first thing you need to start drawing up an excursion plan. If the excursion is planned in one place (palace, museum, etc.), think over a group layout for this place in accordance with the plan of the building (or area). Write down where the group will begin, the group will spend near each exhibit, how long the excursion will take, and what time it will end.

If you are planning an excursion to visit several attractions, also plan an excursion, developing an optimal traffic pattern taking into account the situation.

The second stage is writing the text of the excursion. There should be no disagreement in the text with historical facts, therefore, when writing a tour, make links to the sources where you get the information. After all, if some listener does not agree with you and tries to challenge what was said, you can always tell him where your information comes from and how to check it.

At the same time, remember that it should not only be informative, but also not boring, holding the attention of listeners.

Video on the topic

Photo: Official portal of the Mayor and Government of Moscow

How to see among skyscrapers and cars ancient city? Where is the utopian house located? Who comes up with city tours and who goes on them? How to plan a route correctly and make a person listen carefully? The leading guide of the City Tour Bureau of the Museum of Moscow, Larisa Skrypnik, told the site about the pros and cons of being a guide, about the mysteries of Moscow and the best excursionists.

— It seems that everything about Moscow has already been told, all the city labyrinths and nooks and crannies have been traversed, and suddenly new route, new excursion- how is this possible?

— The Moscow Museum, where I work, celebrates its 120th anniversary this year. And all these years, the museum staff has been studying the city, its history, monitoring all the changes that are taking place in the metropolis. Our collection contains thousands of documents, books, photographs that are still being researched. This alone already gives many reasons for a new look at even the most trivial excursions.

There is, of course, a mandatory block of excursions. As a rule, this is a sightseeing tour of Moscow, Red Square, and the historical center, which are intended specifically for the first acquaintance with the city - for those who want to learn about the city in which they live. There are quite a few of them - as experience shows, Muscovites often don’t know the city well. It seems to a person: I’m here, I can do everything - and he passes by interesting places, not paying attention to them. But when interest is shown, a person, as a rule, becomes our regular client. That is, someone who came once begins to come constantly. It is very joyful to see how, year after year, the popularity of pedestrian and bus excursions is growing: more and more citizens want to know as much as possible about the capital.

But there is another block of routes - those that we come up with ourselves. These are always unusual walks where we show the city from a new side. They can be thematic, dedicated to certain dates, events. So, we are constantly developing new routes through unexplored Moscow. We really want to show our favorite city from different sides; I want the participants of the walks to fall in love with Moscow just like us. And such excursions are usually in great demand.

— Can you tell us more about such routes?

- Was interesting story during the celebration of the anniversary of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol. We were approached with a request to come up with a walking tour of Gogol’s places. Moreover, they asked to show not only the monuments to the writer, which are located at a distance of 400 meters from each other, not only the temple of Simeon the Stylite, of which Gogol was a parishioner, but something else unusual. This is a challenge in a sense, I really love such things. It was necessary to do a walking tour and tell a lot, a lot about Gogol. As a result, with great interest for myself, I discovered more than 20 places associated with Nikolai Vasilyevich on Arbat. Not in Moscow as a whole, but only on Arbat. Exclusive excursions are born, for example, from such an offer - to help someone with a topic.

Or, for example, an excursion dedicated to 1612 in Moscow. She was not particularly in demand; no one ever asked to take her to these places. But when the request finally appeared, it turned out that it was really very interesting excursion. Of course, excursions are also born because you yourself really like something. I love architecture, and of course I came up with a walking tour of Art Nouveau. Routes may appear after you have read an interesting book. Now there are a lot of memoirs coming out, all sorts of works by pre-revolutionary Moscow scholars, which we did not know before. You read - and suddenly you see the area completely different, not the way you imagined it, and you get the idea to take a tour of this place and show Moscow from some, perhaps unexpected side.

- How does this happen? How is the excursion prepared?

— First, the search for material begins: reading specialized literature, diaries, going to libraries and, of course, studying the very area you are going to talk about. Sometimes, when you walk the streets, enter alleys, courtyards, you discover absolutely incredible treasures that people have never seen. For example, Nikitsky Boulevard is such a front street. But one time, when I was preparing a tour there, I saw a metal gate with a door, behind which it was written that there was a shoe repair shop or some kind of hardware there. In general, the door is completely unpresentable-looking. But when I entered this gateway, I realized that this was a whole city with labyrinths. Who would have thought that this could happen? People are always very interested in this. It’s as if you are immersed in the past, and you can imagine how you would feel if you lived in this house and your windows looked out onto this courtyard….

— You said that you have developed a tour of Art Nouveau, but this is not exactly Moscow style, what are you showing?

- Because it's hiking, then it runs between Ostozhenka, Prechistenka and in the side streets. This is both Isakov Kekushevsky’s apartment building and the architect Kekushev’s own house. This is the apartment house of the peasant Loskov. We had such wonderful peasants who could invite the best architects and build houses in the northern modern style. There are really not enough of them in Moscow; this style is mainly widespread in St. Petersburg.

— It seems to me that the most difficult thing in your work is to make people listen; not all guides and not always succeed in this.

— You just need to know and understand: people cannot endlessly listen to a set of some facts, even if they are quite interesting, they still need some kind of release. But it’s important not to just giggle about something, but to have it tied to the topic. And by the way, on excursions sometimes the participants themselves help to find such relaxing moments. I once had a wonderful girl about seven years old on a tour of Arbat and Arbat lanes. On Arbat, every building has a story, and you want to tell about everything. I started talking about the house with knights opposite Tetra Vakhtangov and said that, unfortunately, not all the knights had survived, and this girl told me: “But I can tell where this knight went.” I ask: where? She says: “The fact is that he fell in love with this princess,” and there is a “Princess Turandot” fountain near the Vakhtangov Theater, “he fell in love, went downstairs, bought her jewelry, but she did not accept the gift. So the knight got upset and left.” This is so lovely! Now I always tell this, such a vivid perception by a child of Moscow and its history.

— How long does it take to prepare the excursion?

- It depends on the topic. There are those on which a huge amount of literature has been written, and here you just need to select what interests you. There are topics that require serious preparation, maybe even requests, meetings with some people who have information on a particular area. The residents themselves tell interesting things. It's always a lot of work.

Selecting material is one of the most exciting moments, and here it is important to control yourself. You search, read, and it’s so captivating that by three o’clock in the morning you can find yourself somewhere on the other side of Moscow. Because when you are preparing material, one fact clings to another: but the name slipped through, and why not clarify... This is very difficult, but it is even more difficult to choose something when you have collected a huge amount of material and understand that it is impossible to tell everything , — it’s always a shame to remove some information.

Then comes another very important point: you must connect all the objects... It’s clear that if the excursion is thematic, for example our “Moscow Embassy”, then everything is more or less clear. And if this is a tour along the street and there are absolutely dissimilar buildings, absolutely different stories, but you have to somehow connect them with each other, you have to get a story.

I had a wonderful excursion, I led her along Volkhonka, and one of the excursionists, as an intelligent person, warned me in advance that she needed to pick up her child from kindergarten, so in 50 minutes she would leave quietly in English. And I’m leading a tour and I understand that 50 minutes have already passed, an hour has passed, and the woman is still with us. And I tell her: “Please excuse me, but it seems you need to pick up your child from kindergarten.” She says: “You understand, I can’t leave. You finish telling the story and the next thing is so catchy that we will now see further that I just can’t leave.” This was the right excursion, since it happened like this.

There are also purely technical, special aspects that also need to be taken into account: how to stand correctly so that everyone can hear you, so that you can react to the expression of your face, eyes, so that you can see tourists and at the same time do not interfere with their vision of objects; how to stand to show the object as much as possible; how to stand up so that you can talk about several objects without leaving your place. When you prepare an excursion, it takes extra time. For example, I’m walking down the street and, to the surprise of passers-by, I begin to run from one place to another, cross the street, come back, in order to understand where it’s better for me to put the group. And here you need to show your imagination.

There are many other nuances. For example, you need to take into account the location of pedestrian crossings: where are they located, is it convenient for you to cross from this side to the opposite side, so as not to return to this crossing through another crossing, to somehow go further along the route, because people are not interested in the same thing place to go back and forth. In general, this is actually a very big job.

— Let's try to name the pros and cons of your profession.

— I was asked this question on excursions... But it turns out that the disadvantages turn into advantages. Of course, this is a job that requires a lot of physical activity, because you need to move a lot both in the preparation process and during the excursion. And they sometimes last two or three hours, and sometimes six or seven.

Weather that we do not choose, and our Moscow weather is not pleasing, let’s say, most of the year. Next is that you are always working, because you must be on the topic of modern Moscow, know everything new that appears, new books about Moscow, new information, new objects. There is so much material that you will never be able to master it completely, but you always strive for it. As a result, you constantly train your memory, your mind, you are always on the move and constantly in the fresh air.

And people are different, and you make a lot of effort to keep attention. When this works out, I feel a tremendous moral uplift because I give my energy to people, and they give theirs in return. After an excursion I always feel emotionally charged. Everything is interconnected here, and if you like it, then you enjoy it more.

The city excursion bureau has currently developed more than 80 topics dedicated to the history and modernity of Moscow and its famous citizens.

Introduction

Good afternoon, dear excursionists. Today I will be your guide to the world of the history of medieval Crimea. My name is Ermolaev Vladislav Andreevich. In the future, you can simply call him “Vladislav.” I would also like to introduce a person without whom the first part of our excursion is impossible: our bus driver Sergei Vladimirovich.

We begin the excursion “Leafing through the Chronicle of Centuries”. During our excursion we will become more closely acquainted with the main stages of the history of medieval Crimea. We will drive along the old streets of the city of Simferopol, visit the founding site of Bakhchisarai, visit the Assumption Monastery and walk through the cave city of Chufut-Kale. Our tour lasts approximately 8 hours. We will arrive back at approximately 16 - 20. From Simferopol to Bakhchisarai we will travel 30 km. along the Sevastopol highway and a pedestrian part of 3 km. During the tour, please follow some safety rules: (rules)

Our journey begins. On the right you can see a red fence with an openwork lattice, and behind it the building of the Taurida National University named after. V.I. Vernadsky is the oldest and leading higher educational and scientific institution in Crimea, founded in 1918. During the Civil War, many prominent Russian figures fled to Crimea and the university united all this color of Russian science. Immediately behind the university, the territory of the Salgirka park begins - one of the largest parks in Simferopol. The name comes from the name of the Salgir River, on the banks of which the park was originally laid out. The park was founded in 1795 by a native of Germany, the famous academician naturalist P. S. Pallas. In the past, the territory of the future park housed: a school of gardening, horticulture and viticulture, a pomological station, and a dendrological nursery. Today, the main attractions of the park are:

1. Vorontsov House - a house of original architecture, with an outbuilding in imitation of the Bakhchisarai Khan's Palace, built in 1823-1826. Governor D.V. Naryshkin, presumably based on the design of the architect Prince M.S. Vorontsov. Now this house houses the Crimean branch of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the House of Science of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.

2. Monument on the site of Steven’s house - until about the 1970s, a one-story house stood on this site that belonged to X. X. Steven, a botanist, founder of the Nikitsky Botanical Garden. The building was destroyed in 1977.

3. Grave of G. F. Morozov - the grave of one of the founders of Russian forestry G. F. Morozov.

4. Pallas Estate - a residential building in the style of Russian classicism, built in 1797.

And now a little about the history of the founding of the city of Simferopol. The area where Simferopol is located in the Salgir Valley has always attracted people with its favorable geographical location and favorable natural conditions. The Salgir Valley is located between two ridges of the Crimean mountains - Internal and External. On the territory of the city there are historical and cultural monuments of various centuries. In 1927, on the left bank of Salgir, in the Chokchura cave (the eastern outskirts of the city, on the left bank of the Small Salgir River), a site of ancient people from the Paleolithic era was discovered; scientists found that people lived in this cave more than 50 thousand years ago. Also in Simferopol there are sites of the Mesolithic era (Simferopol Reservoir), Neolithic, Eneolithic, Bronze Age (in Zavodskoye), etc. Monuments of the Taurian era are scattered throughout Crimea; in Simferopol, the remains of Taurian settlements that appeared in the vicinity of the city from the 9th century BC have been preserved. On the left, above Vorovskogo Street, you can see the rocks of the steep valley of the Salgir River. This plateau is interesting in world archeology because in the 2nd century. BC. - IV century AD in the southeastern part of present-day Simferopol there was the capital of the late Scythian state - Naples, translated as "New City". The dawn of the city, like the entire Scythian state, occurred in the 1st - 2nd centuries. BC, under the kings Skilur and his son Palak. Excavations have established that Naples was Scythian, occupied an area of ​​20 hectares, and was well fortified. At one time, Scythian Naples was a fairly large trade and craft center for those times. In the II - IV centuries. Scythian Naples was subjected to devastating raids by nomads - Goths, Alans, Huns - and was destroyed. Centuries passed... Waves of new conquerors - Khazars, Pechenegs, Polovtsians, Mongols - rolled along the plains of the northern Black Sea region and overwhelmed the Crimea. The emergence of the Ak-Mosque, which translates as “white mosque,” ​​is associated with the medieval, rather turbulent period of Crimean history. Look to your left and you'll see it's a really lovely white building. The first information about it dates back to the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries, and the location of the town, or rather, its earliest buildings, near Scythian Naples eloquently indicates that these places were not chosen by man by chance. Ak-Mosque was an important administrative center, and, in addition, the residence of the Kalgi Sultan, who was the second person after the Crimean Khan. It was Kalga Sultan who owned the entire flowering Salgir valley to the very source. According to the description of Crimea, compiled in 1783, there were 331 houses and 7 mosques in Ak-Mosque at that time. This was the predecessor city of Simferopol in the year of the annexation of Crimea to Russia. On February 2, 1784, Catherine II signed a decree on the formation of the Tauride region. Governor-General of Novorossiya G.A. played an important role in organizing the region. Potemkin. On February 7, 1784, he submitted to the Empress a project for the administrative structure of the region, the center of which was to be a new city, named Simferopol at the suggestion of the scientist and public figure Eugene Bulgaris. “This name means a city of benefit, and therefore the coat of arms is a beehive with bees, with the inscription at the top: “Useful.” The founding date of Simferopol is considered to be February 8, 1784. The first buildings were laid in June 1784. Gradually the new city grew and was populated by immigrants from Russia and Ukraine. Soldiers dismissed from the Russian army and serfs taken out by the landowners - these were the first settlers. The surrounding areas of the city were also settled. On October 8, 1802, Simferopol became the center of the newly formed Tauride province. Its development was facilitated by road construction. The capital of Taurida received access to the all-Russian market and soon became a major craft and trade center of the region. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were about two hundred streets and alleys in Simferopol. For more than half a century, Simferopol streets did not have official names, and only in March 1830 the names of 23 main streets and 4 alleys were approved. The streets were named after the location of the churches: Alexander Nevskaya, Spasskaya Troitskaya, Soborny and Minaretny lanes. Some were called by the names of kings and their entourage: Ekaterininskaya, Potemkinskaya, Vorontsovskaya, Dolgorukovskaya. There were streets that reflected in their names the location of some notable object: Gubernatorskaya, Police, Prison, Bannaya, Gospitalnaya, Melnichny, Pochtovy, Teatralny lanes. Some streets were named after the nationalities of the city residents: Armenian, Greek, Karaite, Estonian, Armenian, Jewish, Krymchaksky, Tsygansky lanes.

The city originally occupied the left bank of the Salgir River. Please note that to the right of the highway the city garden descended to the river, where a monument to Catherine II was erected on the 100th anniversary of the annexation of Crimea to Russia. on that side there is also a two-story yellow building with a black cast-iron balcony, which is remarkable against the background of modern buildings. This is the house of the Tauride governor, one of the oldest buildings in Simferopol. Next, Petro-Pavlovsk Cathedral, with a dark dome, in all its grandeur and beauty. The cathedral was built under the Ruling Bishop of the Taurida Diocese, Archbishop Guria (Karpov), now glorified as a saint. Saint Gury, ruling the Tauride See in 1867-1882, repeatedly performed divine services in this cathedral. During Soviet times, the cathedral was abandoned and lost its bell tower, crosses, and fence. Moving away from unconsciousness, embitterment and oblivion of faith, the authorities began restoring the Peter and Paul Cathedral in the late 1980s. Thanks to the extensive research work carried out by S. L. Belova in the archives of the Synod, it was possible to find projects according to which the bell tower and dome of the temple were restored. The author of the restoration project was the architect O. I. Sergeeva. Next to the Peter and Paul Cathedral is the Trinity Convent. On the right you see its sky-blue dome. Odesskaya Street, on which the Holy Trinity Monastery rises, has had its current name since 1946. Before that, it was called Greek, since a large number of Greeks had long lived on it and around it. The first wooden Greek Holy Trinity Church on the site of the current monastery was built in 1796. Since 1826, a Greek gymnasium was located at the temple. In 1868, the church was dismantled, and in its place, according to the design of the architect I. F. Kolodin, the spacious Holy Trinity Cathedral was built. It is a cruciform temple with an octagonal light drum rising in the middle and a low bell tower above the entrance. In February 1933, Trinity Church was closed and began to be rebuilt as a boarding school for children. But the community decided to fight by all possible means to defend its rights. Despite the terrible time of complete legal chaos, the Orthodox managed to petition the Greek mission in Moscow. Even earlier, on the advice of Fr. Nikolai Mezentsev, turning to the Greek consul, they were able to defend the ringing of bells, which by that time was already prohibited. It also helped that many members of the community were Greek subjects. In 1934 the temple reopened. The Holy Trinity Cathedral houses shrines revered throughout Crimea, which parishioners come to see not only from all over Ukraine, but also from other countries of the world. These are the relics of Saint Luke, who performed miraculous healings during his lifetime, and who continues to perform them after death. If you turn your attention to the left, you can see a two-story gray house with a chapel; St. Luke lived here. Karaimskaya Street is a conditional border between the Ak-Mosque and Simferopol; the two parts of the city have long been united. On the left is an ancient Karaite kenassa. By the 80s of the 19th century, the Karaite society of Simferopol had become significantly stronger, became richer materially, and the opportunity arose to purchase a new plot of land and begin construction of the kenass building. In the building of the Karaite kenasses erected, an eclecticism of architectural styles was observed. It showed features of the Gothic, Moorish and Byzantine styles. After the advent of Soviet power, the Karaite kenasses in Simferopol were closed and the building was nationalized. In the 30s, the kenass building was significantly rebuilt and deprived of many decorative elements and religious decoration. The building of the Karaite kenass was given to the State TV and Radio Company "Crimea", which is located there to this day. Today, the Karaite religious community of Crimea is trying to achieve the return of this religious building to it.

Now we are passing the western outskirts of the city, where the main production is concentrated.

Simferopol at the beginning of the twentieth century was small, but quite developed. Its development was facilitated by the construction of a highway to Alushta, and then to Yalta, and a railway. The capital of Taurida gained access to the all-Russian market and became a major craft and especially trading center of the province. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were about two hundred streets and alleys in Simferopol. On January 1, 1911, 66,452 people lived in Simferopol (37,491 men and 28,961 women), of which 22,616 were burghers and 20,346 peasants. There were 3,772 nobles, hereditary and personal. Many burghers (the class of burghers included artisans, craftsmen, small traders, and office workers) built their houses on the outskirts of the city in settlements. This is how Kazanskaya, Salgirnaya, Shesterikovskaya, Zheleznodorozhnaya, and later Tsyganskaya and Gendarmerskaya arose. The very concept of “sloboda” in Russia came from the first settlements formed near cities by free people, free from serfdom. Since trade dominated the economy, there were 148 merchants in the city, including 8 very rich ones, the “first guild”, 140 - the “second guild”. Trading establishments grew like mushrooms after rain. If in 1899 there were 776 of them, then in 1910 there were more than 1300. Trade in textiles, haberdashery, groceries, fruits, wine, and tobacco was widespread. "Reference book on the city of Simferopol for 1911." names 25 industrial enterprises: 5 canning, 4 tobacco, 2 carpentry, 1 mechanical plant, 4 mills. Industry developed rapidly in the city, and in 1867 there were already 11 plants and factories in Simferopol, and new ones continued to appear. In 1871, construction began on the Lozovo-Sevastopol railway, and on October 14, 1874, the first passenger train arrived in Simferopol. From that time on, large industrial enterprises began to appear in the city: a branch of the Moscow candy factory "Einem", the factory of A.I. Abrikosov, their products were canned fruit, jam, jelly, fortunately there were enough raw materials - there were enough berries and fruits, Simferopol was surrounded by orchards. Later, tobacco factories and the Anatra aviation plant appeared in 1916. During the Five-Year Plans, the city was actively built and in the pre-war years Simferopol became a major industrial center. Factories for leather dressing and shoe making, mechanical engineering were opened here, the cannery named after them was thoroughly rebuilt and re-equipped. 1st of May. The city streets were decorated with new buildings, greenery of parks and squares. Simferopol became the administrative, cultural and scientific center of Crimea. On the eve of World War II, Simferopol produced more than a third of Crimea's industrial output. The main industrial sectors are mechanical engineering, food industry and light industry. In total, seventy large enterprises are located in Simferopol. These are the Foton plant, where they produce TV, the Pnevmatika plant, Krymprodmash, the Santekhprom plant, the Fiolent plant, which produces household appliances, the SELMA electrical machine-building plant, a clothing and leather goods factory, Essential Oil, etc. .d. In addition, the city has 2 canning factories, a confectionery factory, household chemicals and plastics factories, a pasta factory, etc. All roads in Crimea lead to Simferopol. In Simferopol there is a railway station, a bus station, three bus stations, two airports (one of international class, and the other of local importance). The Zavodskoye airport for local airlines is located on the western outskirts of the city. In 1914, urban electric transport first appeared in Simferopol. On July 31, the grand opening of tram service took place. The first line connected the city center with the Railway Station. By October 1914, there were already 3 operating in the city tram routes. Today, the world's longest trolleybus line connects Simferopol, Alushta and Yalta. And now Sevastopolskaya Street turns into Sevastopol Highway, another 30 kilometers to Bakhchisarai. This is the road along which ancient caravan routes once passed; archeological and historical monuments have been preserved on this road. This mound is one of such monuments.

(STOP No. 1 AT THE MURDER FOR 2 - 3 MINUTES SO THAT THE SECURITY SIGN IS VISIBLE.)

We are on a small hill on the right across the roads of a new development, and directly next to us is a small hill. This is a mound, that is, a burial ground of the Eneolithic era.

The Eneolithic is an era in the development of mankind, a transitional period between the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. During the Chalcolithic period, copper tools were common, but copper ones were also used. In 1957, academician Shchepinsky near Belogorsk, under the embankment of a mound, discovered burials made in wooden and stone boxes with painted walls. Very soon similar burials were discovered in various places. And as a result, they began to treat the Kemi-Oba culture as the presented mound.

Some researchers believe that representatives of this culture came to Crimea from the North Caucasus through the Kerch Strait.

The Kemi-Oba tribes buried their dead in rectangular, often quite large (up to 2.2 x 2.0 m) pits, which were covered with blocks, boards or poles, sometimes stone slabs, and in one case even an anthropomorphic stele. Some graves had ledges (shoulders) along the entire perimeter and were equipped with a double ceiling.

The dead, generously sprinkled with ocher, lay on their backs with their knees bent, their heads mainly to the east or northeast. In the graves there are bones of small cattle, a fabric imprint is noted, Vessels are ovoid or with a small flat bottom, with a cylindrical neck, sometimes with a vertical handle or protrusions in the upper part - the ornament is rope and mortise, banded smoothing is found on the surface.

Everything that the deceased might “need” in the next world was placed in the burial chamber. After this, the burial chamber was covered with stone slabs or wooden logs and carefully covered with clay. An earthen mound was made over the burial, which was often covered with stones.

If the Kemiobians wanted to mark a certain person, they installed a vertical rough stone on the mound - a menhir.

Many such stones can be seen in the valley.

Fertile lands Central Crimea have long been an attractive place to settle. Therefore, when in the 3rd century. BC. The Scythians began to switch to a sedentary lifestyle; they built several fortresses here. One of them was located 15 km west of Simferopol, in the valley of the Western Bulganak River. A high hill was chosen for the settlement, the steep slopes of which served as a natural fortification. On the southern side, where there was no such protection, an earthen rampart was poured and a stone wall may have been erected on it. In addition, a well-fortified acropolis was built in the northern part of the settlement, as evidenced by this mound. The Scythians had a very interesting idea about afterlife. Burials took place in large and deep pits. Together with the deceased they placed his weapons, clothes, food, and expensive jewelry. The grave was covered with a log ramp and a mound was poured over it, trying to make it as high as possible. Of course, you know that in ancient times Crimea was called Tavrika, Taurida. Where did this name come from? There are several hypotheses. Some scientists say that the Greeks in ancient times called Crimean mountains Taphros. Therefore, the inhabitants of the mountains began to be called Tauris, and the country in which they lived was called Taurica. But there is another assumption. Locals mountain Crimea engaged in cattle breeding, bulls - in Greek tavros - were of particular importance. This is where the local residents got their name - Tauris, and their land was called Taurika, Taurida.

Taurians have long lived in the mountains and foothills of Crimea. According to the Greek historian Herodotus, “the Tauri sacrifice to the Virgin (goddess) the shipwrecked and all the Hellenes who are captured on the high seas...”.

Ancient authors write not only about the ferocious customs of the Tauri, but also about their courage in battle. Thus, one of the historians reports that the Taurians, “having undertaken a war, always dig up roads in the rear; having made them impassable, they enter into battle; They do this so that, not being able to escape, they must either win or die.”

The most specific information about the areas where the Tauri lived is reported by Herodotus: “The country adjacent to the sea, mountainous and protruding into the Pontus, is inhabited by the Tauri tribe, up to the so-called Rocky (Kerch) Peninsula.”

Thus, in ancient times the Tauri occupied the entire coastal and mountainous part of Crimea, approximately from Evpatoria to Feodosia. Their neighbors in the steppe, in the foothills and on the Kerch Peninsula were the Scythians. The oldest (circa 8th century BC) of the fortified settlements of the Taurians known in Crimea, Uch-Bash, is located in Inkerman. The early Taurian settlement near Balaklava dates back to approximately the same time. Not far away (probably near Cape Fiolent) there was a sanctuary of the Taurus Virgin, which ancient authors tell about. Apparently, in this area at that time lived one of the most developed Taurus tribes in terms of economic and cultural level. This was facilitated by the fertility of the Inkerman Valley, proximity to the sea and bays rich in fish.

Other Taurus settlements and fortifications - also of early times - gravitated towards river valleys in the middle reaches and mouths of the Chernaya, Belbek, Kachi, Alma, Salgir, Zuya and other rivers flowing in the foothills of the Crimea.

Later, the Tauri settled on the northern slopes and spurs of the Main Ridge and valleys in the mountainous upper reaches of the same rivers. It was a relatively closed mountainous area where the most backward Taurus tribes lived. Traces of their temporary camps have been preserved. In the rocky overhangs and grottoes there are cave sanctuaries, numerous remains of human settlements, and here and there primitive fortifications. Particularly interesting for historians are Taurus burial grounds with stone boxes, cromlechs - fences of graves or sacred places, menhirs - vertically placed stone blocks. The Tauri also populated the coast (southern and south-east) with valleys descending to the sea: Alushta, Sudak, Koktebel. Here were the largest Taurus settlements of the ancient era, their hidden shelters among the rocks, sometimes reinforced by “walls” that more closely resembled piles of large stones. These areas, as well as the mountains, are characterized by burial grounds with stone boxes - half-dolmens. Let me finish with the history of ancient times and move on to more modern events.

Now we are passing a village, the remarkable name of which, I think, is familiar to many of those present. This is a nice date. There is a legend regarding the name of the village that in this place there was a meeting between Catherine II either with Potemkin or with the last Crimean Khan Shahin Giray. Its survivability is facilitated by the presence of the Catherine Mile a few kilometers south along the Simferopol-Sevastopol road - stone pillar, established along the route of the empress during her trip to Crimea, but in the “Complete Geographical Description of Our Fatherland” of 1910, neither this episode nor the village itself is mentioned. A more correct version should be considered the existence of a tavern on this site during the Crimean War of 1853-1856. Russian officers supposedly met there, traveling to and from the front, which gave the name to the tavern, and then to the village that arose on this site, especially since the tavern (still unnamed) was first indicated on the map of 1842, and in 1890 - already like “Nice date.” In the “Statistical Directory of the Tauride Province. Part 1 Statistical essay, issue six, Simferopol district, 1915.” It was recorded in 1915 that in the Tav-Badrak volost of the Simferopol district there was a “farm Pleasant Date” near the village of Kobazi, the owner of Tumanov A.A. and the estate of Tumanov K.A. in the same place.

The annexation of Crimea to Russia led to fundamental changes in the economy, culture, and social processes.

In 1784, the Tauride region was formed, which included Crimea, Taman, and lands north of Perekop. In 1802, the Tauride region was transformed into a province. Instead of the previous governorships, seven districts were created, of which five (Simferopol, Levkopol, and since 1787 Feodosia, Evpatoria and Perekop) districts were located within the peninsula itself. In 1837, a new one emerged from the Simferopol district - the Yalta district, after which the administrative division of the region remained almost unchanged until the 20s. XX century

At the end of the 18th century. in Crimea there were more than 100 thousand inhabitants.

Considering the important military-strategic importance of Crimea and the great influence of Turkey on the Tatar population of the peninsula, the tsarist government sought to win over new subjects. On February 22, 1784, the Crimean Tatar nobility was equated with the Russian nobility.

From September 18, 1796, the Crimean Tatars were freed from conscription and military service, and they were given the right to resolve mutual disputes with the ulema. The Muslim clergy were forever exempt from paying taxes. At the beginning of the 19th century. The personal freedom of the Crimean Tatar peasantry was confirmed. According to the decree of 1827, the Crimean Tatar population had by law the right of ownership of movable and immovable property.

To get acquainted with new lands annexed to Russia by the Empress

Catherine II, in 1787, a “procession to the midday regions of Russia” was undertaken.

Preparations for the Empress's visit to Crimea began in 1784. Along the route of the empress, roads were put in order, bridges were repaired, temporary wooden “palaces” were built for rest and overnight stays, and even trees were planted.

Ruler of the Tauride region Kokhovsky V.V. In addition to mileposts, he proposed installing stone pillars on the empress’s route, marking five or ten miles of the path.

To the manager of the office of Potemkin G.A. Popov V.S. he liked the idea and reported it to the famous Tsar-pleaser Potemkin. In total, 66 were built, from Akmechet to Sevastopol.

Versts were triangular obelisks carved from wild stone. Unfortunately, none of them have survived. Only five of Catherine's miles have survived in Crimea. Some of these monuments were destroyed by time, but most of them were destroyed during Soviet times as “symbols of tsarism.” The most interesting among the surviving mile signs is the Catherine Mile, located in Bakhchisarai. It is located on a stone bridge near the northern entrance to the Khan's Palace. The Khan's Palace in Bakhchisarai was one of the main points of the royal trip to Crimea.

In the early Middle Ages, there was a rapid change in the ethnic composition of the population of Taurica. This began with the “great migration of peoples” - the invasion of the peninsula by the Goths and Huns.

In the 8th century The peoples of Taurica saw new conquerors - the Turkic-speaking tribes of the Khazars.

In the 7th century tribes create their own state - the Khazar Khaganate on the lands of the Lower Volga and North Caucasus. From the end of the 7th century. The Khazars begin their advance to the Sea of ​​Azov, capture the Northern Black Sea region and invade Taurica. The local population of the peninsula waged a desperate struggle against them, but the forces were unequal. The Khazars manage to capture a significant part of the region and even Sugdea and Chersonesus. True, Khersones soon managed to free himself.

Arriving in Crimea, the Khazars were pagans, despite the fact that they already had a state. Their main deity was Tengri Khan, but there was no single deity. They "made sacrifices to fire and water, worshiping certain gods of the ways, also the moon and all creations that seemed amazing to them."

One of the Khazar rulers, Ali-Alitver, managed to convert some of his subjects to Christianity. But the new religion was introduced with great difficulties. And the Khazar rulers themselves did not show much persistence in this. This fact can obviously be explained by the fact that the elite of the Khazars did not want the influence of Byzantium to spread.

At the end of the 8th - beginning of the 9th century. Kagan Obadiah accepts the Jewish faith. The top of the Kaganate followed him. The common population was reluctant to accept this religion.

Travel can be called one of the most popular and vibrant hobbies of a person. Many people love to travel to new places, filling their lives unforgettable impressions from travel. Not every resident of Russia can afford a holiday abroad, but excursions to interesting places in their country are available to them. Recently, the number of people wishing to discover amazing corners of the Russian Federation has increased greatly, and this circumstance has served as an impetus for business people to start the excursion business.

Every entrepreneur has questions: how to open a tour agency, how much money should be invested in the business at the start, whether the business will bring profit and where to start this process. It turns out that organizing tourism activities is not difficult, and a person interested in it can easily build such a business and achieve success in it.

Starting a business - planning activities

Before you start organizing any business, you need to make a plan. It will consist of the following points:

1. Studying market demand and competitors' activities.
2. Choosing an office for a future bureau.
3. Selection of necessary documents for business.
4. Development of excursion routes.
5. Solving transport issues.
6. Recruitment.
7. Advertising campaign.

After collecting, studying and analyzing all the necessary information, the businessman must draw up a business plan for his future enterprise and calculate the approximate costs of opening it.

And now about all this in more detail.

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Studying tourism legislation, preparing documents for business

Having decided to organize a business in the field of tourism, a businessman must study tourism legislation and then prepare the documents necessary to open his own business. The main law that defines the principles of state policy in the field of tourism and regulates the rights and obligations of the owners of excursion bureaus and their clients is the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in Russian Federation" dated November 24, 1996, N 132-FZ.

To better imagine their future activities, experienced businessmen advise beginners to attend special thematic courses, for example, “Organizing a travel agency from A to Z.” Firms and consulting groups conduct such courses on a monthly basis and even provide their students with ready-made sets of all the documents necessary for the excursion business.

To open a tour desk business person in the Russian Federation you do not need to purchase a license or other special permit. All that is required of him is registration as an individual entrepreneur or legal entity. As the main documents, in addition to the registration certificate, you will need to have independently developed contracts for the provision of services, contracts with transport companies, museums, public catering establishments, job descriptions for staff, and leaflets for tourists.

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Market demand, study of competition and development of excursion routes

Any novice entrepreneur understands that his business will be profitable if there is a demand for his services. Therefore, to organize a tour desk in hometown, you need to see whether this city, its surroundings or settlements located at a short distance from it, a large number of attractions and beautiful places. After all, before you start developing routes to Moscow or Suzdal, or other distant cities, you must first try to conduct excursions closer to “home”. There are many amazing places in Russia with rich history and beautiful nature.

If there is already a tour desk in the city, it will be useful to familiarize yourself with the offers and routes of competitors. When setting the cost of excursions, you need to focus on the average salary of city residents and think about how much money they can pay for the trip. The main criterion is the availability of the excursion for everyone, and although the price should be made more attractive than that of competitors, it should not be too low.

When developing a route plan, there are several factors to consider. Firstly, you must definitely study the history of your native land, its customs, and get acquainted with the biographies of famous fellow countrymen. To do this, you will need to visit the local local history museum, talk with its employees, look through books about your region and chat with old-timers who will be happy to tell you about interesting legends and events of the past.

Secondly, routes should be developed taking into account the age audience. If these are excursions for children, you should definitely introduce elements of entertainment into them, organize playful moments, for example, dress up the guide as a fairy-tale character, come up with a thematic competition, etc. Children's excursions should not be drawn out in time, since children quickly lose interest in one thing or another. the same activity.

Thirdly, you need to carefully consider the time spent on each route (from 45 minutes to the whole day), provide stops along the way, and recommend a cafe for lunch. If the excursion takes several days, this requires tourists to spend the night in a hotel and provide them with food.

Fourthly, the plan for visiting city attractions should differ from the plan of competitors; for this purpose, it is advisable to select other monuments for a city tour or, in addition to the main program, include in it “unpromoted” but interesting places, visits to which can be arranged for an additional fee. The more interesting and more unusual excursion, the more people will want to visit it, since “the earth is full of rumors.”

An important circumstance is the implementation of an advertising campaign. In addition to announcements in the media, handouts, booklets in stores, advertising in in social networks It is imperative to create a website on the Internet, thanks to which more people will learn about the bureau, see the excursion plan, and become familiar with their program and prices in detail.

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Office for the tour desk and its staff

Business at the initial stage involves minimal expenses Money. Therefore, the organizer of the bureau is at first almost its only employee. IN own apartment he can receive calls from those who want to go on an excursion or conduct it himself. But over time, having an office becomes a necessity, as does increasing the number of employees. It is better to find office space in a busy place so that it catches the eye of many. A bright sign and a beautiful display window are required. The interior decoration of the office should not be too expensive or extremely “soviet”, but cozy and bright so that the client feels comfortable in it.

The main employee of the bureau is the tour guide. He must be a competent specialist, have a well-trained, pleasant voice, and be attractive. He needs to constantly learn something new about the sights and famous people, adding Interesting Facts in the excursion texts. In addition to tour guides, the company will need an accountant, manager and drivers. The head of the bureau can agree with the transport company to provide a bus for routes on certain days; a larger company has its own transport and drivers.