What is the difference between a Kremlin and a fortress? ​12 Kremlins of modern Russia. Why is the Kremlin called the Kremlin?

The first thing that comes to mind when the word “Kremlin” is mentioned is, of course, the red stone giant located in the very heart of the Russian capital. Perhaps everyone is familiar with the main symbol of Moscow. But only a few remember that there is not only one Kremlin in the vastness of Russia - in Ancient Rus', this was the name of all fortifications designed to protect citizens from enemy attacks. And only those settlements that had such structures received the right to be called a city. Let's remember which Kremlins, besides the Moscow one, have survived to this day.

Astrakhan Kremlin

The creation of the southernmost of Russian Kremlins took about 40 years. For the construction, bricks were used that remained from the ruined city of Old Saray, the capital of the Golden Horde. Initially, the fortress was decorated with 8 towers, 7 of which have survived to this day. In addition to the breathtaking panorama opening from the observation deck, the Astrakhan Kremlin boasts two luxurious cathedrals - Trinity and Assumption, as well as a unique 80-meter bell tower, which has become a symbol of the city. Over the years of its existence, it was rebuilt several times. The first belfry, erected at the beginning of the 18th century, settled down and became covered with cracks, after which it had to be dismantled. In the 19th century, a new bell tower appeared in its place, which after a few years began to resemble the Leaning Tower of Pisa, tilting to the side. And only the third belfry has been standing for more than a century, although it too has suffered ground subsidence due to its considerable weight.

Kazan Kremlin

The Kazan Kremlin, which became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000, combines two completely different cultures. Islam and Christianity, East and West coexist peacefully on its territory. The oldest building in the Kremlin is the Annunciation Cathedral. The temple, crowned with sky-colored domes, appeared back in 1562. But the construction of the main Kazan Cathedral Mosque, Kul-Sharif, opened for the 1000th anniversary of the city, was completed in 2005.

Zaraisky Kremlin

Unlike other fortresses, the Zaraisky Kremlin has survived to this day in its original form. Due to its small size, it looks like a toy against the background of its stone brothers. Despite this, the Zaraisk Kremlin became a participant in many historical battles. Dmitry Pozharsky served as governor here, and here he gathered the people’s militia to liberate Moscow from the Poles.

Kolomna Kremlin

The powerful Kolomna Kremlin, which served as a defender of the southern borders of Moscow, was founded in 1525. Its appearance is reminiscent of the castles of medieval Europe. It’s not for nothing that they call it the younger brother of the Moscow Kremlin - there are many similar details present in the design of their multi-tiered towers and stone walls. Experts agree that the Italian architect Aleviz Fryazin took part in the creation of both fortresses. One of the Kremlin towers is called Marinkina. According to legend, it was here that the famous prisoner of Kolomna, Marina Mnishek, spent her last years. Although rumors circulated among local residents for a long time that the famous troublemaker deceived the guards and, turning into a black crow, slipped out of the tower window.

Novgorod Kremlin

The first wooden fortress on the site of the Kremlin appeared in the middle of the 10th century, but a strong fire that engulfed the entire city wiped it off the face of the earth. New stone walls were built already in the 15th century. The heart of the Kremlin is considered to be the St. Sophia Cathedral, one of the oldest churches in Russia, the construction of which was completed in 1045. The Kremlin houses the miraculous icon of Our Lady of the Sign, which, according to legend, saved Novgorodians during the siege of the city by the troops of Andrei Bogolyubsky.

Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin

It is not for nothing that the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin is considered a unique structure of its time: due to the complex terrain, its parts were built at different heights. There were rumors that during the Soviet years they wanted to demolish the fortress and build a road to the Volga in its place. Fortunately, these plans were not destined to come true. There is a legend according to which, in the catacombs of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, Tsar Ivan the Terrible hid a unique Byzantine library, which he inherited from his grandmother Sophia Paleologus. One way or another, due to the peculiarities of the construction and turbulent underground waters, it has still not been possible to find it.

Pskov Kremlin

The Pskov Kremlin is one of the oldest Russian fortresses - wooden structures in its place arose in the 8th century. In the 13th century they were replaced by buildings made of stone. In the very heart of the Kremlin stands the Trinity Cathedral, famous for its unique belfry with ancient bells that still ring today. At one time, the Pskov Kremlin was known as one of the most impregnable: it withstood 26 sieges, protecting the city from foreign invaders.

Rostov Kremlin

Unlike other Kremlins that served as outposts, the Rostov Fortress never performed a defensive function. At first, the residence of the Metropolitan was located here, which was then replaced by a number of museums. The first to appear within the Kremlin walls was the Museum of Church Antiquities, which was replaced after the revolution by the Museum of State Antiquities, and later by the Museum of Local Lore. Also, the Rostov Kremlin forever inscribed itself in the history of Soviet cinema, becoming the film set for the wonderful comedy “Ivan Vasilyevich Changes His Profession.”

Tula Kremlin

Built at the beginning of the 15th century, the Tula Kremlin differs from its counterparts in its amazing location: it was built not on a high hill, but in a swampy lowland on the left bank of the Upa River. Two cathedrals have been preserved on the territory of the Kremlin: the Assumption and the Epiphany. Here you can also get acquainted with some of the exhibitions of the Tula Armory Museum. According to the decree of the President of the Russian Federation, in 2020 there will be a large-scale celebration of the 500th anniversary of the main fortress of Tula.

Tobolsk Kremlin

The only Kremlin in the Siberian expanses, built of durable stone, appeared at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries. The white-stone fortress, the appearance of which combines the features of Baroque and Renaissance, is a unique example of ancient Russian architecture. The Kremlin ensemble includes 32 buildings, including one of the oldest Siberian churches - the Sophia-Uspensky Cathedral, as well as Gostiny Dvor and a number of museums. The Tobolsk Kremlin is often captured by tourists. Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev was no exception: the photograph he took was sold at a charity auction for $1.7 million, becoming one of the most expensive in the world.

Ryazan Kremlin

The Ryazan Open Air Museum collected on its territory 18 historical and architectural monuments, the construction of which lasted from the 11th to the 19th centuries. The main symbol of the Kremlin is the Assumption Cathedral, the restoration of which was completed in 1995 for the 900th anniversary of the city. But the defensive walls of the fortress themselves, unfortunately, did not survive: they were demolished due to their disrepair as soon as the city lost its status as an outpost of the southern border. Today tourists can only see the ditch that protected the Ryazan edge and a fragment of the rampart.

The Moscow Kremlin is the main attraction of the city. Getting there is quite easy. There are several metro stations, from which you can walk to the Kremlin. The Alexandrovsky Sad station will take you, as you can easily guess, straight to the Alexandrovsky Garden. The Kutafya Tower will already be visible there, where they sell tickets to the Kremlin and to the Armory Chamber. You can also go to the metro station. Library named after IN AND. Lenin. In this case, the Kutafya Tower will be visible across the road. The stations Ploshchad Revolyutsii and Kitai-Gorod will take you to Red Square, but from different sides. The first is from the side of the State Historical Museum, the second is from the side. You can also get off at Okhotny Ryad - if you want to stroll along the shopping row of the same name. Just be prepared for unusual prices)).

About prices for the Kremlin museums. A visit to the Kremlin is not a cheap pleasure. An hour and a half visit to – will cost 700 rubles, – 500 rubles, a walk around with inspection – 500 rubles. For more information about museums and some nuances about visiting them that you should know, see the links.

The Kremlin is called not only the walls with towers, as some people think, but also everything that is located inside it. Outside the walls on the ground of the Moscow Kremlin there are cathedrals and squares, palaces and museums. This summer on Cathedral Square every Saturday at 12:00 the Kremlin Regiment shows its skills. If I manage to escape to the Kremlin, I will write about it.

History of the Moscow Kremlin.

The word “Kremlin” is very ancient. The Kremlin or Detinets in Rus' was the name given to the fortified part in the center of the city, in other words, a fortress. In the old days, times were different. It happened that Russian cities were attacked by countless enemy forces. That’s when the city’s residents gathered under the protection of their Kremlin. The old and young took refuge behind its powerful walls, and those who could hold weapons in their hands defended themselves from enemies from the walls of the Kremlin.

The first settlement on the site of the Kremlin arose approximately 4,000 years ago. Archaeologists have established this. Shards of clay pots, stone axes and flint arrowheads were found here. These things were once used by ancient settlers.

The location for the construction of the Kremlin was not chosen by chance. The Kremlin was built on a high hill, surrounded on two sides by rivers: the Moskva River and the Neglinnaya. The high location of the Kremlin made it possible to spot enemies from a greater distance, and the rivers served as a natural barrier in their path.

Initially the Kremlin was wooden. An earthen rampart was built around its walls for greater reliability. The remains of these fortifications were discovered during construction work in our time.

It is known that the first wooden walls on the site of the Kremlin were built in 1156 by order of Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. This data was preserved in ancient chronicles. At the beginning of the 14th century, Ivan Kalita began to rule the city. In ancient Rus', a bag for money was called a kalyta. The prince was so nicknamed because he accumulated great wealth and always carried a small bag of money with him. Prince Kalita decided to decorate and strengthen his city. He ordered the construction of new walls for the Kremlin. They were cut down from strong oak trunks, so thick that you couldn’t wrap your arms around them.

Under the next ruler of Moscow, Dmitry Donskoy, the Kremlin had other walls built - stone ones. Stone craftsmen from all over the area were gathered to Moscow. And in 1367 they got to work. People worked without interruption, and soon Borovitsky Hill was surrounded by a powerful stone wall, 2 or even 3 meters thick. It was built from limestone, which was mined in quarries near Moscow near the village of Myachkovo. The Kremlin so impressed its contemporaries with the beauty of its white walls that from then on Moscow began to be called white-stone.

Prince Dmitry was a very brave man. He always fought in the forefront and it was he who led the fight against the conquerors from the Golden Horde. In 1380, his army completely defeated the army of Khan Mamai on the Kulikovo field, not far from the Don River. This battle was nicknamed Kulikovskaya, and the prince has since received the nickname Donskoy.

The white stone Kremlin stood for more than 100 years. During this time, a lot has changed. Russian lands united into one strong state. Moscow became its capital. This happened under the Moscow Prince Ivan III. From that time on, he began to be called the Grand Duke of All Rus', and historians call him “the collector of the Russian land.”

Ivan III gathered the best Russian masters and invited Aristotle Fearovanti, Antonio Solario and other famous architects from distant Italy. And now, under the leadership of Italian architects, new construction began on Borovitsky Hill. In order not to leave the city without a fortress, the builders erected a new Kremlin in parts: they dismantled a section of the old white stone wall and quickly built a new one in its place - out of brick. There was quite a lot of clay suitable for its production in the vicinity of Moscow. However, clay is a soft material. To make the brick hard, it was fired in special kilns.

Over the years of construction, Russian masters stopped treating Italian architects as strangers, and even changed their names to the Russian style. So Antonio became Anton, and the complex Italian surname was replaced by the nickname Fryazin. Our ancestors called the overseas lands Fryazhsky, and those who came from there were called Fryazin.

It took 10 years to build the new Kremlin. The fortress was defended on both sides by rivers, and at the beginning of the 16th century. A wide ditch was dug on the third side of the Kremlin. He connected two rivers. Now the Kremlin was protected on all sides by water barriers. They were erected one after another, equipped with diversion archers for greater defensive capability. Along with the renovation of the fortress walls, the construction of such famous ones as Uspensky, Arkhangelsky and Blagoveshchensky took place.

After the crowning of the Romanov kingdom, the construction of the Kremlin began at an accelerated pace. The Filaret belfry was built next to the bell tower of Ivan the Great, Teremnaya, Poteshny palaces, Patriarchal chambers and the Cathedral of the Twelve Apostles. Under Peter I, the Arsenal building was erected. But after the capital was moved to St. Petersburg, they stopped building new buildings.

During the reign of Catherine II, a number of ancient buildings and part of the southern wall were demolished for the construction of a new palace. But soon the work was canceled, according to the official version due to lack of funding, and unofficially due to negative public opinion. In 1776-87 the Senate building was built

During Napoleon's invasion, the Kremlin suffered enormous damage. Churches were desecrated and looted, and part of the walls, towers and buildings were blown up during the retreat. In 1816-19. Restoration work was carried out in the Kremlin. By 1917 There were 31 churches in the Kremlin.

During the October Revolution, the Kremlin was bombed. In 1918, the government of the RSFSR moved to the Senate building. Under Soviet rule, the Kremlin Palace of Congresses was built on the territory of the Kremlin, stars were installed on the towers, they were placed on pedestals, and the walls and structures of the Kremlin were repeatedly restored.

The Kremlin (the original name until the 14th century was Detinets; other synonyms were krom; city, town or city; fortress) is the currently accepted name for city fortifications in ancient Rus'; a city surrounded by a fortress wall with loopholes and towers. In many cities there were settlements located behind the Kremlin wall, for the defense of which additional external fortifications were often erected; In this case, the Kremlin was the name given to the central part of the city surrounded by walls. In Ancient Rus', only those settlements in which such fortresses were built were called cities.
Since ancient times, the powerful fortress, the central part of the ancient Russian city, was called the Kremlin. This word was first mentioned in the 14th century. There are several versions of its origin. According to one of them, “Kremlin” comes from the ancient Greek “kremnos”, i.e. "solid".
But in the ancient Slavic language there were such words as “kremnik”, “krem”, which, according to different versions, meant “pine forest”, “forest”, a fortress inside a city or a wall enclosing it.
Thus, it can be assumed that the Kremlin was a fortress surrounded by a high wooden fence. Moreover, some historians suggest that this fence was made from a special type of wood, impregnated with resin for greater strength.
The Kremlin was considered the core of the entire settlement. Its walls were the last possible barrier for enemies. The entire surviving population of the city gathered here for a “siege.”
Initially, Kremlins were made of wood, but already in the 13-14th centuries, in order to increase their defensive capability, architects began to erect stone outposts, impervious to fire, surrounded by impregnable towers and water ditches. Over time, the Kremlins lost their original significance as a military fortress, but to this day these architectural ensembles do not cease to be masterpieces of fortification art.
The Kremlin is both a place of concentration of state power and an inimitable city-forming ensemble, within which large administrative, political, spiritual and cultural centers are concentrated.
The history of each Kremlin is a small grain in the history of the formation of Russian statehood. The Kremlins are the stronghold of the state, within whose walls its historical past was born.
The Moscow Kremlin is a fortress, a symbol of reliability and inviolability, a stronghold of state power, the main religious and cultural center. This is truly the focus of all the main vital functions of the city, containing its idea, ideal image, genetic code. That is why it became a symbol of Moscow and the entire Russian state.
In Russia there are more than 20 historical and cultural complexes, behind which the name “Kremlin” has firmly established itself. These are not only military fortresses with stone walls and towers, they are also wonderful architectural complexes with temples, palaces, chambers, and solemnly decorated entrances. The Kremlins of Russia are the pride of our Russian land.

Moscow Kremlin — a large architectural complex, a fortress, the geographical and historical center of Moscow, located on the left bank of the Moscow River, on Borovitsky Hill, the most ancient part of the city, currently the residence of the highest government bodies of Russia and one of the main historical and artistic complexes of the country. Administratively located in the Central Administrative District, it is designated as an independent administrative unit.

Kazan Kremlin (Tat. Kazan kirməne, Qazan kirməne) — citadel of Kazan. Today serving as a center of self-government, it is the southernmost example of the Pskov architectural style in Russia. The Kremlin is located on the cape of a high terrace on the left bank of the Kazanka River.

Extant:
Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin — a fortress in Nizhny Novgorod, the historical center of the city, a stone belt covering the top of a mountainous cape and lying in ledges on the Volga slopes.

Pskov Krom (Kremlin) — historical and architectural center of Pskov. Located on a narrow and high cape at the confluence of the river. Pskov in the river Great. It occupies an area of ​​3 hectares. The initial settlement in the cape part of the site dates back to the middle of the first millennium.

Smolensk fortress wall (often called the Smolensk Kremlin) — a defensive structure built in 1595-1602 during the reign of Tsars Fyodor Ioannovich and Boris Godunov. Architectural monument. Architect: Fyodor Kon. The length of the walls is 6.5 km (less than half of the walls and towers have survived). It had enormous defensive significance in the Russian state.

Kolomensky
Astrakhan
Tobolsk
Tula
Rostovsky
Alexandrovsky
Vladimirsky
Vologda

Without walls: Volokolamsky, Dmitrovsky, Ryazansky, Yaroslavsky
In the ruins: Gdovsky, Izborsky, Porkhovsky, Serpukhovsky, Velikoluksky
Only marks from the walls: Belozersky, Borovsky, Opochkinsky, Starodubsky, Tverskoy, Khlynovsky
Unknown condition: Ostrovsky, Torzhoksky

list:

Stone Kremlins
Astrakhan Kremlin (preserved)
Vologda Kremlin (bishop's house, preserved)
Gdov Kremlin (partially preserved)
Zaraisky Kremlin (preserved)
Izborsk Kremlin (preserved)
Kazan Kremlin (preserved)
Kolomna Kremlin (partially preserved)
Mozhaisk Kremlin (minor fragments and the Kremlin hill have been preserved)
Moscow Kremlin (preserved)
Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin (preserved)
Novgorod Detinets (preserved)
Porkhov Kremlin (mostly preserved)
Pskov Krom (preserved)
Rostov Kremlin (bishop's house, preserved)
Serpukhov Kremlin (two fragments of the wall and the Kremlin hill have been preserved)
Smolensk Kremlin (partially preserved)
Staraya Ladoga Kremlin (partially preserved)
Tobolsk Kremlin (partially preserved)
Tula Kremlin (preserved)
Yaroslavl Kremlin (two towers preserved)

Stone-wooden kremlins
Vladimir Kremlin (the Golden Gate and ramparts have been preserved)
Vyazemsky Kremlin (one tower and the Kremlin hill have been preserved)
Grodno Detinets (the hill has been preserved; in the 14th century a Lithuanian castle was built on it)
Kamenets Kremlin (the vezha has been preserved)
Kiev Detynets (Golden Gate rebuilt)
Lyubsha settlement (a small hill has been preserved)
Pereyaslav Kremlin (modern city of Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky, ramparts preserved)
Tver Kremlin (not preserved)
Truvorovo settlement (ramps preserved)
Kholm Kremlin (now the city of Chelm in Poland)

Wooden kremlins
Alexander Kremlin (since the 17th century, the Assumption Convent with stone walls has been located on its territory)
Aleksinsky Kremlin
Belgorod-Kyiv (fortification)
Belz child
Borovsky Kremlin
Velikoluksky Kremlin (the ramparts have been preserved; in the 18th century, Peter the Great's bastions were built on them)
Vereisky Kremlin (ramps preserved)
Volokolamsk Kremlin (ramps preserved)
Dmitrov Kremlin (ramps preserved)
Zvenigorod town (ramps preserved)
Kaluga Kremlin
Kleshchin (fortified settlement, preserved ramparts)
Kostroma Kremlin (the ramparts have hardly survived)
Minsk child
Mtsensk Kremlin
Novgorod-Seversky Detinets
Opochka Kremlin
Oryol Kremlin
Pereslavl Kremlin (Pereslavl-Zalessky) (ramps preserved)
Pustozersk (fortification)
Putivl child
Radonezh (fortification, preserved ramparts)
Ruza Kremlin (ramps preserved)
Rurik settlement
Ryazan Kremlin (ramps preserved)
Sviyazhsk Kremlin (ramps preserved)
Staritsky Kremlin (ramps preserved)
Starodub Kremlin
Old Ryazan (fortified settlement, preserved ramparts)
Suzdal Kremlin (ramps preserved)
Torzhok Kremlin
Uglich Kremlin
Tsivilsky Kremlin
Cheboksary Kremlin
Chernigov child
Yuryev-Polsk Kremlin

In Ancient Rus', any large city had a fortified territory - the Kremlin. Consequently, Kremlin is the name of city fortifications in Ancient Rus'. Currently, there are 12 Kremlins left in Russia, which have been well preserved over the centuries and have not changed their urban status.

The modern walls and towers of the Moscow Kremlin were built in 1482 - 1495 by Italian architects from red brick, in place of white stone ones; they were completed in the 17th century. Number of surviving towers: 20, number of gates - 4, wall height: from 5 to 19 meters, wall thickness - from 3.5 to 6.5 meters. In the Moscow Kremlin there are the Assumption, Archangel, Annunciation Cathedrals, several churches, patriarchal chambers, the Terem Palace, the Garnet Chamber, the Ivan the Great Bell Tower and other buildings. The Moscow Kremlin has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1990.

2. Rostov Kremlin

The Kremlin complex was built by Rostov Metropolitan Jona Sysoevich as a bishop's house on the shores of Lake Nero in 1670-1683. The fortress walls have 11 surviving towers, including four entrance towers. The Kremlin houses the 5-domed Assumption Cathedral, built at the end of the 16th century, the cathedral belfry with the famous 13 Rostov bells, as well as several beautiful churches and chambers. The Kremlin is a unique architectural complex of the late 17th century. It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1998.

3. Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin

The Kremlin walls with 12 surviving towers (originally 13) were built in 1508 - 1515, probably by the Italian architect Pyotr Fryazin. The number of gates is 5, the height of the walls is from 12 to 22 meters, the thickness of the walls is from 3.5 to 4.5 meters. The Kremlin contains the Archangel Michael Cathedral, built in 1631 in honor of the victory of the militia in 1612, where Kuzma Minin is now buried, several civilian buildings, and a monument to Minin and Pozharsky.

4. Tula Kremlin

Brick walls and towers were built in 1514 - 1520 as a defensive fortress on the southern borders of the country. Number of surviving towers: 9, number of gates - 4, height of walls: from 12.7 meters, thickness of walls - from 2.8 to 3.2 meters. The Kremlin withstood the siege of the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey in 1552, and in 1608 the rebels of I. Bolotnikov withstood the siege of the tsarist troops in the Kremlin for four months. The Kremlin houses the five-domed Assumption Cathedral, built in 1762 - 1764, the Epiphany Cathedral (1855 - 1863), and a monument to Peter 1.

5. Novgorod Kremlin

Modern fortress walls and towers were built in 1484 -1490 on the foundations of old walls from the beginning of the 14th century. (Detinets itself has existed on the territory of the modern Kremlin since the 10th century). Nine of the towers have survived to this day, including the 30-meter Kokuy Tower, built at the end of the 17th century. The number of gates is 3, the height of the walls is from 8 to 15 meters, the thickness of the walls is from 3.6 to 6.55 meters. The Kremlin houses the Novgorod St. Sophia Cathedral of the mid-11th century, the oldest stone structure in Russia, the Chamber of Facets and other buildings. In 1862, the monument “Millennium of Russia” was inaugurated in the Kremlin. The Novgorod Kremlin has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1992.

6. Kazan Kremlin

This Kremlin was built in the 10th-16th centuries by Postnik Yakovlev and Ivan Shiray in the Pskov architectural style. Number of surviving towers: 8, number of gates - 2, height of walls - from 8 to 12 meters. The walls and towers were reconstructed in the 17th and 19th centuries. On the territory of the Kremlin there are the Annunciation Cathedral, built in 1562, the Syuyumbeki watchtower (buildings of unknown date), and also built in the 1990s. Kul Sharif Mosque. The Kremlin withstood the siege of Pugachev's troops in 1774. The Kazan Kremlin has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000.

7. Astrakhan Kremlin.

Located on a high hill on the banks of the Volga. It was built in 1562 - 1589 by Mikhail Velyaminov and Dey Gubasty. Number of surviving towers: 7, number of gates - 2, height of walls - from 3 to 8 meters, thickness of walls - from 5 to 12 meters. The white stone walls of the Kremlin include seven towers - three travel towers and four blind ones. On the territory of the Kremlin there are the Trinity and Assumption Cathedrals, the Cyril Chapel, and the bishop's house. The Prechistensky Gate is crowned with a tower with a bell tower and a clock (height 80 m).

8.Zaraisky Kremlin

Built in 1528 - 1531 by order of Vasily III. Number of surviving towers: 7, number of gates - 4. Being a border city, part of the line of fortifications on the southern border of the Russian state, Zaraysk was subjected to repeated attacks by the Horde, and in 1608 it was captured by Polish troops. In 1610, the governor of Zaraysk was Prince D.M. Pozharsky. The brick Kremlin is lined with white stone on the outside. Of the 7 towers, three are travel. The Kremlin houses St. Nicholas Cathedral and the late Church of John the Baptist.

9. Tobolsk Kremlin

This is the only stone Kremlin in Siberia. Construction time: 1683-1799. Number of surviving towers: 7. Built by G. Sharypin and G. Tyurin: stone walls and towers so-called. Sophia Court and the five-domed Sophia-Assumption Cathedral (1681 - 1686) - the oldest stone structure in Siberia. In 1700 - 1717, Semyon Remezov built the secular part of the Kremlin - the Small or Voznesensky city. The cathedral bell tower (height 75 m) was built at the end of the 18th century, the Intercession Cathedral in the 1740s. Other structures of the Kremlin were built in the 18th - 19th centuries. Under Boris Godunov, the famous Uglich bell was “exiled” to Tobolsk, for which a special stone belfry was built in the Kremlin.

10. Kolomna Kremlin

Built in 1525 - 1531 under Vasily III on the site of a wooden Kremlin destroyed by the Tatars. The walls and towers have been partially preserved. Number of surviving towers: 7, number of gates - 6, height of walls - from 18 to 21 meters, thickness of walls - from 3 to 4.5 meters. Of the towers, the “Marinka Tower” especially stands out, in which, according to legend, Marina Mniszek was imprisoned. The Kremlin houses the Assumption Cathedral (late 17th century), Resurrection Church (rebuilt in the 18th century), Trinity Church (late 17th century) and other buildings.

11. Pskov Kremlin

The time of construction of this Kremlin: the end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th centuries. Towers - 7, Gates - 1 (through the zahab), wall height: from 6 to 8 meters, wall thickness - from 2.5 to 6 meters. The Pskov Kremlin is called “Krom”. It is located at the confluence of the Velikaya and Pskov rivers. The walls and towers were built in the 12th century. made of limestone and are the oldest Kremlin fortifications preserved in Russia. The five-domed Trinity Cathedral of the late 17th century is located on the territory of Krom. and a seven-sided bell tower of the same time, built at the beginning of the 19th century.

12. Ryazan Kremlin

This Kremlin was built in the 15th century. And at the end of the 17th century, the walls and towers of the Kremlin were demolished due to dilapidation and the lack of need to defend the borders. Only the rampart and ditch have survived. The Ryazan Kremlin is a complex of historical and architectural monuments located on the territory of the original Pereyaslavl-Ryazan fortress, located between the Trubezh and Lybid rivers. The structures are surrounded by an earthen defensive rampart of the 12th -17th centuries. On the territory of the Kremlin there is the Assumption Cathedral, built at the end of the 17th century. in the style of “Naryshkin Baroque” by Y. Bukhvostov, a four-tier bell tower (late 18th - early 19th centuries), the Nativity and Archangel (16th century) cathedrals, bishops' chambers (17th - 19th centuries) - the so-called. the chambers of Prince Oleg, other churches and civil buildings.