Iranian submarine fleet. About some features of the use of the Iranian Navy. Iranian destroyers

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The US Navy needs to develop two tactics to combat the Iranian Navy. The reason for this is largely due to the fact that Iran has two navies that are significantly different from each other. The "classical" Navy coexists with less modern, but more fanatical forces, representing a "branch" of the IRGC (Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps - the personal army of clerics who hold supreme power in Iran). The two fleets are equipped, trained and managed very differently.

Over the past thirty years, the Iranian Navy has largely consisted of foreign-built ships and vessels, and has only recently become capable of building its own ships. These ships are unfinished, but they float and their weapons are generally functional. Surface ships are small (1,400-ton corvettes and 2,200-ton frigates), and miniature submarines are very diverse. Only a few examples of each type exist, and their construction is proceeding slowly, so it is likely that errors made in previous ships can be discovered and corrected. Currently, the only large surface ships at Iran's disposal are three new corvettes and frigates, three old British-built frigates (1,540 tons each) and two American-built corvettes (1,100 tons each). There are also about fifty small patrol boats, ten of which are armed with Chinese anti-ship missiles. In addition, there are several dozen more minesweepers, landing ships and support vessels. The most powerful force in the fleet are three Russian Kilo-class submarines. There are about fifty mini-submarines, most of them Iranian-built. The fleet has several thousand marines and about 20 aircraft and helicopters.

The "IRGC Navy" includes approximately the same number of people as the Navy (23,000, including marines and naval aviation) and about 40 large missile and torpedo boats (each with a displacement of 100-200 tons), as well as almost a thousand small craft, many of which are simply speedboats with two outboard motors and machine gun mounts. The crews of these ships consist of about a dozen “revolutionary guards” armed with machine guns, machine guns and RPGs. Some boats are equipped like kamikazes and carry only a crew of two or three suicide bombers, plus half a ton or more of explosives. Anti-tank missile systems were seen on some of these boats. The Guards Fleet also possesses several helicopters and several thousand marines.

Information obtained from refugees and radio intercepts shows that the Revolutionary Guards' naval forces are mainly suited for intimidation (their boats often approach foreign ships and commercial vessels) and suicide attacks. This worries Western naval commanders, as fanatics can be unpredictable and prone to extreme bravery. We are talking not just about boats with suicide bombers, but also sea mines and combat swimmers (scuba divers who operate small mines attached to ships and make holes in the hull). On the other hand, the chances of fanatics winning in a decisive sea battle are very low, but these maniacs are very determined, and they can sometimes get lucky.

The Iranian Navy command is made up of officers with a more traditional outlook. Western ship commanders tend to have good professional relationships with their Iranian counterparts, even when the Iranian Navy is under orders to "ruin the lives of" Western ships. When the Iranian commander “receives an order”, he will carry it out, no matter how strange this order may be, but he will be apologetic (feeling guilty) to his foreign colleagues.

The Iranian Navy has fewer capabilities than the Revolutionary Guards simply because it has fewer ships and the ships it does have are larger (easier to detect and sink). Over the past decade, the Navy has primarily operated in Indian Ocean and the Caspian Sea, and the Islamic Revolutionary Guards were given responsibility for the Persian Gulf and the protection of all Iranian oil facilities along the coast. In fact, the Revolutionary Guards pose a greater threat to Arab oil fields and tankers because the Arabs and their Western allies have air superiority and are thus capable of destroying Iranian oil fields and tankers.

The Iranians hope to create as significant a threat at sea as possible, even if that threat (in the form of kamikaze boats and missile boats covered by shore-based anti-ship missiles) is short-lived. In a long war, any Iranian naval forces would quickly be defeated.

The military-political goals of the Islamic Republic of Iran at sea have not been officially announced anywhere. Therefore, any analysis of the concept of development of the Iranian Navy is very conditional. Most experts believe that the aspirations of the Iranian leadership in this area are based on the idea of ensuring absolute independence, both in domestic and foreign policy.

Political background

The basis of the declared independence, according to Iranian leaders, will be provided by nuclear missile weapons. Therefore, the main efforts are concentrated in the direction of possessing nuclear weapons and the means of their delivery - long-range missiles. Experts believe that the development of traditional types of military equipment in Iran is of a secondary nature. Also, most experts doubt the reality of efforts to destroy the State of Israel with nuclear missile weapons, although there are many political statements about this from Tehran.

The Tehran Nuclear Research Center, the Isfahan Nuclear Technology Center, and the Nuclear Research Center for Agriculture and medicine in Karaj, the nuclear research department in the city of Yazd (nearby there is a uranium deposit, the reserves of which are estimated at 3000-4000 tons of uranium oxide equivalent, the U-235 content is 0.08-1.00 percent) and the Moallem Kalaye site.

It is quite difficult to estimate the possible timing of Iran obtaining nuclear weapons, but most experts believe that this will happen in the coming years. The former head of the Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy, Yevgeny Adamov, once noted that Iran could create nuclear weapons. " They have quite qualified people. Nuclear specialists were trained in the West back in the times of the Shah“, he emphasized.

Navy development concept

According to available data, the main efforts in the development of the Iranian fleet are aimed at deploying a combat-ready naval group in the Indian Ocean. In the Caspian Sea, the Iranian Navy is represented only by patrol boats (PBO), operating in the interests of the border guard and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. At the same time, the development of the Navy itself is of a secondary nature in comparison with the ground forces and the Air Force, and this branch of the country’s armed forces is still assigned very limited tasks.

These tasks include conducting military operations against enemy naval groups and aircraft in order to gain dominance in the waters of the Persian and Oman Gulfs, protecting the territorial waters and sea coast of Iran, including important administrative and political centers in the south of the country, economic regions, oil fields, military - naval bases, ports and islands, ensuring the protection of coastal sea communications and disruption of enemy sea communications in the Persian and Oman Gulfs, control of the Strait of Hormuz, providing direct support ground forces and the Air Force during operations in maritime sectors, conducting amphibious operations, fighting enemy amphibious assaults, and conducting continuous reconnaissance at sea.

Taking into account the experience of the war with Iraq and periodic military clashes with the NATO Navy, the Iranian naval command so far gives preference to the development of non-nuclear submarines (NSPL), midget submarines (SMSL) and small-displacement combat boats (BKA). That is, those combat forces that can maintain combat effectiveness in an environment of total air supremacy of a potential enemy, which is primarily considered to be the United States.

It should be noted that Iran also has difficult relations with its neighbors, except Russia. For some time Iran had claims against Azerbaijan, but last years they no longer speak out: apparently, Tehran takes into account the close multilateral ties between Moscow and Baku.

Combat composition

The estimate of the size of the Iranian Navy by 2015–2020, given in the table, is quite cautious and shows the continuation of the trend for the development of only small and ultra-small combat vehicles (SMPL and BKA).

Submarine forces

NAPL. Currently, the Navy has three Russian-built Project 877EKM nuclear submarines in service. They are designed to solve combat missions mainly in the Indian Ocean, although in Peaceful time actively demonstrate their combat capabilities and Persian Gulf. According to some reports, these boats may soon be upgraded to use cruise missiles (CR). In the early 2000s, the activity of Project 877EKM non-submarine submarines was reduced due to problems with batteries (requiring replacement) and the need to repair equipment. By 2011, these problems were overcome and the boats began to make long trips, including to the Red Sea.

However, today the basis of Iran's submarine forces are SMPLs, intended mainly for operations in the Persian and Oman Gulfs. At the end of 2011, according to Rear Admiral Golam Reza Khadem-Bigham, there were 15 SMPLs of two projects in service: 14 Ghadir type (work has been underway since 2004, another three or four such SMPLs are at various stages of construction) and one Nahang type. The Ghadir-type SMPLs were created with technical assistance from the DPRK (development of Yugo-type boats). The total construction program of Iranian SMPLs can reach 30 units.

The leadership of the Iranian Navy especially emphasizes that the country was able to master the construction of SMPL from national components. However, most experts are skeptical about this, believing that if this was possible, then the technical level of the components corresponds to world analogues of the 70-80s of the last century.

All Iranian submarines will likely be equipped with a Shkval-type jet torpedo (the Iranian Navy successfully tested it on April 4, 2009). According to a representative of the Iranian command, this is the fastest torpedo in the world. Some experts claim that several samples were purchased by China in the CIS through Kyrgyzstan and then delivered to Iran.

Amphibious forces

The Navy has 9 tank landing ships (7 medium - STDK and 2 small - MTDC), 12 landing boats, six of which are hovercraft. There are long-term plans for the construction of three more STDKs.

Multi-role forces

KRV. The Navy has three Alvand (Vosper Mk 5) SAMs in service. They were ordered from the UK back in 1966 and underwent two modernizations - in 1977 and 1988. In 1997, the ships' Sea Killer anti-ship missile launchers were replaced with Chinese-made C-802 anti-ship missile launchers.

Iran independently built one KRV of this type, Jamaran, according to the existing technical documentation, to which some changes were made. In particular, a diesel unit (DU) was used instead of a diesel gas turbine unit (DGTU), and a runway for a helicopter was located in the stern. Construction is also underway on the second air conditioning station of this type, with a completion date of 2013.

In addition, the Navy includes two American-built corvettes, transferred by the United States to the Shah's regime under an assistance program in 1964. Despite their long service life, all RVs are actively used and are in good technical condition.

Patrol forces

RKA. As of the beginning of 2012, the Navy has 23 relatively large RSCs with a displacement of 200–275 tons. Ten boats of the Houdong type with S-802 anti-ship missiles were built in China, ten of the Combattante II type, mainly with S-802 anti-ship missiles, were built in France, and three more boats of this type were built in Iran. In addition, there are 35 small-displacement missiles of 10–14 tons with short-range anti-ship missiles or missile launchers, built with the help of China, the DPRK or independently.

PKA. At the beginning of 2012, there were a large number of UAVs (more than 150), mainly for patrol purposes, with a displacement from 1.5 to 170 tons. At the same time, three boats of the Kajami type are so-called semi-submersible, that is, they can move at shallow depths using an RDP type device (underwater engine operation). Similar projects were developed in the Soviet Union in the 60s, but were not implemented.

Iran, to a certain extent, follows the path of development of the Soviet Navy in the early 60s, when the USSR tried to create a “huge and invincible mosquito fleet.” To be fair, it should be noted that during the Gulf War, even the powerful carrier-based aircraft of the US Navy could not effectively fight the ultra-small UAVs of the Iranian Navy. Firing anti-ship missiles at them turned out to be impossible, and the use of cannons, conventional bombs and rocket launchers was also difficult due to the small size and high maneuverability of the boats.

Mine sweeping forces

Currently, the Iranian Navy does not have minesweepers (MS), but there are six minesweeper helicopters (HM) of the RH-53D type. The absence of ships of this class and even plans for their construction indicates that the command of the Iranian Navy during the war plans to use mainly boats and small submarines, for which mines pose less of a threat than for large ships.

Shipbuilding programs

Iran is now focused on the construction of the SMPL, the completion of one CRV and the construction of boats (RKA, PKA and DKA). Iranian Defense Minister Mostafa Mohammad Najjar, at the laying ceremony of a new midget submarine in 2008, said: “The Islamic Republic is becoming self-sufficient in the production of all types of military vessels.” He also especially noted the fact that this SMPL is equipped with a new underwater missile. According to him, the development of new weapons such as surface and underwater missiles will increase the defense capability of the fleet in Iran's territorial waters and prevent an attack on the country.

Most experts note that the Iranian military shipbuilding program basically copies a similar military shipbuilding program North Korea. However, in the technological aspect, Iran lags behind the DPRK by 10–20 years, since its national shipbuilding industry is in its infancy.

Assessment of the military industrial base

The creation of missile and even nuclear weapons will not be able to provide Iran with a technological breakthrough in the field of military shipbuilding. And there are several reasons. For example, despite the complexity of creating missiles and nuclear weapons, their production, according to most experts, can currently only be based on a limited number of specialized enterprises.

That is, with a small series production it is possible to create them in pilot production. The creation of ships, naval weapons and aircraft equipment takes place in a large number of industries, and this requires a high technological level of development of the entire country.

A fundamentally new moment in the reform of Iran's military-industrial complex was the focus on the priority development of licensed production of technologically complex weapons.

Currently, the shipbuilding industry is represented by enterprises of the Shahid Dgalai industrial group. It contains three shipyard(GCC), located in the cities of Bandar Abbas, Bushehr and Anzali, which have experience in construction, including assembly under foreign licenses and with the help of other countries, landing ships, patrol and landing boats (displacing up to 90 tons), as well as auxiliary vessels appointments.

In Bushehr, with the help of Chinese specialists, in the late 90s, work began on the licensed construction of two Hudong-class missile boats, or rather, their assembly from blocks supplied from China. At the shipyard in Bandar Abbas, with the help of specialists from the DPRK, the construction of the SMPL has been launched.

However, with all these successes there remains the main difficulty is the general technological backwardness of Iran. Although oil has been produced in the country for more than a hundred years, Iranians are still unable to carry out drilling operations without the help of foreign firms. Without foreign assistance, Iran cannot build oil refineries, which is why it is forced to import a third of the gasoline the country consumes. And this is in an oil exporting country that aspires to regional leadership.

That is why most experts believe that Iran does not yet have the scientific and technological base to independently create modern military equipment and it needs to start by training its own scientific and technical personnel. In this regard, it is likely that there will be a significant influx of specialists and teachers to Iran in the coming years. Experts also fear that a significant portion of those arriving will be brought into the country illegally.

In the event of hostilities, it is possible that irreparable damage could be caused to the Iranian shipbuilding industry by the United States and Israel, the consequences of which are unlikely to be compensated in the near future.

/Vladislav Nikolsky – Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Nikolay Novichkov – Candidate of Technical Sciences, vpk-news.ru/

Political background

The Tehran Nuclear Research Center, the Nuclear Technology Center in Isfahan, the Nuclear Research Center for Agriculture and Medicine in Karaj, and the nuclear research department in the city of Yazd are working on the problem of creating nuclear weapons in Iran (nearby there is a uranium deposit, the reserves of which are estimated at 3000–4000 tons according to uranium oxide equivalent, U-235 content - 0.08–1.00 percent) and the Moallem Kalaye site.

It is quite difficult to estimate the possible timing of Iran obtaining nuclear weapons, but most experts believe that this will happen in the coming years. The former head of the Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy, Yevgeny Adamov, once noted that Iran could create nuclear weapons. “They have quite qualified people. Nuclear specialists studied in the West back in the times of the Shah,” he emphasized.

Navy development concept

These tasks include conducting military operations against enemy naval groups and aircraft in order to gain dominance in the waters of the Persian and Oman Gulfs, protecting the territorial waters and sea coast of Iran, including important administrative and political centers in the south of the country, economic regions, oil fields, military - naval bases, ports and islands, ensuring the protection of coastal sea communications and disrupting enemy sea communications in the Persian and Oman Gulfs, control of the Strait of Hormuz, providing direct support to ground forces and air forces during operations in maritime sectors, conducting amphibious operations, combating enemy amphibious assaults, conducting continuous reconnaissance at sea.

It should be noted that Iran also has difficult relations with its neighbors, except Russia. For some time, Iran had complaints against Azerbaijan, but in recent years they have no longer been expressed: apparently, Tehran takes into account the close multilateral ties between Moscow and Baku.

Combat composition

Dynamics of changes in the combat strength of the Iranian Navy

Ship subclass	Number of people in 1998	Number for 2012	Projected population by 2020
NAPL	3	3	3
SMPL	-	15	>20
EM	2	no data	no data
KRV	5	6	4-5
RKA	11	48	23
PKA	139	>150	130
MTK	5	no data	no data
DK	9	9	12-15
DKA	8	12	22
NAPL - non-nuclear submarine SMPL - midget submarine EM – destroyer KRV - corvette RKA - missile boat PKA - patrol boat MTK - mine sweeping ship DK - landing ship DKA - landing boat

Submarine forces

NAPL. Currently, the Navy has three Russian-built Project 877EKM nuclear submarines in service. They are designed to solve combat missions mainly in the Indian Ocean, although in peacetime they actively demonstrate their combat capabilities in the Persian Gulf. According to some reports, these boats may soon be upgraded to use cruise missiles (CR) complex Club-S. In the early 2000s, the activity of Project 877EKM non-submarine submarines was reduced due to problems with batteries (requiring replacement) and the need to repair equipment. By 2011, these problems were overcome and the boats began to make long trips, including to the Red Sea.

All Iranian submarines will likely be equipped with a Shkval-type jet torpedo (the Iranian Navy successfully tested it on April 4, 2009). According to a representative of the Iranian command, this is the fastest torpedo in the world. Some experts claim that several samples of the Shkval torpedo were purchased by China in the CIS through Kyrgyzstan and then delivered to Iran.

Amphibious forces

The Navy has nine tank landing ships (seven medium - STDK and two small - MTDC), 12 landing boats, six of them hovercraft. There are long-term plans for the construction of three more STDKs.

Multi-role forces

KRV. The Navy has three Alvand (Vosper Mk 5) SAMs in service. They were ordered from the UK back in 1966 and underwent two modernizations - in 1977 and 1988. In 1997, the ships' Sea Killer anti-ship missile launchers were replaced with Chinese-made C-802 anti-ship missile launchers. Iran independently built one KRV of this type, Jamaran, according to the existing technical documentation, to which some changes were made. In particular, a diesel unit (DU) was used instead of a diesel gas turbine unit (DGTU), and a runway for a helicopter was located in the stern. Construction is also underway on the second air conditioning station of this type, with a completion date of 2013.

Patrol forces

RKA. As of the beginning of 2012, the Navy has 23 relatively large RSCs with a displacement of 200–275 tons. Ten boats of the Houdong type with S-802 anti-ship missiles were built in China, ten of the Combattante II type, mainly with S-802 anti-ship missiles, were built in France, and three more boats of this type were built in Iran. In addition, there are 35 small-displacement missiles of 10–14 tons with short-range anti-ship missiles or missile launchers, built with the help of China, the DPRK or independently.

PKA. At the beginning of 2012, there were a large number of UAVs (more than 150), mainly for patrol purposes, with a displacement from 1.5 to 170 tons. At the same time, three boats of the Kajami type are so-called semi-submersible, that is, they can move at shallow depths using an RDP type device (underwater engine operation). Similar projects were developed in the Soviet Union in the 60s, but were not implemented.

Mine sweeping forces

Shipbuilding programs

Iran is now targeting the construction of the SMPL, the completion of one CRV and the construction of boats (RKA, PKA and DKA).

Iranian Defense Minister Mostafa Mohammad Najjar, at the laying ceremony of a new midget submarine in 2008, said: “The Islamic Republic is becoming self-sufficient in the production of all types of military vessels.” He also especially noted the fact that this SMPL is equipped with a new underwater missile. According to him, the development of new weapons such as surface and underwater missiles will increase the defense capability of the fleet in Iran's territorial waters and prevent an attack on the country.

Most experts note that the Iranian military shipbuilding program basically copies a similar military shipbuilding program in North Korea. However, in the technological aspect, Iran lags behind the DPRK by 10–20 years, since its national shipbuilding industry is in its infancy.

Assessment of the military industrial base

The creation of missile and even nuclear weapons will not be able to provide Iran with a technological breakthrough in the field of military shipbuilding. And there are several reasons.

For example, despite the complexity of creating missiles and nuclear weapons, their production, according to most experts, can currently only be based on a limited number of specialized enterprises. That is, with a small series production it is possible to create them in pilot production. The creation of ships, naval weapons and aircraft equipment takes place in a large number of industries, and this requires a high technological level of development of the entire country.

A fundamentally new moment in the reform of Iran's military-industrial complex was the focus on the priority development of licensed production of technologically complex weapons.

Currently, the shipbuilding industry is represented by enterprises of the Shahid Dgalai industrial group. It consists of three shipyards (SSZ), located in the cities of Bandar Abbas, Bushehr and Anzali, which have experience in construction, including the assembly under foreign licenses and with the help of other countries of landing ships, patrol and landing boats (with a displacement of up to 90 tons), as well as auxiliary vessels. In Bushehr, with the help of Chinese specialists, in the late 90s, work began on the licensed construction of two Hudong-class missile boats, or rather, their assembly from blocks supplied from China. At the shipyard in Bandar Abbas, with the help of specialists from the DPRK, the construction of the SMPL has been launched.

However, despite all these successes, the main difficulty remains - Iran's general technological backwardness. Although oil has been produced in the country for more than a hundred years, Iranians are still unable to carry out drilling operations without the help of foreign firms. Without foreign assistance, Iran cannot build oil refineries, which is why it is forced to import a third of the gasoline the country consumes. And this is in an oil exporting country that aspires to regional leadership.

That is why most experts believe that Iran does not yet have the scientific and technological base to independently create modern military equipment and it needs to start by training its own scientific and technical personnel. In this regard, it is likely that in the coming years there will be a significant influx of specialists and teachers into Iran. Experts also fear that a significant portion of those arriving will be brought into the country illegally.

plutong> Something from the past (food for thought):
plutong> Millennium Challenge 2002
plutong> Despite the fictitious names of both sides, it was clear that the game scenario was a veiled exercise to invade Iran...
plutong> One of the scenario descriptions
plutong> http://alternathistory.org.ua/...
plutong> Well, from modern comments on this teaching:
plutong> ...in a real war with Iran in the Persian Gulf, without the use of nuclear weapons, the United States would be defeated...
plutong> ...if it comes to a war in the Persian Gulf, or even in the Gulf of Oman, the impressive naval power of the United States will be countered and hindered by both the military potential of Iran and geographical factors. Without the ability to operate in open waters like the Indian or Pacific Oceans, the United States would have much less time to respond and, more importantly, would not be able to fight from a safe military distance. Thus, the entire arsenal of US defensive naval systems designed to fight in open waters from a safe distance would not be applicable in the Persian Gulf.
plutong> __404__ | sh404SEF custom content

The AUG does not have to swim into the bay; at the beginning, the Iranian Navy and the southeastern part of Iran can bomb from a safe distance (the Arabian Sea) for the AUG. A western part Israel and US air units stationed in Iraq will be engaged, plus Turkey and various Arab countries friendly with the United States (which is threatened by Iran to sink tankers in the Gulf of Hormuz).

I took 1000 km, the maximum range of AUG aviation.

And since the United States decided to launch an AUG into the Gulf, it means a decision has been made to resolve the issue diplomatically.

So in any case, the main threat to the AUG comes from our Halibut diesel-electric submarines.

By the way, in the simulator I tried to approach the AUG on a Halibut (of course, under favorable conditions like I ended up on their course, since the AUG has a speed of 17 knots, the Halibut simply couldn’t keep up with them and I had to set the maximum speed at which you unmask yourself for the buoys scattered by security helicopters). In general, it was possible to approach them at a distance of 3-5 miles, then the guards of the destroyers discovered me and easily sank me. It is practically impossible to torpedo an AUG. Only in 10% of attacks was it possible to cause minor damage to the AUG or guards; of course, the submarine was then sunk in 100% of cases.
On the same simulator, anti-ship missiles with a speed of 0.7-0.8M perform very poorly. The destroyers OrlikBerke and Ticonderoga, which are guarding the aircraft carrier, easily shoot down these missiles.