Tips for tourists on setting up a bivouac. How to set up camp correctly on a hike Presentation of new information

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Tourist bivouac- this is the rest of the participants of the hike, the place where they eat, sleep and prepare for the further journey, it is a fire, a hearth, shelter from bad weather. Depending on the duration of the bivouacs, they are divided into a small halt, a lunch halt, an overnight stay, and a day rest. Organizing a halt or overnight stay consists of choosing the right place for it, preparing the site well, putting up a tent, making a fire and ensuring the safety of the camp from the natural forces of nature.

Organization of stops and overnight stays

Selecting a location

A place for a small rest. As a rule, it is selected on fairly flat and dry areas, in clearings, forest edges, or right on the side of a road or trail. It is advisable that there is a source of drinking water nearby - a spring or a clean stream. In windy weather, the resting place should be sheltered from gusts of wind by a strip of forest, bushes, a hillock or a coastal slope. However, where there are mosquitoes and midges, it is recommended to choose windward areas of the terrain for stopping. In winter, it is good to rest in sunny places, and in summer or in the south - in the shade.

A place for a lunch break, overnight stay, or a day out.

Looked for more carefully. Usually it is chosen on the banks of a river or lake and often depends on the availability of a flat area for tents and dry fuel - brushwood, dead wood, windbreaks.

Good fuel is especially necessary at the winter field overnight site. Having a nearby source of drinking water is desirable, but in winter conditions it is not necessary, since water can be melted from the snow. When stopping in the summer on a river along which there are settlements, a tourist camp should be set up upstream from the village, watering holes and fords. It is recommended to choose places with convenient descents to the water, calm reaches and a sandy bottom without snags.

For overnight stays, places that are illuminated early by the sun are more convenient - the eastern slopes of a hill, the eastern edge of a forest, a river bank, etc. Here, dew on the grass and tents dries out faster. It’s good when a halt or overnight stay is organized in the most picturesque places where you can fish nearby, pick mushrooms or berries.

In protected natural and forested areas, tourist camps can only be set up in specially designated areas. Halts and overnight stays should not be arranged where, due to the condition of the soil, plants or the presence of water runoff, a tourist stop can contribute to erosion, for example, at the beginning of a ravine or its branches.

Safety requirements for places of rest and overnight stays. It is not recommended to camp on flooded river banks, dry stream beds or low-lying islands.

In a mountainous area, it is necessary to take into account the specific features of the relief and weather and, in order to avoid rockfalls, avalanches, landslides, and mudflows, do not locate at the foot of high rocks, under cornices, moving screes, on alluvial cones, or in avalanche-dangerous couloirs. In order not to expose yourself to the risk of being damaged by atmospheric electricity, you should not stop on ridges, hilltops, or passes during an approaching thunderstorm.

In the forest, you should be careful with fire and do not set up camp directly in the thicket of a coniferous forest or in dry bushes. There should be no rotten or cut trees near the chosen site, otherwise a sudden squall or lightning strike could knock them down on tourists.

Small stops

Organization of a small stop. Having found a suitable site and stopped the tourists, the leader distributes responsibilities between individual group members. Usually it is enough to give one of the tourists sandwiches, sour candies or vitamins, and the other to go get drinking water. Everyone else, having removed their backpacks, sits down for a 5-10-minute rest on stumps, fallen trees or dry rises in the soil. Tired people are allowed to lie down on some kind of mat and raise their legs up (for example, put them on a backpack). It is useful to do a little warm-up.

Small break in winter conditions. Before stopping for a rest, the group slows down the pace so that the hot skiers can gradually cool down. After stopping, you should immediately put on something warm, such as a jacket or padded jacket. If possible, it is useful to give a sip of hot tea, coffee or cocoa from a thermos.

It is recommended to hang the backpack on a tree branch, place it on a stump cleared of snow, or, in their absence, lower it onto the back of your skis. You should not sit on a backpack, but if it does not contain food or objects that can be crushed, then in some cases an exception may be made.

In cold weather, a short rest should not last longer than 5 minutes.

Lunch stops

Organizing a lunch stop. When stopping for lunch, one or two people go for water, one starts to light a fire, the other starts to equip the fire pit, and the rest go for fuel. After water and firewood have been brought and the fire has been lit, attendants remain near it to ensure that the fire is maintained and the food is cooked. When off duty, tourists relax, swim, play sports, fish, and pick mushrooms and berries.

In sunny weather, the lunch break can be used to dry clothes and equipment. In case of bad weather, you should select a site for setting up tents in advance, and put all your backpacks in one place and cover them with a raincoat or film. The duration of the lunch break is 2-4 hours.

Winter lunch stop. Significantly shorter than the summer one: its duration depends on the speed of building a fire and preparing hot food, usually consisting of tea or a few dishes. Having stopped for lunch, you should, without taking off your backpacks and skis, first trample the snow on the camp site. Then the leader distributes responsibilities among the group members: who will dig a pit or make a flooring for the fire, who will go for fuel, who will light the fire.

The main thing when organizing a winter halt is to ensure the active participation of all tourists in bivouac work. This is the only way to carry it out quickly and prevent the body from cooling down during forced inactivity in the cold.

Overnight and day stays in the field

Organization of overnight and day stays. In many ways it resembles organizing a lunch stop. However, it requires the additional allocation of several tourists to set up tents and camp equipment. They prepare fuel for the fire, set up a fire pit, clear the camp area, build benches, hangers, dryers from available materials, dig a hole for garbage, clear, if necessary, the descent to the water, etc.

In winter, these tourists, depending on the specific travel conditions and the equipment used, dig a pit for the tent, compact the path from the tent to the fire, build a windproof wall, etc. In winter overnight stays using a camp stove, two or three tourists are also allocated for preparing “small-format” » firewood (to keep the tent warm all night). Considering that organizing an overnight stay takes up to two hours in summer, and up to three hours in winter, the stop should be made long before dark.

Night and day mode. The correct regime helps ensure travelers have normal rest and sleep. Novice tourists on trips often sit around the fire long after midnight and clearly do not get enough sleep. Therefore, the leader announces the general curfew time in advance (usually at 23.00) and after it does not allow conversations or noise in the camp.

During overnight and day stays, a certain time is allocated for checking and repairing personal equipment and clothing, for socially useful work and observing nature, and the remaining time is for entertainment, physical exercise, sports games, training, fishing, picking mushrooms, berries, etc. A day trip should also be used to become better acquainted with the surrounding area. ness, excursions and walks.

Closing down the tourist camp. Group preparations begin with packing backpacks. In winter or when it rains, backpacks are stowed in a tent. In clear and warm weather, all things are taken out of the tent, and then the entrance and window are opened wide so that it can be easily blown and dried. If the tent becomes very frosty or wet from rain during a frosty night, it is dried by the fire.

Non-transportable pegs and stands are pulled out of the ground and placed along with the remains of firewood near the fireplace. Camp structures - barriers, benches, tables - do not break - they may be useful to other tourists.

The remains of unnecessary food are carefully placed to the side - this is a gift from tourists to forest animals. But branches, moss, grass from the bedding under the tents, as well as other garbage (scraps of paper, wood chips) are carefully collected from the camp site and burned, after which they rake and extinguish the fire, filling it with water, throwing earth, snow, and covering it with turf.

Before leaving the rest stop, the leader lines up the group and checks whether everything is present, whether any things have been forgotten, whether the fire has been carefully extinguished and whether the place for the night or day has been tidied up.

Overnight and day stays in populated areas and camp sites

Overnight stays in populated areas. In conditions of amateur travel, they are usually arranged only in the cold season, as well as when tourists are unprepared and do not have the necessary equipment. When planning such overnight stays, it is recommended to contact local authorities in advance and agree on a specific stopping place - at a hotel, club, rural school.

If for some reason the tourists were unable to do this, it is useful to send ahead two or three “quartermasters” of strong tourists an hour before arrival, whose responsibility is to prepare the place for the reception of the entire group. They can act as attendants and prepare a hot dinner for the others when they arrive.

Overnight and day stays at camp sites. Tourist centers accept amateur tourists within the areas allocated for this purpose, or in the free places reserved for tourists arriving on tour packages. Services for amateur tourists are provided upon presentation of passports, as well as route sheets and other documents confirming the route of the tourist group.

Places at tourist bases are provided, as a rule, for no more than five days, and services are provided for cash. The service includes: overnight accommodation in buildings or tents, meals in the canteens of tourist bases, excursion services at a set price, rental of existing tourist equipment, use of luggage storage, etc.

Meals are provided both as a full daily ration and separately in the form of breakfast, lunch and dinner.

Amateur tourists living at tourist bases in their own tents pay only for household services, using on an equal basis with other tourists all types of cultural and community services (medical care, tourism consultations, lectures, library, lockers, showers, etc. ). All tourists are required to comply with the internal regulations in force at tourist centers.

Installation and equipment of tents

Site preparation

The selected place is cleared of hummocks, stones, and cones. As a last resort, the tent is placed so that the tourists’ heads are higher than their feet. In winter, when the snow cover is shallow, a pit is dug for a tent. In other cases, they are limited to trampling the snow area and leveling it. You can also throw spruce branches on top.

It is advisable to orient the tent site with the “entrance” to an open place - an edge, a river, a lake. When it is windy, the tent is placed in such a way that the wind blows into its end, i.e., the back wall.

Procedure for setting up tents

The tent is set up immediately after arriving for the night, while the attendants are making a fire. 1-2 people are enough to set up the tent. Cover the bed with mats and straighten out the sleeping bags. Things are placed under the tent awning or a special awning for things. If it is possible to dry the tent awning, then hang it on a bush, but you need to have time to put it on before the dew falls. Therefore, this is most often done at lunch. A wet tent can be dried using a burner, observing fire safety measures.

SIMPLE COVERS

Accommodation without a tent

Shelters in summer. Sometimes it is necessary to stop for an unexpected halt or overnight, and quickly set up a bivouac shelter. In this case, you often have to use only improvised materials that replace a regular tent. At night at such a bivouac (especially in cool weather), shift duty is organized. The responsibilities of those on duty include maintaining the fire, drying things, boiling water, and ensuring that all those sleeping, especially those lying on the edges, are well covered.

The simplest shelter in summer, which to some extent replaces a tent, is a piece of rubberized nylon, thin tarpaulin, plastic film, oilcloth, or, at worst, a light blanket, which can quickly be turned into a fairly reliable tent. Depending on the size of the group and the location of the supports, the awning can be single- or double-sloped, stretched low or high, above the ground. The same awning can be used to protect the fire from rain or wind.

If there is no material for an awning, tourists take shelter under a canopy of thick spruce or cedar branches, an overturned boat, in a recess in the rock.

Overnight in winter. In winter, barriers are installed on the bivouacs to protect against cold and wind. Their construction begins with the construction of a frame of poles and thick branches. Then the frame is intertwined with thin branches. To better reflect heat, the inner surface of the curtain is covered with sheets or liners for sleeping bags, and the bed itself is made inclined towards the fire. As a support for the legs and to avoid overheating, a transverse log is attached with two pegs at the lower edge of the bed. Outside, the barrier is covered with snow.

If the number of poles and branches is small, a barrier is constructed from skis stuck into the snow and blankets secured to them using ski poles. The bottom edges of the blankets must be sprinkled with snow.

Sometimes tourists organize overnight stays using the so-called hunting method. 2-3 hours before bedtime, make a hot fire and warm the ground properly. Then the fire is moved to the side and they are laid in a dense group on dry, warm soil, with backpacks and other soft equipment laid down.

Accommodation without a tent in winter in a treeless area

Snow pits, caves, and huts sometimes provide the only shelter for tourists when they are forced to spend the night without a tent in a treeless area during the winter. Convenient places for their construction are areas with dense and thick snow cover: snowdrifts, blows, slopes of ravines. Having dug a hole using any available means and taken refuge in it, you need to close the entrance hole as tightly as possible with a windbreaker or a blanket hung on the skis. To better retain heat, it is better to make the entrance to the cave as narrow as possible and lead it from below.

Where the crust is especially strong, and the insignificant thickness of the snow does not allow digging a deep hole (on the ice of large reservoirs, in sunny and windward places with little snow), a snow hut is built for shelter. They build it by cutting snow blocks with knives and laying them in rows in the form of a vault. If you don’t have the skills to work with snow, the ceiling is made from skis and ski poles, covering them with a blanket or snow plates. For better heat retention, the cubic capacity of pits, caves and huts should be minimal.

You can quickly make a shelter if you take a metal ring of 13 plates with slots for ski noses on an emergency trip in advance. This ring is the upper support of 12 skis that form the frame of the tourist “chum”. Plastic film is hung on the skis, and snow blocks are placed on the sides and top. When transporting, the ring is folded like a measuring meter.

While in such shelters, you need to put on all your warm clothes, hide your legs in a backpack, and put the rest of your things underneath. It is useful to periodically take sugar, fats, and, if possible, drink hot drinks. In conditions of such overnight stays, it is necessary to assign a duty officer who monitors the condition of his comrades.

Organization of parking

Travelers spend about two-thirds of their hiking time at rest stops, that is, most of the route falls on parking.

Tourist bivouac- this is a stopping place where travelers rest, eat, spend the night, and prepare for their further journey; this is the base camp for a radial route organization; it is a shelter from bad weather, it is a fire, a hearth, a center for communication, reflection on what has been passed and planning the path ahead. The bivouac is the house in which we live during the hike.

By duration share small stops (for rest, changing clothes, repairs), lunch stops, overnight stays, and days.

In one-day On hikes, only short and lunch breaks are arranged. For two days or more During long hikes in bivouacs, they also spend the night, and also arrange days when they do not move further along the route: they rest, swim, pick berries, mushrooms, fish, take walks, and excursions.

Organization of a halt- this is, first of all, the correct and competent choice of location, good preparation of the site, distribution of work, setting up tents, lighting a fire or lighting stoves or stoves and, most importantly, ensuring the safety of the parking lot from natural forces and troubles created by man himself.

At rest stops, in addition to resting and eating, they repair clothes and equipment, observe nature according to a certain program, and keep diary entries (observations, sketches, notes about the route, nature, surroundings). At rest stops they sing songs, have fun, play sports or practice. During halts and days, they pick mushrooms and berries, fish, get to know the surrounding area in more detail, and go on walks and excursions.

In short, most of camp life is spent at rest stops.

Small stops- the shortest and simplest pauses and stops along the way are made mainly for rest after 1-2 hours of travel. Therefore, the place for small stops is determined primarily by the time of transitions. Of course, it’s good if short rests take place on fairly flat and dry areas in clearings, forest edges, and the sides of roads and trails. Good location at a source of drinking water - a well, a spring or a clean stream. When it is windy, it is good to stop in a shelter (a forest strip, bushes, a coastal slope, etc.). If the time and place are conducive to mosquitoes and other midges, then it is better to stop in ventilated areas. In winter it is better to stay in the sun, and in summer when it is hot - in the shade.

At a small stop, it’s good to eat sour candy, take vitamins, refresh your face, rinse your mouth with cold water; You can drink a few sips of hot tea or coffee from a thermos. You can relax while hiking on dry ground, fallen trees, and stumps.

On water trips, on the contrary, it makes sense to do physical exercise, run, jump, and warm up. If possible, a place for a short rest on a water trip is chosen in a place convenient for mooring ships, with a dry area on the shore.

In winter, before stopping, you need to slow down the pace of movement, if it was fast, in order to cool down somewhat. In cold weather, after stopping, you need to put on a warm jacket and sweater. The backpack can be lowered onto plastic wrap, hung on a branch, placed on a log, or placed on your skis. It is advisable to load backpacks in such a way that you can sit on them, if necessary, without crushing any items of equipment or food.

The time of small rests can vary from several minutes to half an hour.

Lunch stops- these are longer stops for rest and food. The place for a lunch stop is chosen more carefully than for a small one.

In summer It’s good to choose a flat area on the bank of a river or lake, where there is dry fuel - brushwood, dead wood, windfall, dead wood. It is advisable to stop on the river above villages, livestock farms, watering places, and fords. The ideal situation, which it is advisable to strive for, is a calm stretch with convenient descents to the water, with a sandy bottom, without snags.

One of the main conditions for choosing a place to stop for lunch is availability of clean drinking water: well, spring, spring. Water from most rivers in the densely populated part of the country is now unsuitable for drinking (effluent from industrial enterprises, livestock farms; runoff from fields treated with mineral fertilizers).

In water trips, the same conditions: a convenient pier, a flat, dry area, protected from the wind or, conversely, a ventilated place (if there are midges).

Good fuel is especially necessary on site winter halt. Having a source of drinking water (stream, spring, well) is desirable if you are preparing hot food, but water can also be obtained from snow.

When stopping for lunch, one or two people go for water, several people prepare fuel, one person sets up a fire pit and lights the fire. Those on duty are cooking lunch, the rest are free - resting, fishing, swimming, picking mushrooms and berries.

In sunny weather, at this time you can dry clothes, tents, and other things.

Duration halt in summer - at least an hour. In winter, with short daylight hours, they try to make the lunch break shorter. Its duration depends on the speed of building the fire and cooking. Responsibilities (procuring fuel, making a fire, cooking) are already distributed in advance. All tourists participate in bivouac work in winter so as not to freeze.

If you have lunch without a fire (tea, coffee from thermoses, sandwiches, dried fruit), which often happens in winter conditions, especially on multi-day hikes (due to saving daylight hours), then lunch lasts less than an hour.

Parking for overnight and overnight stays

Many years of practice have allowed us to develop criteria, which the average parking lot should meet. The parking lot should have such "fantastic" characteristics:

• 1. To be deserted and located as far as possible from villages (“we went on a hike to be in nature, and not to be jostled among...”); be near a village (“milk would...”, “apples would...”);
• 2. There should be enough fuel in the parking lot, and not just any fuel, but dry spruce fuel.
• 3. There should be a dense forest nearby (well, no further than 20 m).
• 4. This is a place where you could put up a tent so that during the day it would be in the shade, and in the morning it would be illuminated by the sun (do not wait for it to dry from dew in the wind).
• 5. Nearby there should be a river with clean water and a sandy beach, as well as a high bank covered with pine, and under it there is a lot of fish.
• 6. There should not be a high mountain nearby with the threat of a landslide, so that in case of rain or loud excitement about the caught roach, nothing happens.
• 7. Nearby is a spring, in the worst case a stream with cold water; but so that in case of heavy rain it does not turn into a raging river.
• 8. Berries - a must!
• 9. Mushrooms - definitely!
• 10. Nuts - of course!
• 11. Bushes - it’s bad without them!
• 12. But so that no mosquitoes, no midges, no gadflies, no flies, no ticks, tarantulas, phalanges, no king cobras or vipers.
• 13. The view from the parking lot should please the eye and caress the soul.

And there should be 113 such points.

Let's not hide the harsh truth: the ideal parking lot that would satisfy all the points is difficult to find, and maybe even impossible.

Therefore, if you come across a parking lot with 77 points, choose it without hesitation, 41 points - and this one will do. You shouldn’t neglect the thirteen-point line either. Finally (which does not happen) a parking lot may turn up that does not satisfy any of the points - stop, because you still need to spend the night...

It is clear that the given “conditions” are an unattainable ideal, to some extent a cartoon, a joke, but nevertheless in every joke...

In the middle lane country, the main requirement for a bivouac site - safety - is almost always easily satisfied. It is more difficult to choose a place that is convenient and, if possible, picturesque, with water and firewood available. In summer, water is more important in the middle zone; in autumn, winter and spring - firewood, since at this time it is easier to get clean water (any forest puddle is cleaner than a river). It is undesirable, as already noted, to be located on the river bank below large settlements, near industrial enterprises, roadways, power lines, and near bodies of standing water.

The camp site must first be dry.

In moss taiga forests Finding such a site can be difficult. It is best to be located near a stream or river, in open areas. A breeze blowing through the campsite will protect against midges. In steppe and desert places, on the contrary, it is advisable to set up a camp where there is any vegetation. It is better not to place tents under a tall, spreading tree, as during a thunderstorm it can easily be struck by lightning. When a thunderstorm is approaching, there is no need to stop on ridges, hilltops, or passes. You should not set up camp on flooded river banks, in the beds of dry streams, or on low-lying islands.

The bivouac is located very successfully, if the camp is set up in a picturesque place, with convenient approaches to water, if there is good firewood nearby, the place is protected from the wind in winter and ventilated in summer (in hot weather or in the presence of mosquitoes). It’s not bad if the bivouac site is sheltered and the tents can be stretched between the trees. There should be no tall, rotten trees near the bivouac - they can fall down and fall on people, a fire, or tents. It is good if the camp is illuminated by the sun in the morning (eastern slopes of the hill, eastern edge of the forest, river bank, etc.). Here condensation and dew on tents dry out faster. Of course, it’s nice to stay in a picturesque place and where you can also swim.

The main thing in winter overnight stays is- protection from cold, wind, moisture. It is important to ensure normal rest and sleep. You can spend the night in tents, near fires, in snow huts or caves.

A place for bivouac, especially in the mountains, is necessary choose before dark. If you are forced to stop in the dark or in fog, it is necessary to inspect the place within a radius of 200-300 m to ensure its safety. Before going to bed, you need to check how the tents are strengthened and how your property is protected from wind and rain.

in winter The bivouac is located where there is fuel and dead wood. The best firewood- these are spruce and pine trees that have dried up. Good hardwood sushi is rare, as it rots quickly. Dry coniferous trees are protected from rotting by resin. However, it is easy to make a mistake with dead wood from conifers: dead pine may not have time to dry and will burn poorly. In a deciduous forest it is more difficult to find good firewood for a large fire, which is necessary in winter for a warm overnight stay.

In winter you need to stop before dark to choose good sushi and cut them in the light. It is good if the winter bivouac site is protected from the wind by dense undergrowth - preferably a spruce forest.

Often in winter clearing snow to the ground for making a fire, less often - for setting up tents; make passages to the fire and toilet, build a windproof wall from snow, etc.

After choosing a place for bivouac, immediately decide where the fire will be, if it is planned: then the places for tents will immediately be determined. Tents are placed no closer than 4-5 m from the fire so that sparks do not fall on them.

Bonfires Naturally, they are not bred on peat bogs, under the crowns of trees and on their roots, near stacks of hay or straw, near buildings. It is advisable to make a fire in the place of an old fire pit. Fires cannot be lit in forest parks and suburban areas, recreation areas, or on the territory of nature reserves and nature reserves.

Organization of overnight stay takes up to two hours in summer and winter; Therefore, you have to choose a place before dark. This is especially important in the mountains, since at dusk and at night it is impossible to determine the avalanche danger of the place chosen for bivouac. In the forest area in the mountains you need to stay away from avalanche clearings. In an open treeless valley The bivouac can be arranged under the protection of rock walls, on a side terrace under rocky ridges or on southern rocky slopes free of snow, on the middle part of the glacier away from avalanche-prone northern slopes, under a snow-free slope. If you stop on a closed glacier, then you need to fence off the area where cracks are possible. It is better not to be located in crevices with a narrow entrance between stones - it can be blocked with snow in a blizzard. To protect from the wind, it is good to place the tent under a large stone or rock, but without an overhanging snow cornice.

In the mountains, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the terrain and weather in order to avoid falling under rockfalls, avalanches, landslides, and mudflows. You cannot set up a bivouac on protruding parts of ridges, under cornices and steep slopes, in couloirs and mouth parts of their cones, on fresh (or lying on ice slopes) screes, between seracs and in glacier cracks in the zone of active ice movement.

Bivouac must be calculated to a sudden deterioration in weather. On the eve of a thunderstorm, all metal objects should be placed 25-30 m from the parking lot.

It can be very tempting to protect your tent from the wind by placing it under a steep slope or the bank of a stream or river. However, look, is there a snow cornice hanging over the slope? In bad weather, in conditions of poor visibility, the desire to shelter from the wind dulls caution. It's better to build snow protective wall in an open place, in the wind, in a snowstorm, than to be crushed by a collapsed cornice.

In treeless northern regions, in the tundra, on ice (the Polar Urals, Bolshezemelskaya tundra, etc.), when sleeping in tents, you always have to build a windproof wall around the tent from snow blocks (blizzards often begin suddenly). Therefore, there is no need to stop in places where the snow has been blown away or its depth is not sufficient to obtain snow “bricks”.

There are different opinions about the distance of the wall from the tent. Still, a wall installed close to the tent better protects it from the wind (Fig. 1), while it will be shorter, but on the windward side you need to lay out an additional wall to protect the entrance of the tent.

Rice. 1. Windproof wall made of snow blocks

In the mountains, when choosing a place to stay overnight, it is preferable hottest of the day southern and western slopes. Here you need to choose a relatively flat area, preferably in a forest, sheltered from the wind. In the forest during cold times, the temperature is several degrees higher, and the wind force is less than in open places. By morning, the difference in temperature and humidity in the forest and in open areas is even greater.

Cold air accumulates in all depressions at night. Tents, awnings, huts better to place on high ground so that the tent does not flood when it rains.

Spend the night in the river floodplain do not do it. The strip that is filled with flood waters can be identified by a pile of logs, branches, roots, and grass polished by water. The islands between the channels spreading across the wide floodplain are especially dangerous. In mountain gorges, debris from trunks, branches, and roots can form. The water accumulating behind them breaks through the blockage and rushes down in a shaft several meters high. The rate at which the water level rises even in the lower reaches of the gorge is such that it is impossible to escape the flood, especially when setting up an overnight stay on the island.

When forced to choose places to stay for the night on the slopes you need to stick to areas on the ridges, but not in the hollows, where fallen stones may fall off. In winter, these places are dangerous for avalanches. Places where rocks fell are usually marked by dents in trees, marks of impacts on executions with stone chips and dust around.

Before the storm(development of striped cumulonimbus clouds, stuffiness, calm) do not stop on the crests of ridges and under tall trees protruding above the forest background.

In a dense forest It is better to avoid places where many tree trunks are burned by lightning; More often than other trees, lightning strikes oaks and chestnuts, much less often - beeches, hornbeams, and maples.

It is necessary to carefully examine the trees near the site of the proposed bivouac, identify dry and unstable trunks, dry overhanging branches. Strong gusts of wind can break branches, branches, and trees.

Water source should be close to the bivouac site. In dry times (July - September) the springs may be dry. During prolonged drought, the middle and lower reaches of mountain rivers in places of gravel and pebble deposits can dry out completely, the water flows in the thickness of the sediment.

Water can be found in shady gorges where stream beds are made of rocky soil. More often the sources are located at the sources of the hollows.

The place where groundwater seeps - a hollow - can be excavated with a sharp object (ice pick) and wait for the water to settle.

Near the source, the brightness of the foliage is greater. Water-loving plants - reeds and cattails - can indicate water.

If the water level is lower than what can be reached, then the adsorption water can be collected using a film (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Collection of adsorption water

When choosing a bivouac site on water trips It is desirable that the river bank be convenient for mooring and removing ships, and have an area for placing ships, tents, and a fire. It is advisable to look for a site in ventilated areas (if there are midges) and at a sufficient height (3-4 m) above the water level, if its rapid rise is possible. This must also be taken into account if you want to stay on the island. The duty officers begin choosing a place for a bivouac half an hour before the planned end of the working day, inspecting the place from the shore. It is advisable to use old sites and fire pits.

Even if you follow all the advice given, need to to avoid misunderstandings and false insults remember that the desire for the best parking lot will haunt you throughout your entire tourist life, but achieving the ideal is almost impossible.

The fact is that when choosing a parking lot, some discovered by Felix Quadrigin absolute laws. The basic law of parking is harsh and simple, just as all the laws of nature are harsh and simple: the best parking is five hundred meters away.

There are several more minor laws that also cannot be neglected. The first of them - law "half past six", which means that the best parking is found at half past seven in the evening.

The law has two more conclusions: a parking lot that comes across at half past seven will be slightly worse, and after half past eight parking disappears altogether.

And again, this “law,” like the sketch of the water trip given below, is not only a joke, but also reality, albeit somewhat exaggerated. In life it happens both this way and that way.

"It has already been repeatedly noted that the time from five to half past eight in the evening is a real luxury. The sun shines and even warms, but does not bake. There is no wind - what is there wind, a breeze! - not the slightest. The water is a mirrored showcase of the central department store. The river straightens and flows smooth and calm. There are already gadflies, but there are no mosquitoes yet. Thick evening smells roll in from the shores in waves. Only now you can fully feel the bliss of a kayak trip!

Therefore, we agreed at home, before the hike, and then confirmed it with repeated oaths during the hike: every evening we go from five to half past nine. Do not mention stopping earlier than half past eight. Don't even hint! Until half past nine, the word “parking” does not exist in our language at all. Absolutely no!

But the law is the law. And at 18.30 you notice that the first kayak begins to wag its rudder lasciviously. Those walking ahead naturally saw a parking lot. And what a one! I have no words! Can't describe it! This is the kind of camp you dreamed of when you were discussing your future hike on long winter evenings.

Meanwhile, the captain of the first kayak, previously warned and intimidated by the Admiral, calmed the crew’s excitement with a stern jerk, judiciously keeping silent about the fact that he himself was also experiencing spiritual vibration. The kayak moves forward decisively. Oscillations stopped! Temptation overcome! But here a second kayak spots a potential anchorage. The opening is accompanied by the grinding sound of striking oars, the ship turns across the current, and the rest of the flotilla collides with the kayak. The reason for the failure is obvious. After not very friendly, but loud and inspired exclamations, a conspiracy spontaneously arises against the Admiral, who, as a rule, comes in the last kayak.

The admiral, who has lost his vigilance due to the extraordinary beauty of the landscape, does not have time to maneuver and crashes into a cluster of ships.

What's the matter? - he plays out the misunderstanding of this moment not very successfully.

With joyful shouts, they explain to the Admiral that only completely irresponsible leaders with too high an opinion of themselves can miss such a parking lot. Thus, the conversation immediately begins in terms of harsh and irreconcilable contradictions between the boss and subordinates.

No, just look, there in the depths, you can even see from the water, the berries are turning red, the mushrooms are crowding, and the source, no, just admire the source - what is your “Samson” there!

Admiral. But today we still have twelve kilometers left. People (convincingly and insincerely). Tomorrow we'll get up at five and catch up!

Admiral (laughs bitterly). You? Will you get up? At five? The people understand that the case is lost. The admiral gives the command:

An hour later, two worse sites appear one after another. The kayak captains, casting interested glances at the Admiral, remain silent and continue on their way. Meanwhile, the landscape is steadily deteriorating. First it recedes to the horizon, and then the forest disappears. The bush is disappearing. The temptingly gentle banks begin to rise, and finally the river finds itself between two ribbons of completely bare rocks. At half past eight the landscape becomes completely ominous. True, put the right bank, but from the water you can see that there is a black quagmire. It’s not like pulling out kayaks on the rocks of the left bank, they are “frosting” for an experienced climber to look at.

The admiral sends his kayak forward with strong strokes, and the whole group watches with sadness how, about three hundred meters away, he fussily sticks to one bank, then to the other, how he gets stuck in a coastal swamp, or, at best, drives away a herd of unknown cows with a loud bass voice. where did they come from, vaguely shakes his head, gets into the ship and rushes on. At a quarter to ten, the admiral's silhouette clearly emerges against the backdrop of a huge cold month, and a victorious cry is heard: "Ze-e-blah-ya-ya!" The cavalcade slowly and wearily approaches the place chosen by the authorities.

The parking lot is really nothing. The forest, however, is not visible, nor is the fuel. The nearest bushes, no, bushes, are about two hundred meters away. But there are very, very many traces of cows, horses, geese and some other unknown, but, judging by the specific signs, very large herbivores.

But you don't have to choose. Let’s quickly put up tents, light a fire and cook something!”

On bicycle trips, if the group is provided with tents, the bicycles are placed next to the tent in one tight group. The second car leans against the first one so that the rear wheel of the second one is next to the front wheel of the first one, etc. In inclement weather, cars can be covered with film.

For safety Bicycles must be locked with special locks. You can also stretch a chain between the trunk risers or the frames of the outer cars and hang a lock on its ends.

If a city excursion is planned, it is better to spend the night in the countryside, before reaching the city. In the morning you can already be in the city, and then, after seeing the sights, leave it to spend the night “in nature” again.

On motorcycle trips It is advisable to choose a place to stay overnight. so that after the rain you can get out on the road without outside help. Hillocks in a pine forest are preferred, where the soil is usually sandy and always dry. It is advisable that when leaving the road it is not necessary! had to overcome the clay rise. It's good to relax away from the noisy highway around the clock. It is better to avoid fords, no matter how attractive the place on the other side may be; It may rain at night and in the morning it will be difficult to overcome the water.

On car trips, if a group travels in 4-5 cars, you can stop for the night anywhere, setting up a watch. You can stop near housing, on the territory of a road repairman, a school, a police station, or a fire station. It is best to stay in campsites where there is security and a number of amenities - a fireplace for cooking, a shower, a toilet. The campsites have inspection pits and car washes.

You need to light a fire, stove or stove further from the car, so that the wind blows from the car to the fire.

It is better to explore the city on foot, leaving your cars for storage.

Work on the bivouac

Work on the bivouac must occupy minimum possible time. The sooner they are completed, the more time will be left for rest and movement, that is, for the hike itself. There is no need to save time at the expense of quality of work, ease of rest, or reduction of sleep.

The amount of work at the bivouac (harvesting firewood, water, setting up tents, making a fire, lighting a stove or primus, cooking) is highly desirable parallel, that is, simultaneously.

Once the fire is lit, buckets of water are hung over the fire. If the bivouac is without a fire, but with stoves or stoves, then pots or buckets are immediately placed on them.

Each of the works at the bivouac is performed participants to whom this is entrusted. Individual jobs are usually entrusted to those who have “specialized” in them, and who can do them better and faster. But if one type of work is harder than others, then it is better to do them in turn, for example, preparing firewood for a winter night by the fire. On multi-day hikes, when the conditions are approximately the same, it is better to distribute the work in advance so that all participants “go through” all types of work. For example, today two people are on duty - lighting and maintaining a fire, working with a stove or primus stove, preparing food; tomorrow they prepare fuel ("loggers"), and the day after tomorrow they set up tents ("house builders"). Thus, everyone does everything, is trained in all tourist work, no one has a reason to be offended. Naturally, women should not do heavy work such as felling, cutting and carrying trees.

With good organization work at the bivouac is usually completed by the time dinner is ready. This leaves enough time for rest and sleep.

Work at the bivouac must be distributed immediately upon arrival at the site or even earlier. Operating procedure depends on the type of tourism and specific conditions, on the number of people in the group and their experience. In a similar group, the Leader does not particularly need to distribute and manage work; experienced tourists immediately see what needs to be done first in each case.

If there is little dead wood and fallen trees at the bivouac site, then more people prepare firewood; If it is approaching or already raining, then immediately set up tents.

On ski trips in treeless areas First of all, they prepare snow bricks and blocks for the windproof wall, put up a tent and build a wall around it, taking into account the expected weather (on the windward side or surrounding the entire tent with it to the maximum height). IN winter taiga hikes priority work - procuring fuel and installing tents or equipping a place to spend the night (setting up a camp - compacting a site for a tent, preparing a fire and paths for it and a toilet, installing awnings, flooring, etc.). On water trips, the first thing to do is unload the ships and take them ashore.

In a similar group All work proceeds without unnecessary fuss and as if slowly. Nevertheless, setting up camp from the moment of stopping until the end of all evening work takes no more than two, and sometimes one and a half hours, which is quite good. The same amount of time should be spent winding down camp in the morning (from getting up to leaving). In such a group, people do not sit idle while others are working, but look for it, helping others until the work is finished. We need to make it a rule don't rummage through other people's backpacks(you are unlikely to find the thing you need anyway), and return what you took from a friend into his hands.

Duty officers who prepare food in the morning(preferably the same ones that were prepared the night before), get up half an hour (or more) before the general rise. Everything that is needed to make a fire or light a primus stove and stove (kindling, firewood, water, food) is prepared in the evening. Firewood must be protected from rain or dew at night; If it’s winter, prepare the water in the evening, and if the source is far away, then in the summer too.

It makes sense to appoint duty officers "for this bivouac", then both in the evening and in the morning they know where everything is and how best to use it. It’s better to start your duty with lunch and end with breakfast.

All participants, except those on duty, can be almost “assembled”, and the camp is basically winding down before breakfast begins. When breakfast is ready, all work is interrupted so as not to delay the attendants and the exit in general. Preferably so that the buckets after meals are washed by past or future people on duty, since today’s people on duty already have a lot to do.

Leave bivouac so that others would want to stay here and they would not have to look for another site, make a fire in a fresh place and re-equip everything. Burn the trash, bury the burnt cans, put the tent pegs and remaining firewood near the fire. After cleaning the bivouac, be sure to fill the fire with water or cover it with earth, even if the fire was lit far from trees and forests. This rule cannot be violated, because, having violated it once, it is easy to allow yourself to violate it again.

Unextinguished fire in the forest - a criminal offense.

Leaving, inspect the bivouac to see if things have been forgotten. The bivouac is inspected by those on duty or those assigned to do so, otherwise everyone can rely on others.

Accommodations

In summer usually spend the night in tents or under awnings, in winter You can spend the night by the fire, under a canopy or awning, on a fireplace, in a tent without a stove, in a tent with a stove for heating, in a tent with primus stoves for cooking (in treeless areas).

Each of these methods of spending the night has its own Advantages and disadvantages.

When spending the night by the fire The weight of equipment for overnight accommodation is small (tent, axes, saws, buckets), but the work of setting up a winter bivouac is very labor-intensive - preparing thick logs for a fire requires a lot of effort, and overnight accommodation is not very comfortable and warm.

Overnight in a tent with a stove, adapted for heating and cooking, gives the best rest, the greatest comfort, but requires special equipment - a stove, which not everyone can make. Preparing firewood will not take much time and effort: one medium-sized sushi is enough to provide the stove with fuel for the evening, night and morning.

In treeless areas There’s nothing to make a fire out of, and there’s nothing to “feed” the stove either. This can happen not only in uninhabited tundra, steppe or desert areas, but also vice versa, in densely populated places where, on the banks of picturesque rivers, lakes and reservoirs near large cities, numerous vacationers have long burned all the dead wood, dead wood and dry tree branches (and some -where there are even living trees themselves). In these cases, tourists have to take with them camping stoves(“bumblebee”, “tourist”) with a supply of gasoline, less often - gas stoves.

For a group of 9-11 people, two bumblebee Primus stoves and gasoline are enough at an approximate rate of 1 liter per day in winter and 0.7 liters in summer and autumn. If you cook food on primus stoves in a large tent, then even. In winter, when it’s frosty, the tent will have a positive temperature while the primus stoves are working. In the tent there is a special corner for primus stoves - the kitchen, under which it is advisable to have a small threshold on top and on the sides. In the tent where the stove is heated or the primus stoves are working, they make hole in the upper part for ventilation, smoke and water vapor release. When lighting, installing and removing buckets, the stove always smokes a little; buckets and pans, when water boils in them and food is cooked, always steam a little, especially with the lids removed. Therefore, if you do not make holes, the tent will be smoky and the walls will sweat.

Some designs of tents, including large collective ones, and stoves for heating and cooking are described in the section on bivouac equipment.

When using stoves and primus stoves, you must observe security measures. The pipe from the stove passes through a hole in the roof or wall of the tent. Around the pipe tent canvas replaced with non-flammable asbestos or fiberglass fabric 15-20 cm thick. A spark arrestor deflector is placed on the pipe outside the tent. You cannot use stoves in tents made of nylon fabric: despite the presence of spark arresters, a small part of the sparks can get on the nylon fabric and burn it.

Primus stoves and gas stoves are needed carefully adjust before the hike. Along the route, their work is always monitored by one participant who has studied them well and adjusted them before the trip. He must teach everyone else how to properly handle primus stoves and gas stoves.

kindle primus preferably outside the tent or, in extreme cases in winter, in the “kitchen”, behind the canopy.

A word about the day

What could be better than a day on a hike? A day trip attracts any tourist. Everyone has their own plans and hopes connected with her. The fisherman will finally find a use for his gear, mushroom pickers and berry pickers will be able to satisfy their desires, women will prepare a demonstration of outfits, do laundry, repairs, and prepare exotic, “holiday” dishes; Pathfinders can look for “traces of unseen beasts.”

To satisfy the wishes of all participants, the day must meet some additional requirements, in addition to the usual parking requirements.

The main one is "reservation" of the day. It is advisable that the camp be set up in a place where “no man has ever set foot.” This requirement is sometimes quite difficult to fulfill. There is only one thing left: to find a place fenced off from the whole world by “impassable” mountains or swamps.

No less important is the quality of the day, such as uniqueness. This refers to features unique to this place that will be remembered forever: some relief features, a picturesque landscape, a high mountain with a “panoramic” peak that reveals distant distances, a cozy river, a pine forest...

But, naturally, with all this, it is not the poignant moments or the exotic that leave the greatest impression. Not with your mind, but with your heart, you remember the quiet reach of the river near your bivouac, the nightingale night, the sensitive silence of the sleeping forest and the first rays of the sun, which at first hesitantly, and then more and more boldly burst out from behind the thick bushes. This is what you will dream about on winter nights, this is what will make your heart skip a beat when you hear the word “day”, this is what will call you on your next hike, despite all the administrative, family and other obstacles and circumstances.

Your day should be such that you feel sorry to leave here, so that you leave a part of your soul here.

Forced days don't have to be bad. Let it rain continuously for several days, let the blizzard rage endlessly. But nothing will prevent you from comprehending and thinking about problems that are important to you. You will never have any other free time. In addition, working in a camp in the rain, making a fire, for example, will remain exciting.

An unexpected day can be both reserved and unique, because a natural disaster can force you to pitch a bivouac where “a gray wolf cannot run and a black raven cannot fly.” And the memory of her will not be erased.

But the very next day after the “sitting” this memory will acquire light and lyrical tones; Is it necessary to convince that as you move away from the place of the day, it will seem more and more attractive and sweet?