Travel Perm-Pyanteg-Cherdyn-Nyrob-Kamni Vetlan and Polyud. Gufsin institutions of Russia in the Perm region The prevailing opinion about Nyrob

September 25, 2017 8:26 pm Perm Region - Russia September 2017

My old dream came true: I finally managed to go on a trip to the north of the Perm region as part of a tourist group. I saw the mountains of the Middle Urals, settlements that were once part of Cherdyn the Great (the village of Pyanteg, the cities of Cherdyn and Nyrob), and completed my acquaintance with the culture of the Western Urals by visiting the Museum of Local Lore and the Art Gallery of the city of Perm.

It was from Cherdyn the Great that the settlement of the Perm region by Russians began. In the 12th century, the Novgorodians laid a northern route through the place where today the city of Cherdyn is located: along the Kolva River to Pechora. The Novgorodians exchanged their goods with the local residents for valuable northern furs, as well as highly artistic silver items of the Sassanids. Local residents paid tribute to the Novgorodians, and the name of the highest mountain in these places sounds like a reminder of this. Mount Polyud owes its name to polyud, that is, tribute collected “by people.”

Then, during the Mongol-Tatar yoke, when the once prosperous states fell, this trade route was forgotten. But after liberation from the Tatars and with the beginning of the unification of the Russian principalities around Moscow, the trade route with the Urals and Pechora was revived.

The conquest and development of the Urals was impossible without a unifying idea, which was the Orthodox faith. Around 1375, the missionary Stephen, who would later go down in the history of the Orthodox faith under the name of St. Stephen of Great Perm, created a written language for the Zyryans (Komi-Zyryans), which they did not have before. As an alphabet, he used Zyryan signs on wood, through which hunters conducted their trade. Using the created alphabet, which consisted of 24 letters, Stefan translated liturgical books and partly the Holy Scriptures into the Zyryan language. In the autumn of 1379, Saint Stephen, blessed by the Moscow Patriarchate, went to the Perm land. The pagan Zyryans worshiped the elements (water and fire), animals and trees; their main deity was the “Golden Woman” - a stone idol to which the best part of the booty was sacrificed. Priests or magicians enjoyed special influence among the Zyryans, keeping the people in fear and submission. Death awaited everyone who dared to touch their pagan beliefs. The situation for the preacher was further complicated by the fact that the greedy grand ducal tribute collectors embittered the Zyryans, so everything that came from Moscow seemed hostile to the Zyryans. However, the missionary activity of Stephen of Great Perm was facilitated by his talent as a preacher, knowledge of the Zyryan language and deep faith in the rightness of his cause. The natural gentleness of the Zyryans also helped him. The Orthodox educational activities of Stefan Velikopermsky were successful and subsequently served as the basis for the Christianization of the Cherdyn lands.

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PYANTEG

The journey of our tourist group began from the village of Pyanteg, not far from Cherdyn, where we reached from Perm late in the evening to spend the night at a local camp site. There is a hypothesis according to which Cherdyn originally began (was built) on the site where this village is now located. According to one version, Pyanteg is the name of a pagan god.

In the morning, right from the window of our room, I saw the wide expanse of the Kama river. Having had breakfast quickly, she went out to the river bank. She fell into melancholic reverie among the cedar pines, in the sacred place of the ancient Komi tribes who once inhabited these places. The pines looked like exotic monsters inhabited by the spirits of the ancients: with powerful branches-arms raised to the sky, bare roots-legs holding curved bodies-trunks... The Komi tribes worshiped cedar pines. Having settled in these places, they left numerous treasures of highly artistic Sassanid silver items, which were brought in exchange for valuable fur to the Cherdyn lands along the Kama and Volga rivers, through the Bulgar kingdom, from Sasanian Persia and Byzantium... Such dishes are also in the Perm local history museum , and in the capital's museums. It’s worth a look: on this trip we will see ancient artifacts in the Cherdyn Local History Museum.

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Walking along the bank of the Kama, I saw an interesting hexagonal wooden watchtower with an Orthodox onion and a cross, crowned with a once wooden tent. This is the oldest wooden structure in the Urals that has survived to this day: the Church of the Virgin Mary, dating back to the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries. She is older than the famous Kizhi. The Russians, developing the Ural lands, first built a watchtower (defensive fortification) on the banks of the Kama, in a sacred place for the Komi, and then, having established themselves here, converted it into a Christian church.

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In the village of Pyanteg, figurines of the Permian animal style were found and are still being found, buried by ancient tribes, called by some local historians the tribes of the Guardians. This is a large number of burials of metal amulets, amulets, a whole pantheon of spirits, the so-called Perm animal style of ancient tribes. We should see them today in the Cherdyn Local History Museum. You can see them in the Perm Museum of Local Lore, and in museums in St. Petersburg and Moscow. In terms of the richness of images and variety of objects, the culture of the Perm animal style is superior to Japanese netsuke, and in terms of symbolic meaning it is not inferior to the ritual system of the Aztecs and Mayans. The Guardians, whose civilization disappeared about a thousand years ago, lived along the rivers Vym, Vychegda, Kama, Kolva and Vishera. They were engaged in hunting, fishing, pottery and metallurgy; traded with Iran through the Bulgar Khanate, with the Mediterranean through the Turks of the Khazan Khaganate, with related tribes of the Ob Ugrians beyond the Ural ridge. Systems of complex rituals, mastery of shamanic techniques of ecstasy and, most importantly, the famous amulets of the Perm animal style, cast from metal, gave the Guardians a reputation among neighboring tribes as powerful sorcerers and all-powerful magicians. It is interesting that the production of cast figurines of the animal style was carried out by the women of the Guardians. Their men made weapons. Under the onslaught of the Komi tribes and the troops of the Volga Bulgaria, the Guardians were first driven into the Cherdyn lands, and then through the gorges of the Ural ridge they went to the Trans-Urals, where they dissolved among the Ob tribes.

Before the last campaign, the Guardians buried their gods in the Cherdyn lands. The Komi tribes that settled these lands after the departure of the Guardians created legends about the mysterious Chud people, who went underground. Having accidentally unearthed an amulet, the Komi, in fear, tried to get rid of the “evil” and mysterious spirit by throwing the find into the water. Gradually, in Komi legends, living Guardians turned into spirits of these places.

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CHERDYN

By lunchtime, our tourist group had already arrived in Cherdyn. My main feeling in Cherdyn is the feeling of freshness and gloomy cleanliness of the city. Low gray sky. Sparsely populated streets, almost no cars and, of course, no traffic lights. Cows resting on the cold, rain-wet ground against the backdrop of an old church, calmly chewing the cud. A small female tour guide, excitedly talking about her hometown. I listened to her carefully, asking clarifying questions with interest. I received an invitation to come and visit and a telephone number... Apparently, the further the province is from the capital, the more kind and hospitable the people there are, the less stingy with their meager salaries compared to the capital...

I first saw the highest point in the surrounding area, the mountain (rock) Polyud, which looks like a frozen crest of a wave, from the steep bank of the Kolva River in the city of Cherdyn. They say that in ancient times an alarm fire was lit on Polyud, warning everyone about danger, the approach of enemies, nomadic Voguls.

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I was greatly impressed by the historical story about the chapel built in memory of my dead parents. During the next invasion of Cherdyn by the Voguls, the entire male population of the city came out with weapons to meet the enemy. But the forces were unequal. There were significantly more Voguls. All the Cherdyn men died, but for some reason the Voguls left without touching the city or even entering it. By their death, the men saved the wives and children who remained in the city. The children grew up and built a chapel in memory of this event...

The most reliable information about Cherdyn dates back to the second half of the 15th century - the time when Perm the Great (Cherdyn) began to join the Moscow state. The Vychegda-Vym Chronicle mentions the city in 1451. At that time, the Great Perm princes ruled these lands. The name of the city comes from two Komi-Permyak words: “cher” - tributary and “dyn” - mouth, that is, “a settlement that arose at the mouth of a stream.” The Great Perm Cherdyn princes accepted Christianity and became Moscow vassals, but rebellious vassals. In particular, during the war between Moscow and Kazan in the 60s of the 15th century, they refused to participate in the campaign, but without the permission of the Grand Duke they entered into military alliances with their neighbors, the Vyatichi, against the Voguls (Mansi). Cherdyn did not break off its relations with Veliky Novgorod. The first attempt to “baptize Cherdyn residents into the holy faith” was made by Bishop Pitirim. The attempt was unsuccessful - Pitirim was killed by the Voguls, who actively resisted the adoption of Christianity. In 1462, Bishop Jonah undertook an “additional” baptism of Cherdyn residents. In the same year, the first Christian St. John the Theologian monastery in the Western Urals was founded in Cherdyn. After the war with Novgorod and its final inclusion in the Grand Duchy of Moscow, Ivan III took advantage of certain insults inflicted on Moscow merchants in Cherdyn as a pretext for an invasion. In the spring of 1472, Moscow regiments under the command of the governor of Starodub, Prince Fyodor Motley, defeated the Perm army and captured the local prince Mikhail. Thus, the resistance of the local rulers of Cherdyn to the Moscow authorities was finally broken

The hidden rebellion (stubbornness) of the Cherdyn land was manifested, in my opinion, in the originality of Christian church decoration. Cherdyn is the center of distribution of unique wooden sculpture, which is generally uncharacteristic of the decoration of Russian churches. The origin of this custom is unknown; it is possible that it, like the custom of decorating church buildings with bulbs, was introduced many centuries ago from Scandinavia. However, the Perm wooden gods have pronounced Komi features: slanted eyes, prominent cheekbones, dark hair. The oldest sculptures that have survived to this day date back to the 17th century and are located in the Cherdyn Museum of Faith and in the Perm Art Gallery, but all of them were found mainly on the Cherdyn and Solikamsk lands. Particularly interesting, in my opinion, is the wooden icon of St. Paraskeva Friday, kept in the Perm art gallery. The day of this saint coincides with the day of worship of the ancient pagan goddess, depicted together with mythical creatures bending towards her on the left and right. On the sides of Saint Paraskeva on the bas-relief of the wooden icon there are also angels - one on the left, the other on the right. Both pagan and Christian holidays have a similar focus - the worship of fertility and motherhood.

Another example of disobedience, but much later historically, surprised me in Cherdyn. The famous poet O. Mandelstam was exiled here during the time of Stalinism, who wrote at the very height of the cult of personality:

We live without feeling the country beneath us,
Our speeches are not heard ten steps away,
And where is enough for half a conversation -
The Kremlin highlander will be remembered there.
His thick fingers are like worms, fat
And the words, like pound weights, are true.
The cockroaches are laughing,
And his boots shine.

And around him is a rabble of thin-necked leaders,
He plays with the services of demihumans.
Who whistles, who meows, who whines,
He's the only one who babbles and pokes.
Like a horseshoe, he gives a decree after a decree -
Some in the groin, some in the forehead, some in the eyebrow, some in the eye.
No matter what his punishment is, it’s a raspberry
And the broad chest of an Ossetian

The poem was transmitted orally in Moscow to the most trusted people. One of the “trusted” ones reported it to the right place... A memorial plaque on the facade of the hospital reminds of Mandelstam’s exile in Cherdyn.

NYROB

“Nyr” in the Komi-Permyak language means “nose”, “yb” means “field”, that is, “Nosovo field”, or “No-sa field” (Ivanko Nos, the founder of the local surname Nosov, lived in Nyrob).

I didn’t want to visit this village for a long time. I felt a sense of contradiction. Like, people first mock some grandiose personality, torture, execute. Then, after some time, they elevate this same person to the status of a saint and begin to worship her, inventing and creating more and more new signs of holiness not only of the tortured person, but also of the local and surrounding places.

In 1601, during the time of Boris Godunov, the boyar Mikhail Nikitich Romanov, uncle of the future tsar from the Romanov dynasty, Mikhail Fedorovich, was exiled to Nyrob (and soon died here). This prisoner was also the cousin of Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich, the last representative of the direct line of Rurikovich to the Russian throne (through the female line) and one of the richest people in the Russian state. M. N. Romanov was handsome and unusually strong. Legend has it that when, upon arriving in Nyrob, he realized what fate awaited him, in a fit of despair, he threw away, overturning, the road carriage in which he was brought here. Boyar Romanov, shackled, was imprisoned in a pit. In this pit he had to wait for his death, suffering from hunger and cold in the fierce northern winter, dirty and unwashed, deprived of the opportunity to relieve his natural needs in any other place. The residents of Nyrob helped the exile as best they could, against the will of the jailers, and brought him food. Finally, tired of waiting for the boyar's death, the jailers strangled him. Subsequently, after the Romanovs came to power, the residents of Nyrob were awarded a charter (exempt from taxes).

Until 1917, up to six thousand pilgrims a year sought to pray in the pit-dungeon where the boyar Romanov suffered martyrdom and fall before his chains. Currently, the shackles are on display at the Cherdyn Local History Museum.

Now it has become fashionable to take tourists and pilgrims to these places again. However, as I noticed, visitors are mainly eager to receive some kind of miraculous deliverance from their own problems of various directions. It is not at all clear how one can, for example, receive healing, forgiveness of sins, etc., just by visiting the site of the brutal death of Boyar Romanov or drinking water from the local “holy” spring. However, I don't regret visiting here.

Now Nyrob and everything to the north is a prison zone. Following the sights associated with the name of Romanov, you see a long fence with barbed wire with prison buildings towering behind it. Many interesting personalities, both fighters for justice and accomplices of evil, were seen on these walls. The future prominent political and military figure of the Soviet state, K. E. Voroshilov, served his exile in Nyrob. Those repressed during Stalin's time were brought here. Recently, one of the last swindlers of our time, G.P. Grabovoi, served his sentence here (but for some reason was released a short time later).

Not far from the magnificent St. Nicholas Church, built in memory of the martyred boyar Romanov, on the initiative of the administration of the village of Nyrob and the school local history club “Patriot”, a memorial wooden sign in the form of a cross was erected with the inscription on the tablet: “The sign was installed in memory of the repressed Russians. November 1, 2003." One martyred boyar received a magnificent temple, and thousands of those who were not of royal rank who were martyred received a wooden cross. As they say: “What is permitted to Jupiter is not permitted to the bull.”

A museum is being created in the village, and by the hands of people who are serving their prison sentences here or have already been released. I don’t know what it will be called later. Nowadays it’s everything that might interest anyone: household items from a bygone century, photographs of the descendants of the Romanovs who came here from distant countries, paintings and costumes from the era of troubled times, which tourists are allowed to dress up in, and so on. In general, you can always hear the phrase in Nyrob: “The prisoners did it.”

The most interesting thing in Nyrob, in my opinion, is St. Nicholas Cathedral. In the 17th century, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ordered the construction of the Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Nyrob (construction was completed in 1704). During the Soviet years, a post office was located in the temple premises. And only in 1995 the first service took place. However, the restoration of the temple began only in the second half of the 90s. And former Nyrob prisoner Boris Sashin, having visited many Moscow monasteries in the late 90s of the last century, took a certain amount of donations and a lot of spiritual literature to Nyrob.

Richly decorated with carvings, the stone temple is similar to the patterned churches of Solikamsk and is the only monument of the Cherdyn region in which so many Baroque-type decorations were used. Equals to it can be found only in Solikamsk, Veliky Ustyug and Vologda. Obviously, under the impression of the extraordinary beauty of the church, a legend arose about the builders who allegedly erected it not in front of the residents, but in the dead of night. She appeared into the world as if immediately, as soon as the heads and crosses were erected. The famous “beetle ornament” or “beetles” (like the letters Zh standing next to each other), often found in the architecture of “Russian Baroque” churches, especially in the Urals, is clearly visible. The letters I and X are encrypted in it - “Jesus Christ”. In the walls of the temple, restorers discovered niches with clay vessels that improved acoustics. The internal masonry of the dome of the temple is unusual - the crosses of Golgotha ​​are laid out in it. The temple has preserved ancient frescoes with which the temple was decorated at the beginning of the 18th century. On one of them is the holy martyr Christopher, who is revered as the patron saint of hunters. It’s interesting, I would say, the “pagan” image of this saint, who is also called Christopher the Doghead. This is a saint with the head of a dog. Previously, on St. Christopher's Day, it was customary to feed all dogs to the fullest with bull meat. Pagan traditions again! To this day, the coat of arms of Nyrob depicts a bull...

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Plan:

Introduction

• 1. History
• 2 Historical sites and architecture
• 3 Population
• 4 Economics
• 5 Culture and leisure
Notes

Introduction

Nyrob- an urban-type settlement located in the Cherdynsky district, in the north of the Perm region of Russia.

Together with the adjacent territory it forms the Nyrob urban settlement, but does not have the status of a city.

Population 7234 people (2009).

The village is connected to Cherdyn by an asphalt road with a length of 41 km.

Nyrob is included in the List of Historical Cities of Russia.

1. History

The first written mention of the village of Nyrobka dates back to 1579.

Nyr in the Komi-Permyak language means “nose”, yb- “field”, that is, “Nosovo field”, or “Nose field” (in 1579, Ivanko Nos, the founder of the local surname Nosov, lived in Nyrob).

In 1601, Mikhail Nikitich Romanov, uncle of the future Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, was exiled here (and soon died here). Subsequently, in 1621, after the Romanovs came to power, the residents of Nyrob for helping the exile against the will of the jailers were awarded a letter of whitewash (exempt from taxes).

During the periods of February 27, 1924-June 10, 1931 and October 20, 1931-November 4, 1959, it was the center of the Nyrob region.

2. Historical sites and architecture

St. Nicholas Church

An architectural monument has been preserved in Nyrob - a stone five-domed St. Nicholas Church(finished in 1704). The church has a traditional structure - a square cube, a refectory, and a pentagonal apse are located along one axis. The facade is decorated with figured bricks with baroque decorations.

To the west of St. Nicholas Church is Epiphany Church(1736). The exterior of the church is more restrained and modest, the walls are undecorated, however, the interior decoration was rich. Inside the church there was a tomb and Romanov's chains were kept - the main shrine of Nyrob. Currently, the church premises house a bank branch.

Chapel over the pit of boyar M. N. Romanov

200 meters from the church there is the so-called Romanov's pit. Above it stood first a wooden and then a stone chapel. In the Name of Archangel Michael(spiritual patron of Mikhail Romanov). In the floor of the chapel there was a hole for descending into the pit-dungeon, where Romanov suffered martyrdom. On the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the House of Romanov, an iron fence on stone pillars was erected around the chapel.
In the 30s of the 20th century, the chapel was dismantled, the decorations from the fence were knocked down, and a recreation park was built on the site of the square.
At the beginning of the 21st century, an openwork metal structure, stylized as a chapel, was placed over the pit.

Until 1917, up to 6,000 pilgrims a year sought to pray in the dungeon pit and fall before Romanov’s shackles. Currently, the shackles are on display at the Cherdyn Local History Museum.

3. Population

According to the results of the 2002 census, the population of Nyrob was 7,500 people, of which 5,231 were men and 2,269 were women (69.7% and 30.3%, respectively).
According to estimates as of January 1, 2009, the population of the town. Nyrob numbered 7234 people.

Previous population:

• 476 people (1869)
• 896 people (1926)
• 7.3 thousand people (2007)

According to the population of the town. Nyrob is ahead of the city of Cherdyn and is the largest settlement in the Cherdyn region.

4. Economy

• Logging enterprise LLC "Kolva-les"
• Nyrobsky section of Berezniki electrical networks
• Kolvinsky forestry enterprise
• Correctional labor institution Sh-320

5. Culture and leisure

In Nyrob there is a Cultural and Leisure Center located on the street. Dzerzhinsky, 11 [ source not specified 474 days] .

Notes

1. Population of the Russian Federation by cities, urban-type settlements and districts as of January 1, 2010 - www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b10_109/Main.htm
2. See OKTMO.
3. In accordance with OKATO, Nyrob belongs to the category of urban-type settlements.
4. The permanent population of the Russian Federation by cities, urban-type settlements and regions as of January 1, 2009 - www.gks.ru/bgd/regl/b09_109/Main.htm. Rosstat - www.gks.ru.
5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Nyrob in the electronic encyclopedia “Perm Region” - enc.permkultura.ru/showObject.do?object=1803761866&idParentObject=1803674775
6. 1 2 3 4 5 Tourism in the Perm region. - Perm: Raritet-Perm LLC, 2002.
7. “Estimation of the permanent population of the Perm Territory as of January 1, 2007” - www.oblstat.permregion.ru/pub_p/021-01-2007.doc (bulletin of the territorial body of Rosstat for the Perm Territory)

Nyrob

Nyrob is an urban-type settlement in the Cherdynsky district of the Perm Territory. Population 7.3 thousand people. (2008). Previously: 476 people. (1869), 896 people. (1926).

a brief description of

Urban-type settlement on the river. Nyrobka, the right tributary of the river. Lyunva (the left tributary of the Kolva River, which flows into the Vishera River), the center of the Nyrob urban settlement. Nyrob can be reached by regular buses along the only road from Perm, Solikamsk and Cherdyn. Currently, Nyrob has become noticeably more accessible - the construction of a fully asphalted highway to the village is almost complete, and all ferry crossings have been replaced by modern bridges. So, if you go to the village from the south, you may not feel that there is a kind of “end of the world” here. To the north and northeast of the village there are roads past abandoned and semi-abandoned villages to zones, camps and clearings. Since 2003, the winter road connecting the Komi Republic and the Perm region has been restored. In summer there is no road accessible for vehicles in this direction yet. However, it is when you get to Nyrob from the Komi side that you can fully experience the atmosphere of this place.

Economy: logging enterprise LLC "Kolva-les", Nyrobsky section of the Berezniki electrical networks, Kolvinsky forestry enterprise, correctional labor institution Sh-320, communications department.

Healthcare: medical outpatient clinic, pharmacy No. 52, recreation center “Pearl of the Urals”.

Education: public institutions Education is represented by secondary school named after. Hero of the Soviet Union A.V. Florenko (there is a museum of the history of the school, opened in 1986, operating since 1994), a children's music school, a kindergarten.

Culture: cultural institutions - House of Culture, library. From Nov. In 1981, a branch of the Cherdyn local historian existed in Nyrob. museum (burnt down in 1993). During the time of the Nyrob district, the regional gas came out here. “Nyrobskaya Pravda” (Jan. 1, 1932 – Nov. 27, 1959).

Historical reference

The ancient village of Nyrobka, first mentioned in 1579 and located in a harsh region on the way from Cherdyn to Pechora, would not have become widely known if it had not been chosen at one time for reprisals against Mikhail Nikitich Romanov.

Events unfolded at the very beginning of the 17th century: Mikhail Romanov, along with his four brothers, were accused of conspiracy by Boris Godunov and exiled to places worse than which could not be found in Russia at that time. In the list of hard labor places where the brothers were sent, Nyrob took a worthy second place. The only thing that could have been worse was Pelym, where Ivan’s brother was sent. Vasily got Yarensk, Alexander got Usolye-Luda on the White Sea, and Fyodor, the eldest of all, was tonsured a monk at the Siya Monastery. Only Fyodor and Ivan survived the exile; the rest of the Romanovs died. So, at the beginning of 1601 (the year then began in September), Mikhail Romanov arrived in Nyrobka, a village with 6 courtyards. Or rather, he was brought in chains in a covered wagon. On the outskirts of the village, they dug a hole “a fathom deep, a fathom long and wide,” which was covered on top with a wooden deck with a slot for serving food. The pit was dark and damp, not very suitable for life. By winter, a fireplace was equipped - Romanov’s home was heated using black heat. An indicative case occurred next: the Nyrobtsy, as is usual in Rus', became imbued with sympathy for the man whom the guards kept in a pit, and began to secretly feed him. They gave the children food, which they secretly threw into the pit. However, this case was discovered, and punishment followed: the owners of five of the six households (the informer who exposed the rest lived in the sixth) were detained and sent to Kazan, where one of them died during interrogations. The matter ended in August 1602, when Mikhail died and was buried not far from the place of imprisonment. In 1606, on the orders of False Dmitry I, the ashes of Mikhail Romanov were removed from the ground, transported to Moscow and buried in the Romanov family tomb in the Novospassky Monastery. A very interesting fact: the peasants sent to Kazan were returned to Nyrobka only a year later.

Nyrobka's life changed in 1613, when Mikhail Fedorovich, the nephew of Mikhail Nikitich, took the throne. He ordered the construction of a church in Nyrobka and appointed two priests here. In 1621, Nyrobka became a free economic zone - the tsar granted the village a “whitewashing charter”. The letter indicated that for outstanding services in supporting the Nyrob prisoner with food and as compensation for damage suffered during the exile of local peasants to Kazan, the village received tax exemption (the exemption was valid until 1720).

In 1704, the St. Nicholas Church, richly decorated with stone patterns, was built in the village, which still stands today. A chapel was erected on the site of Mikhail Romanov’s pit, and in 1736 another church, the Epiphany Church, was built on the site of the grave. Inside it, at the northern wall, the most important Nyrob relic was kept - the three-pound chains in which Mikhail was kept in the pit. Local residents were convinced of their miraculous powers; according to legend, not only people, but also livestock were healed from them. Under Soviet rule, the shackles were transported to the Cherdyn Local History Museum. Interestingly, the story with the chains did not end there. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, Patriarch Alexy of Moscow and All Rus' turned to the Ministry of Culture with a request to transfer the sacred relic to the Novospassky Monastery. It is not known whether the Cherdyn Museum really had nothing to lose except its chains, but, one way or another, it did not want to lose them. After Mikhail Romanov, the next famous prisoner of Nyrob was Klim Voroshilov, who came to these parts in 1913, just in time for the anniversary of the reigning house. The conditions in which Voroshilov was kept were much less harmful to health than in the case of Mikhail Nikitich - the prison was not an earthen pit, but a two-story wooden, well-heated house.

An interesting monument telling about the life of Nyrob in the 20th century is a paper stored in the Cherdyn Museum, on which it is written: “We, the working peasantry of the village of Nyrob and the villages of Tomilova and Karpecheva, give our word that we will not let go of Soviet power from the calloused hands until until we realize the dictatorship of the proletariat and defend with arms in hand Soviet power, which we recognize as the only defender of our life and declare a merciless struggle for the entire bourgeoisie until its destruction as a class.” I wonder if the residents of Nyrob, which became one of the capitals of the huge camp empire built in the name of Soviet power, felt its concern for themselves? It is likely that yes, because it was the large camp economy, which was supplied through Nyrob, and its own zone “for several thousand seats” that turned a small village of 109 households (at the beginning of the 20th century) into an urban-type settlement (since 1963), in which More than 5,000 people live there. Probably, this figure in the directory is given without taking into account the residents of the correctional labor institution.

Attractions

The main attraction of Nyrob is a complex of buildings associated with the name of Mikhail Romanov. The first thing that attracts attention is the garden, surrounded by a beautiful fence - metal gratings on stone pillars. The garden was built in 1913 - 1915 according to the design of A.N. Zelenin and surrounded the pit in which the high-ranking prisoner was kept and the chapel above it. Currently there is no chapel, and there is an openwork gazebo over the pit.

Nearby is the amazingly beautiful St. Nicholas Church, built in 1704. The guidebooks and descriptions tell the truth - it has no equal in the region in terms of beauty and number of stone patterns. There is a legend about the construction of the church that unknown people came to Nyrob and began to build a temple. Everything that they managed to do in a day was immediately hidden underground. And when they finished, the church emerged entirely, and the builders, without taking a fee, left. They left where they came from, that is, also unknown where. The church is heated by stoves, the pipes of which protrude from the windows in a very original way. Based on the architectural style of the heating system, it can be concluded that it was created at a later time, its dating probably dates back to the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. But this is a topic for a separate study. As is the reason for the recent replacement of the wooden plowshare that covered all five chapters with green sheet iron. Due to the luxury of St. Nicholas Church, one may not pay attention to the “barn” behind it. In fact, these are the remains of the Church of the Epiphany, built in 1736. Its only dome has been lost, which prevents the identification of the structure as a cult one. In the church there was the tomb of Mikhail Romanov, as well as his chains, which are currently stored in the Cherdyn Local History Museum. The ensemble of two churches was supplemented by a tall four-tier bell tower, which was dismantled in 1934. It should also be noted that the village itself is located in a beautiful location on a high hill, from which there is a beautiful view to the west of the wide floodplain of the Kolva River. Also of interest are the chopped wooden houses that still stand in some places on the streets of the village.

NYROB, CHERDYNSKY DISTRICT, URBAN-TYPE VILLAGE Brief description: urban-type settlement on the river. Nyrobka, the right tributary of the river. Lyunva (the left tributary of the Kolva River, which flows into the Vishera River), the center of the Nyrob urban settlement. Population: 7,300 people (2002). Previously: 476 people. (1869), 896 people. (1926). Historical sketch: the settlement has been mentioned in written sources since 1579. Originally - the Komi-Permyak village of Nyryb (Komi-Permyaks lived here back in the early 18th century). Nyr in the Komi-Permyak language means “nose”, yb means “field”, i.e. “Nosovo field”, or “Nose field” (in 1579, Ivanko Nos, the founder of the local surname Nosov, lived in Nyrob). In 1601, Tsar Boris Godunov sent Mikhail Nikitich Romanov, the uncle of the future Tsar Mikhail Romanov, to the village from Moscow into exile, who soon died here (according to some sources, he was killed). In 2001, on the occasion of the 400th anniversary of this event, a penitential religious procession was held Nyrob - Perm - Yekaterinburg, about 1 thousand km long. Between 1613 and 1617, after the construction of the wooden St. Nicholas Church here, Nyrob received the status of a graveyard (the center of a district of villages inhabited by black-sown (personally free) peasants), then a village. In 1913, the future prominent political and military figure of the Soviet state K.E. Voroshilov served his exile here (in the house where he lived, from 1932 until the end of the 1950s there was a memorial museum). In 1930, the collective farm “Red Plowman” was founded. 26 Feb. 1951 with the merger of the agricultural enterprises “Red Plowman”, “Red Ural”, “Zarya” and them. Voroshilov, an enlarged collective farm appeared. Voroshilov (since 1957 - named after Sverdlov, liquidated in 1968). In the 1930s here there was a Cherdynsky logging site, a fish farm, an industrial plant, a Kolvinsky forestry enterprise, and a fir factory. Since 1964, an auxiliary school has been operating. Center of the Nyrob district (February 27, 1924 – June 10, 1931), (October 20, 1931 – November 4, 1959). Urban settlement from January 2. 1963 Nyrob was the center of the Nyrob village council (until January 2006). Economy: logging enterprise LLC "Kolva-les", Nyrobsky section of the Berezniki electrical networks, Kolvinsky forestry enterprise, correctional labor institution Sh-320, communications department. Healthcare: medical outpatient clinic, pharmacy No. 52, recreation center “Pearl of the Urals”. Education: public institutions Education is represented by secondary school named after. Hero of the Soviet Union A.V. Florenko (there is a museum of the history of the school, opened in 1986, operating since 1994), a children's music school, a kindergarten. Culture: cultural institutions – House of Culture, library. From Nov. In 1981, a branch of the Cherdyn local historian existed in Nyrob. museum (burnt down in 1993). During the time of the Nyrob district, the regional gas came out here. “Nyrobskaya Pravda” (Jan. 1, 1932 – Nov. 27, 1959). Architecture, attractions: monuments to V.I. Lenin and participants of the Great Patriotic War; archaeological site - Nyrob settlement; buildings of stone churches of the Epiphany (1736) and Nikolskaya (since 1704), a hospice house (almshouse, 1913 - 1915). The place of the former imprisonment of the boyar M. N. Romanov is decorated with an artistic lattice, which was made in 1913 according to the sketches of the Perm artist A. N. Zelenin. An interesting monument telling about the life of Nyrob in the 20th century is a paper stored in the Cherdyn Museum, on which it is written: “We, the working peasantry of the village of Nyroba and the villages of Tomilova and Karpecheva, give our word that we will not let go of Soviet power from the calloused hands until we implement the dictatorship of the proletariat and defend with arms in our hands the Soviet power that we and we recognize our life as the only defender and declare a merciless struggle for the entire bourgeoisie until its destruction as a class.” I wonder if the residents of Nyrob, which became one of the capitals of the huge camp empire built in the name of Soviet power, felt its concern for themselves? It is likely that yes, because it was the large camp economy, which was supplied through Nyrob, and its own zone “for several thousand seats” that turned a small village of 109 households (at the beginning of the 20th century) into an urban-type settlement (since 1963), in which More than 5,000 people live there.

File:I.jpg St. Nicholas Church Unknown chapel Narrow street

The village is the birthplace of Alexei Vasilyevich Florenko (1922 - 1944), artilleryman, Hero of the Soviet Union (1944); Anatoly Pavlovich Subbotin (born 1957), Russian poet and prose writer. The Nikolsky spring has long been considered a saint among the inhabitants of the region. Its water has an amazing taste. Local residents attribute this to the fact that for a long time the revealed icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker was buried there.

Together with the adjacent territory it forms the Nyrob urban settlement, but does not have the status of a city. Population - 4945 people. (2016). The village is connected to Cherdyn by an asphalt road with a length of 41 km.

Nyr in the Komi-Permyak language means “nose”, yb- “field”, that is, “Nosovo field”, or “Nose field” (in 1579, Ivanko Nos, the founder of the local surname Nosov, lived in Nyrob).

In 1913, the future prominent political and military figure of the Soviet state, K. E. Voroshilov, served his exile in Nyrob (there was a memorial museum in the house where he lived from 1932 until the end of the 1950s).

Historical sites and architecture

200 meters from the church there is the so-called Romanov's pit. Above it stood first a wooden and then a stone chapel. In the Name of Archangel Michael(spiritual patron of Mikhail Romanov). In the floor of the chapel there was a hole for descending into the pit-dungeon, where Romanov suffered martyrdom. On the occasion of the 300th anniversary of the House of Romanov, an iron fence on stone pillars was erected around the chapel.
In the 30s of the 20th century, the chapel was dismantled, the decorations from the fence were knocked down, and a recreation park was built on the site of the square.
At the beginning of the 21st century, an openwork metal structure, stylized as a chapel, was placed over the pit.

Population

Population
1869	1875	1926	1970	1979	1989	2002
476	→ 476	↗ 896	↗ 5911	↗ 5952	↘ 5526	↗ 7500
2006	2007	2009	2010	2012	2013	2014
→ 7500	↘ 7300	↘ 7234	↘ 5523	↘ 5331	↘ 5291	↘ 5224
2015	2016
↘ 5152	↘ 4945

According to the population of the town. Nyrob is ahead of the city of Cherdyn and is the largest settlement in the Cherdyn region.

Radio stations

Economy

Check information.

• Logging enterprise LLC "Kolva-les"
• Nyrobsky section of Berezniki electrical networks
• Kolvinsky forestry enterprise
• Correctional labor institution Sh-320

Culture and leisure

Notable natives

• Yu. A. Berg - governor of the Orenburg region.

see also

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Links

Notes

1. www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2016/bul_dr/mun_obr2016.rar Population of the Russian Federation by municipalities as of January 1, 2016
2. See OKTMO.
3. In accordance with OKATO, Nyrob belongs to the category of urban-type settlements.
5. Korchagin P. A., Shaburova E. V. Milestones of baptism and Christianization of the Great Perm of the 15th - early 18th centuries: archaeological and art history aspects // Proceedings of the Kama Archaeological-Ethnographic Expedition. - 2009. - No. 6. - P. 194
6. Tourism in the Perm region. - Perm: Raritet-Perm LLC, 2002.
7. (Russian) . Demoscope Weekly. Retrieved September 25, 2013. .
8. (Russian) . Demoscope Weekly. Retrieved September 25, 2013. .
9. . .
10. . .
11. . Retrieved January 25, 2015. .
12. . Retrieved January 2, 2014. .
13. . Retrieved September 10, 2014. .
14. . Retrieved May 31, 2014. .
15. . Retrieved November 16, 2013. .
16. . Retrieved August 2, 2014. .
17. . Retrieved August 6, 2015. .
18. Online .

Excerpt characterizing Nyrob

In the hut there stood a taken French banner leaning in the corner, and the auditor with a naive face felt the fabric of the banner and, perplexed, shook his head, perhaps because he was really interested in the appearance of the banner, and perhaps because it was hard for him hungry to look at dinner for which he did not have enough utensils. In the next hut there was a French colonel captured by the dragoons. Our officers crowded around him, looking at him. Prince Bagration thanked individual commanders and asked about the details of the case and losses. The regimental commander, who introduced himself near Braunau, reported to the prince that as soon as the matter began, he retreated from the forest, gathered woodcutters and, letting them pass by him, with two battalions struck with bayonets and overthrew the French.
- As I saw, Your Excellency, that the first battalion was upset, I stood on the road and thought: “I’ll let these through and meet them with battle fire”; I did so.
The regimental commander wanted to do this so much, he regretted so much that he did not have time to do this, that it seemed to him that all this had actually happened. Perhaps it actually happened? Was it possible to make out in this confusion what was and what was not?
“And I must note, Your Excellency,” he continued, recalling Dolokhov’s conversation with Kutuzov and his last meeting with the demoted man, “that the private, demoted Dolokhov, captured a French officer before my eyes and especially distinguished himself.”
“Here I saw, Your Excellency, an attack by the Pavlogradians,” Zherkov intervened, looking around uneasily, who had not seen the hussars at all that day, but had only heard about them from an infantry officer. - They crushed two squares, your Excellency.
At Zherkov’s words, some smiled, as always expecting a joke from him; but, noticing that what he was saying also tended towards the glory of our weapons and the present day, they took on a serious expression, although many knew very well that what Zherkov said was a lie, based on nothing. Prince Bagration turned to the old colonel.
– Thank you all, gentlemen, all units acted heroically: infantry, cavalry and artillery. How are two guns left in the center? – he asked, looking for someone with his eyes. (Prince Bagration did not ask about the guns on the left flank; he already knew that all the guns had been abandoned there at the very beginning of the matter.) “I think I asked you,” he turned to the officer on duty at the headquarters.
“One was hit,” answered the officer on duty, “and the other, I can’t understand; I myself was there all the time and gave orders and just drove away... It was hot, really,” he added modestly.
Someone said that Captain Tushin was standing here near the village, and that they had already sent for him.
“Yes, there you were,” said Prince Bagration, turning to Prince Andrei.
“Well, we didn’t move in together for a bit,” said the officer on duty, smiling pleasantly at Bolkonsky.
“I did not have the pleasure of seeing you,” said Prince Andrei coldly and abruptly.
Everyone was silent. Tushin appeared on the threshold, timidly making his way from behind the generals. Walking around the generals in a cramped hut, embarrassed, as always, at the sight of his superiors, Tushin did not notice the flagpole and stumbled over it. Several voices laughed.
– How was the weapon abandoned? – Bagration asked, frowning not so much at the captain as at those laughing, among whom Zherkov’s voice was heard loudest.
Tushin now only, at the sight of the formidable authorities, imagined in all horror his guilt and shame in the fact that he, having remained alive, had lost two guns. He was so excited that until that moment he did not have time to think about it. The officers' laughter confused him even more. He stood in front of Bagration with a trembling lower jaw and barely said:
– I don’t know... Your Excellency... there were no people, Your Excellency.
– You could have taken it from cover!
Tushin did not say that there was no cover, although this was the absolute truth. He was afraid to let down another boss and silently, with fixed eyes, looked straight into Bagration’s face, like a confused student looks into the eyes of an examiner.
The silence was quite long. Prince Bagration, apparently not wanting to be strict, had nothing to say; the rest did not dare to intervene in the conversation. Prince Andrey looked at Tushin from under his brows, and his fingers moved nervously.
“Your Excellency,” Prince Andrei interrupted the silence with his sharp voice, “you deigned to send me to Captain Tushin’s battery.” I was there and found two thirds of the men and horses killed, two guns mangled, and no cover.
Prince Bagration and Tushin now looked equally stubbornly at Bolkonsky, who was speaking restrainedly and excitedly.
“And if, Your Excellency, allow me to express my opinion,” he continued, “then we owe the success of the day most of all to the action of this battery and the heroic fortitude of Captain Tushin and his company,” said Prince Andrei and, without waiting for an answer, he immediately stood up and walked away from the table.
Prince Bagration looked at Tushin and, apparently not wanting to show distrust of Bolkonsky’s harsh judgment and, at the same time, feeling unable to fully believe him, bowed his head and told Tushin that he could go. Prince Andrei followed him out.
“Thank you, I helped you out, my dear,” Tushin told him.
Prince Andrei looked at Tushin and, without saying anything, walked away from him. Prince Andrei was sad and hard. It was all so strange, so unlike what he had hoped for.

"Who are they? Why are they? What do they need? And when will all this end? thought Rostov, looking at the changing shadows in front of him. The pain in my arm became more and more excruciating. Sleep was falling irresistibly, red circles were jumping in my eyes, and the impression of these voices and these faces and the feeling of loneliness merged with a feeling of pain. It was they, these soldiers, wounded and unwounded, - it was they who pressed, and weighed down, and turned out the veins, and burned the meat in his broken arm and shoulder. To get rid of them, he closed his eyes.
He forgot himself for one minute, but in this short period of oblivion he saw countless objects in his dreams: he saw his mother and her big white hand, he saw Sonya’s thin shoulders, Natasha’s eyes and laughter, and Denisov with his voice and mustache, and Telyanin , and his whole story with Telyanin and Bogdanich. This whole story was one and the same thing: this soldier with a sharp voice, and this whole story and this soldier so painfully, relentlessly held, pressed and all pulled his hand in one direction. He tried to move away from them, but they did not let go of his shoulder, not even a hair, not even for a second. It wouldn’t hurt, it would be healthy if they didn’t pull on it; but it was impossible to get rid of them.

NYROB

Perm - 350 km.

Nyrob can be called a city of prisoners, because according to some sources, the local population here is even smaller than the prisoners held in local colonies. It is curious that, being in the Cherdynsky district of the Perm Territory, Nyrob is larger in population (just over 7 thousand people) than the regional center itself.

The first documentary mention of the village of Nyrobka dates back to 1579. The entire village then consisted of only six courtyards.

Nyrob has had prison traditions for a long time. In 1601, it was here that Tsar Boris Godunov exiled his main rival, accused of witchcraft, Mikhail Nikitich Romanov, the uncle of the future Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, the first of the royal Romanov dynasty. That is why a small provincial village became known throughout Russia.

For the eminent prisoner, on the outskirts of the village, a hole was dug “a fathom of depth, a fathom of length and width.” The top of the pit was covered with a wooden flooring, in which only a slot was made for lowering food. The conditions were truly terrible. The pit was damp, cold, dark. Only by winter was a simple hearth installed, heated without a chimney in a black way. In addition, the heavy chains were not removed from Mikhail.

Local residents helped the prisoner as best they could. They secretly fed him by secretly throwing food into the hole. When they were exposed, the residents themselves were punished. Six divers were arrested and sent from the village to the capital. A few years later, only two returned - the rest died.

Despite the difficult conditions of detention in the pit, Mikhail lived for quite a long time - almost a year. Mikhail died in August 1602. He was buried not far from the place of detention. Four years later, the ashes were removed and transported to Moscow, to the Romanov family tomb.

In 1613, Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov came to power. For helping the prisoner, the residents of Nyrobka were freed from taxes and a church was built here.

There are two main attractions in Nyrob that are worth coming here for - the pit in which Mikhail Romanov was kept and the ancient St. Nicholas Church.

The stone five-domed St. Nicholas Church was built in 1704. The church is decorated with beautiful figured bricks.

Near St. Nicholas Church there is another architectural monument - the Church of the Epiphany, built in 1736 on the site of Romanov’s grave. Currently, it is headless and rather nondescript, not at all like a cult institution.

Meanwhile, it was in it that the shackles of Mikhail Romanov were kept. They were the main shrine of Nyrob, and several thousand pilgrims came to touch them every year. People were confident in their miraculous, healing power. Currently, the shackles are kept in the local history museum of Cherdyn, and a copy of them is in the museum of the city of Krasnoufimsk, Sverdlovsk region (according to another version, on the contrary, there is only a copy in Cherdyn, disputes on this issue do not subside

Romanov's Pit is located a couple of hundred meters from here. Before the revolution, first a wooden, then a stone chapel stood above the pit. She was named in the name of the spiritual patron Mikhail Romanov - in the name of Archangel Michael.

Around the pit is a fence with curious stone pillars, erected for the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty. On the fence posts you can see hammered copper memorial plaques.

The Soviet government did not ignore this place. In the 1930s, the chapel was destroyed and the decorations were taken from the fence. On the site of Romanovsky Square there was a recreation park.

After the fall of the regime, Romanovsky Square began to be slowly restored. In 1997, the foundation of the chapel and the pit in which Mikhail Nikitich was sitting were cleared. In the 2000s, a small metal chapel was again placed over the Romanov pit. Unfortunately, in 2010 she disappeared somewhere. According to eyewitnesses, for some reason she was transported to Cherdyn. Currently, the historically significant place where Mikhail Romanov met his death is a sad sight - an unattended pit in the open air.

For the 400th anniversary of the House of Romanov, the authorities of the Perm region promise to install a new chapel over the pit, as well as turn Nyrob into a significant tourist center.

We can say that Nyrob is a real edge of the geography of the Perm region. To the north there are only areas for prisoners.

Near Nyrob there is a unique St. Nicholas spring. It is located on the right side at the entrance to the village.

The water of the source is clean, tasty, and contains silver impurities, which gives the water strengthening and healing properties.

According to legend, in 1619, the icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker appeared in this place and a spring gushed out. In honor of this event, the St. Nicholas Church was built in Nyrob, and a wooden chapel was erected above the spring at the site of the appearance of the icon.

During the revolutionary turmoil, the icon was lost. A copy of it is kept in the Museum of the History of Faith in Cherdyn.

How to get to Nyrob?

Nyrob is located in the Cherdynsky district of the Perm Territory. To get there, you need to travel by car or bus through Perm, Solikamsk and Cherdyn. From Cherdyn to Nyrob - 41 kilometers.