Outline of a lesson on the surrounding world (preparatory group) on the topic: Mysterious volcanoes. How to make a volcano experience yourself at home What is a volcano
How are volcanoes born?
What did the ancient Romans think about volcanoes? How many active volcanoes are there on Earth? How is lava different from magma? How long do volcanoes live? Why does a volcano that has been dormant for thousands of years suddenly come to life? What is a "belt of fire"? Where does the witch Pele live?
Why is Vesuvius one of the most dangerous volcanoes? Is it possible to live on a volcano? Why is it necessary to be able to predict volcanic eruptions? Is it possible to stop lava flows? What volcano was born in a corn field? How did the island of Thira disappear?
Can a volcanic eruption change the climate? Young readers will find answers to these and many other questions in this beautifully illustrated, exciting book that will introduce them to one of the most formidable and significant natural phenomena - volcanism.
The structure of the volcano.
In the depths of the earth
The volcano feeds through an opening called the main channel, or vent. Gases emerge through the vent, as well as rock fragments and melts that rise from the depths, which gradually form a relief on the surface of the volcano. The vent is associated with a whole system of volcanic cracks, side channels and magma chambers located from one to tens of kilometers from the Earth’s surface. The primary magma chamber is located at a depth of 60-100 km, and the secondary magma chamber, which directly feeds the volcano, is at a depth of 20-30 km. As magma moves toward the surface, significant changes occur.
Content
Earth Education
Volcanoes of other worlds
Where do volcanoes occur?
Plate tectonics
The birth of volcanoes
Structure of the volcano
Types of volcanoes
In the ocean depths
From magma to lava
Causes of the eruption
"Red Volcanoes"
"Gray Volcanoes"
Types of eruptions
Volcanoes and water
Fantastic world of lava
Volcanic emissions
Millions of tons of gas
Destroyed nature
Life and death of a volcano
Cones, domes and peaks
Giant craters
From lava and ash
Volcanic Islands
Volcanic rocks
Legends of Asia and Oceania
Legends of Africa and America
Legends and myths of Europe
Fertile lands
Lava Dwellings
Volcano storage rooms
Energy of the Earth's interior
Pleasure for body and soul
Frightening classification
High risk areas
Protection from volcanic fallout
Man-made flows
Run for your life
Volcano watching
Constant control
Dreadful harbingers
Intrepid Explorers
In the laboratory and in the field
Reasonable risk
Famous volcanologists
The largest eruptions
Failed Island
A city buried in ashes The Renaissance of Pompeii
Disaster in Iceland
Tambora volcano explosion
Deadly tsunamis
Declared disaster
Moments that shake the world
El Chichon
Tragedy in Colombia
A disaster that was avoided
Disfigured land
Volcanoes of Asia
Volcanoes of Africa
Fournaise
Volcanoes of America
Volcano Paricutin
Fire Archipelago
Land of Ice and Fire
Active volcanoes in Europe
Volcanoes of Auvergne
Volcanoes Park
Volcanoes on the world map
Dictionary
Pointer.
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Educator:
Hello guys!
Our activity today is unusual. Guests have arrived! Let's say hello to them!
Guys, you and I live on an amazing planet called what?
Let me tell you a riddle.
"I went to different countries,
Sailed along rivers and oceans.
I walked bravely through the desert -
On one sheet of paper!"
Geographic map. Children, tell me what is shown on the map?
Let us remember what is shown on the map in blue?
What about green, yellow and brown?
Guys, who can tell me what mountains are?
What are these high hills made of?
Guys, let's go to our workshop. Can you please guess what's in my bag?
Absolutely right - these are stones. But before you and I play with the stones, let's stretch our hands.
Finger gymnastics:
"The girls and boys in our group are friends,
You and I will make friends with little fingers.
1,2,3,4,5, (alternately touching the fingers of both hands) - start counting again!
Guys, you are so great! Now let's play with the stones. As you guessed correctly, I have stones in this bag (distribute the stones to the children). Tell me, what do they feel like?
(Invite the children to take plasticine in their hands, squeeze both palms, with a stone in one and plasticine in the other).
What happened to the stone and what happened to the plasticine?
Guys, look, we have bowls of water. What happens if we put a stone in water? Let's check it out.
Guys, I have another unusual stone. Let's look at it carefully. What does this stone have a lot of?
Do you think these holes are empty? Let's lower this stone into the water too. (Doesn't sink).
What is inside these holes or holes?
Who can tell me what this unusual stone is called?
Yes, this stone is called pumice. And in the course of our experiment we will find out how pumice appears.
We conducted an experiment with stones. Rocks are what mountains are made of. Guys, do you know that there are such unusual mountains from which lava erupts. What are their names? Guess the riddle.
"I spit fire and lava,
I am a dangerous giant.
I am famous for my evil fame,
And my name is Vulcan!!! (everyone answers together).
Right. This is a volcano. And today we will talk about volcanoes.
Now I will tell you a legend about how volcanoes appeared.
“Once upon a time there was a God named Vulcan. He was a strange God - ugly and lame. But he was very strong and hardworking. And he liked blacksmithing: standing at an anvil and hitting iron with a heavy hammer, fanning the fire. And he built He built a forge inside a tall mountain, and this mountain stood right in the middle of the sea. When Vulcan worked with a hammer, the mountain shook from top to bottom, and the roar and roar echoed far around from the hole at the top of the mountain with a deafening roar. ash. “The volcano is working,” people said, and went to live away from these places. Since then, people began to call all the fire-breathing mountains volcanoes.
(Slide No. 1. Volcano).
This is such an interesting legend. Did you guys like it?
Guys, do you know how mountains are formed?
Guys, do you know where volcanoes can form?
And who can tell us all why it erupts?
(Slide No. 2. Picture of an erupting volcano).
What does a volcano look like?
What is the top of a volcano called?
What about the deep hole that is located inside the volcano itself?
(Slide No. 3. Structures of the volcano).
Tell me please, what is inside the volcano?
What is the name of the fiery liquid that is inside the volcano?
Why then is there magma inside and lava coming out?
Guys, who knows how lava can erupt? After all, it can erupt in different ways.
Tell me, how long can a volcano erupt?
After a volcanic eruption, a scorched desert remains. And life will not appear in this place soon. Children, let's remember together what types of volcanoes exist?
(Slide No. 4. Volcano - Diamond Head on the island of Hawaii).
That's right, there are also sleeping ones. Their eruption has not occurred for a long time, but it is still possible.
(Slide No. 5. Volcano Teide in Spain).
And active volcanoes are volcanoes that have erupted at least once in the memory of mankind.
(Slide No. 6. Klyuchevskaya Sopka. Russia. Kamchatka).
And by the way, this is the highest active volcano in Eurasia. What do you think, is it scary and dangerous for people to live near volcanoes?
What usually happens before a volcano begins to erupt?
Will someone be able to advise or help people and inform them about the upcoming volcanic eruption?
Let us now play the role of little volcanologists and try to make a volcanic eruption ourselves. To do this, I invite you again to our workshop. Where everything is ready for our experiment with you. Let's warm up a little and have some physical education.
We walk across the plain
One-two, one-two.
And now we're floating on an ice floe,
One-two, one-two.
Here we go along the plateau,
One-two, one-two.
We climb the mountains
One-two, one-two.
And now we will rest,
And let's take our places!!!
Guys, now we will conduct a real experiment. Namely, to revive the volcano. Yesterday we made a model of a volcano. It looks just like a real volcano. And in order for it to come to life we need to do something!!!
There are glasses of water in front of you. First you need to color this water red. That's why you still have red paint and brushes on the table. I think you can handle this task easily and simply!!!
After you have colored the water, you should add a teaspoon of baking soda to your glasses of now red water. The soda is in a small glass. After adding soda, you should mix everything very well. Then you should add detergent to your cups using the tip of a teaspoon. And mix gently again. Then, we will pour the resulting liquid from your cups into the mouth of our volcano. And I will carefully add vinegar to the mouth.
Guys, it seems our volcano is coming to life! And, bubbling, lava comes out of it!!!
Centuries later, the evil one coughed
Volcano and ash and ash.
Lava flowed down the slopes
And it burned the earth badly.
The volcano is thundering, the volcano is puffing,
How menacing he looks.
But then he started to get tired -
The fire in him began to fade.
The last time I breathed fire,
And fell asleep for decades!!!
Q: And so, guys, our experience has come to an end, help me continue the phrases......
I enjoyed my lesson today...
Today in class I learned...
Today in class I was surprised...
Well done guys, you were very attentive and worked carefully, and everything turned out just great for us!!!
And now I would like to invite you to sketch our volcanoes.
Hello, dear friends! Today I received a message from one boy, he writes that volcanoes are often shown in cartoons and films, but he just can’t understand what they are and why they are needed.
I asked my friend Professor Chainikov to tell me what it is.
And this is what my friend wrote to me:
“Good afternoon my friends, I am very glad that you are interested in volcanoes, this is a very interesting phenomenon.
Mountains that stand above channels and cracks in the earth's crust are called volcanoes.
Most often, volcanoes look like cone-shaped or dome-shaped mountains, at the top of which there is a crater, or a funnel-shaped depression.
For example these 
Sometimes, as scientists say, a volcano “wakes up” and then it erupts. At the same time, molten substances from the earth's crust and mantle, called magma, come to the surface of the Earth.
An eruption is a series of strong and weak explosions and outpourings of lava - a mixture of molten rocks. The volume of erupted lava can reach several tens of cubic kilometers. Eruptions can be long-lasting, which can be observed for several years and even centuries, and short-term, passing in a few hours. Their precursors include the following phenomena: earthquakes, changes in the composition of gases, sound (acoustic) changes and others.
Those volcanoes that from time to time emit hot gases or steam from their vents are called active. Volcanoes that have erupted relatively recently are also considered active. There are about 500 such volcanoes on Earth.
“The word “volcano” comes from the Latin word “volcanos” - fire, flame. The ancient Romans called the god of fire and blacksmithing Vulcaoma. According to legend, he forged armor in his forge inside a mountain on the island of Vulcano, 50 km north of the island of Sicily. Plumes of smoke and flames continuously burst out from the mountain. Over time, any fire-breathing mountain began to be called a volcano, like the god of fire.”
COP for children of senior preschool age
“These mysterious volcanoes or how a volcano erupts”
Perm region, Tchaikovsky
MADO kindergarten No. 5 “Rodnichok”
Bril Tatyana Vladimirovna
“I forgot what I heard.
I remember what I saw.
I know what I did!”
Chinese proverb
Focus of practice – educational .
Brief description of this workshop :
A series of observations, experiences and experiments contributes to the formation in childrencognitive interest , development of observation and emotionality in communication with the outside world.
In order to interest children and awaken their creative activity, a number of games are offered. In a playful way, the children will make many amazing discoveries about the properties and capabilities of the objects around them.
Laboratory – a great opportunity to get your child interested in science and secretsknowledge the world around us in a fun, entertaining and intriguing way. Children enjoy participating in exciting experiments, during whichlearn the laws of nature , develop curiosity and ask new questions, to which they happily seek answers with the help of adults.
Everything is assimilated firmly and for a long time when the child hears, sees and does it himself. This is the basis for the active introduction of children's experimentation into the practice of working with children of primary preschool age.
This short-term educational workshop promotes the development of independent experimentation and search activity of the children themselves.
Purpose of the experiment:
To give preschoolers a basic understanding of the natural phenomenon “volcano”, to clearly show the interaction of alkali with acid (neutralization reaction).
Tasks:
1. Introduce a natural phenomenon -volcano , clearly show the connections between living and nonliving things in nature, encourage children to engage in emotional and cognitive activity. Form ideas about typesvolcanoes , the dangers they pose.
2. Develop the child’s thinking, logic, and creativity. Encourage children to independently formulate conclusions based on the results of the experiment, relying on previously acquired knowledge.
3. To cultivate a caring attitude towards nature, interest in cognitive and research activities, determination, perseverance, and independence.
Dictionary:
mountain, volcano, crater, crater, lava, alkali, acid.
Preliminary work:
Looking at illustrations of volcanoes
Conversations about types of volcanoes
View presentations
Reading children's encyclopedias
Making a model of a volcano.
Material: Layoutvolcano , pallet; soda, vinegar; beet juice (dyes), washing liquid; teaspoon, pipette, 2 presentations aboutvolcanoes , a box with items for a geologist’s work, a backpack.
PROGRESS :
Children enter the hall.
- Map of Russia
Guys, what is the name of our country?
Look how big she is!
- In what part of Russia? (Perm region, Ural) (show on map)
Our country is rich in forests, fields and rivers!
What else is our country rich in? (mineral resources)
Who knows what minerals are?
What minerals do you know?
Who finds them? (geologists)
The bell rings: ....
V-l answers: Hello! What's happened? Yes!
Guys, there was a proposal to assemble a team of geologists to study the stones.
Do you want to go on an expedition?
To do this, you need to get ready for the road!
DIDACTIC GAME “ASSEMBLE A GEOLOGIST’S BAG”
There are variousitems : pen, notebook, compass, hammer, sandwich, 2-3 types of different toys, first aid kit.
Children must choose the right items for the geologist and explain their choice.
Well, now that we have everything we need, let's go!
PHYSICAL MINUTE
The wind blows over the fields,
And the grass sways.(Children smoothly swing their arms above their heads.)
A cloud floats above us
Like a white mountain.(Stretching - arms up.)
The wind carries dust over the field.
The ears are leaning -
Right, left, back and forth,
And then vice versa.(Tilts left and right, forward and backward.)
We're climbing the hill(Walk in place.)
We'll rest there for a while.(Children sit down.)
- So we came to the mountain.
- Guys Look, the previous expedition collected a collection of stones, and we need to study it.
Look how many there are! How different are they all? (look at and name)
(next to the collection there are 2 stones (simple and pumice) and a note on display.
Educator reads the note: Dear researchers, we have received 2 unknown stones! Help me determine where they come from!
Guys, how will we determine? (experience: compare stones by color, shape, size, weight...
How did you know which stones are heavy and which are light? (Hold in your hands)
Guys, if you put stones in water, will they drown?
Let's try. (children lower stones into the water)
Did both stones sink? (No)
Where do you think such stones can be found (everywhere)
What is this stone that did not sink? (pumice)
Why didn't he drown?
Where does it come from?
Guess the riddle : I spit fire and lava,
I am a dangerous giant!
I am famous for my evil fame,
What's my name?
( Volcano )
Guys, remember what it is -volcano ?
- This is a mountain from which smoke first comes out, then stones fly, and then lava erupts .
Do you want to know what it isvolcano and why volcanoes erupt ?
Look what a volcano really is!!! (watch video).
Picture “Structure of a volcano”
- Vulcan it is a large mountain with steep slopes.
At the very topthe volcano has a crater . The crater is a huge bowl with steep slopes, and at the bottom there is a reddish-orange mouth, this is a cratervolcano , a hole going deep into the ground. Fiery liquid coming out ofvolcano , is called lava.Volcanoes erupt in different ways . Sometimes they seem to explode, throwing magma up and to the sides. A huge mountain shakes with a terrible roar, a huge cloud of smoke and ash rises above it, and stone rain showers the slopes. And sometimes it leaks out“calmly” and freezes on the slopes.
- Guys, what harm do you think volcanoes cause? What benefit?
- I suggest you take out the map and look at it. We have volcanoes in Russia. (Kamchatka)
What other volcanoes are there? (active, dormant, extinct).
- Guys, do you think we can see a volcanic eruption indoors? (no, why?
- Can we look at such a volcano? (demonstration of a volcano model)
Guys, what volcano is this? (sleeping)
Where can I wake him up? (In the laboratory)
I suggest you go to the laboratory!
In the laboratory we have everything ready to conduct experiments. And the laboratory assistant meets us.
(Demonstration of experience on a model of a volcano)
Guys, do you want to conduct a volcanic eruption yourself?
Before starting the experiment, you need to put on your gowns.
We repeat the safety rules (diagram)
SAFETY REGULATIONS
1. Work under the supervision of a teacher (laboratory assistant).
2. You must work carefully, strictly following the rules
3. don’t put anything in your mouth
4. carefully pour in the substances
5. Pour liquids carefully.
6. Do not touch the lava.
7. use a napkin.
Now attention! This liquid has a special symbol for me. What does it mean? X - you can’t use it yourself, it’s vinegar, only an adult can pour it. I will add it myself when you have everything ready.
The teacher explains subsequence carrying out the experiment:
Pour 2 tablespoons of soda into the “volcano crater”;
add 1 spoon of red paint (gouache);
then - 1 spoon of liquid soap.
Mix citric acid with water
Carefully pour acidic water into the “crater”
Vulcan wakes up
I suggest you indicate who has finished on the diagram: show with arrows the sequence in which you carried out the experiment.
The experience is based on the fact that the substances around us behave differently in different states. In this case, experience shows the interaction of alkali with acid.
Summarizing:- What new have you learned?
What did you like most?
D/z Conduct another experiment at home with orange juice and soda.
A truly amazing sight - a volcanic eruption. But what is a volcano? How does a volcano erupt? Why do some of them spew out huge streams of lava at different intervals, while others sleep peacefully for centuries?
What is a volcano?
Externally, the volcano resembles a mountain. There is a geological fault inside it. In science, a volcano is a formation of geological rock located on the surface of the earth. Magma, which is very hot, erupts through it. It is magma that subsequently forms volcanic gases and rocks, as well as lava. Most of the volcanoes on earth were formed several centuries ago. Today, new volcanoes rarely appear on the planet. But this happens much less frequently than before.
How are volcanoes formed?
If we briefly explain the essence of the formation of a volcano, it will look like this. Under the earth's crust there is a special layer under strong pressure, consisting of molten rocks, it is called magma. If cracks suddenly begin to appear in the earth’s crust, then hills form on the surface of the earth. Through them, magma comes out under strong pressure. At the surface of the earth, it begins to break down into hot lava, which then solidifies, causing the volcanic mountain to become larger and larger. The emerging volcano becomes such a vulnerable spot on the surface that it spews volcanic gases onto the surface with great frequency.
What is a volcano made of?
In order to understand how magma erupts, you need to know what a volcano is made of. Its main components are: a volcanic chamber, a vent and craters. What is a volcanic source? This is the place where magma is formed. But not everyone knows what a volcano’s crater and crater are? A vent is a special channel that connects the hearth with the surface of the earth. A crater is a small bowl-shaped depression on the surface of a volcano. Its size can reach several kilometers.
What is a volcanic eruption?
Magma is constantly under intense pressure. Therefore, there is a cloud of gases above it at any time. Gradually they push hot magma to the surface of the earth through the crater of the volcano. This is what causes an eruption. However, just a short description of the eruption process is not enough. To see this spectacle, you can use the video, which you need to watch after you have learned what the volcano is made of. In the same way, in the video you can find out which volcanoes do not exist nowadays and what the volcanoes that are active today look like.
Why are volcanoes dangerous?
Active volcanoes pose a danger for a number of reasons. The dormant volcano itself is very dangerous. It can “wake up” at any time and begin to erupt streams of lava, spreading over many kilometers. Therefore, you should not settle near such volcanoes. If an erupting volcano is located on an island, a dangerous phenomenon such as a tsunami may occur.
Despite their danger, volcanoes can serve humanity well.
How are volcanoes useful?
- During the eruption, a large amount of metals appears that can be used in industry.
- The volcano produces the strongest rocks that can be used for construction.
- Pumice, which appears as a result of the eruption, is used for industrial purposes, as well as in the production of stationery erasers and toothpaste.
