Teams on a sea vessel. Names of the ship's crew positions and their responsibilities. Commands and orders in the fleet

AUTONOMY Duration of voyage without replenishment.

AZIMUT (celestial navigation) is the angle between the northern part of the plane of the true meridian of the observer and the vertical of the luminary.

AQUATORIA area of ​​water surface.

ANKEROK barrel without tap for fresh water. There is a glass suspended from the cork inside

ANTI-CYCLONE is an area of ​​high atmospheric pressure with air movement around its center clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere (counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere).

APSEL mizzen-staysail on two-masted yachts (keechs, iols).

ARMOCEMENT (ferocement) is a type of reinforced concrete with a high degree of reinforcement, a structural material for the construction of yachts and ships.

OUTRIGER 1. Side float on proa type vessels. 2. Shot of a half-yard with a butt on a hinge at the mast, to remove the braces from the shrouds. (see shot).

AFTERPEAK is the outermost aft, non-residential compartment of the yacht.

BACKSTAY is a standing rigging tackle that secures the mast from the top to the stern

STERN POST element of the longitudinal frame of the yacht's hull, vertically or inclined, attached to the keel

BUTTERFLY is a method of carrying sails on yachts with oblique sails, when at full courses the bow sails are carried to the opposite side in relation to the stern sails to increase speed and stability on the yacht's course.

TANK - a superstructure at the bow end of the yacht. The bow part of the deck is often called the forecastle (see foredeck).

BAKAN (BUCKEN) is a floating navigational situation sign installed at anchor on the border of the fairway or shipping channel, mainly on rivers.

BACK - a piece of wood that connects the keel to the stem.

BACKSTAY - 1. Course when the angle between the yacht's DP and the direction of the wind line is more than 90 * and less than 180 *; 2. Standing rigging tackle, securing the mast to the side and aft; 3. For the bowsprit - see water backstays 180*.

BAKSHTOV - a cable released behind the stern of an anchored ship to secure (take on bakshtov) another ship.

BALAST - a load placed inside or outside the hull of a yacht to provide the necessary

BALLAST is a load placed inside or outside the hull of a yacht to ensure the necessary draft and stability. They are divided into liquid (fuel, water) and solid (placed in a housing, poured into a false keel, etc.).

BALLER - a structure with an axis of rotation or a shaft, rigidly connected at the bottom to the rudder blade, and at the top to the tiller.

BALUN - a forward, additional, fully tailored sail for light winds on full courses. Sails of a similar purpose - bender, drifter, reacher.

BALESS - a step in the form of a turned lath.

BANK - 1. A seat on small undecked boats, which also serves to spread the sides; 2. Separately located shoal of limited size.

BOW - a piece of canvas sewn onto a sail to reinforce it in places where the reef eyelets are pierced.

BAR - 1. Unit of pressure. 2.Swell-like sediment bank in coastal areas.

BARBARA - additional outhaul of the jib clew to the deck.

BARKHOUT - a thickened belt of outer skin in the waterline area.

RUNNING RIGGING - gear used to set up a movable spar and sails, as well as to control them.

BEYDEWIND - a course when the angle between the center line of the yacht and the wind direction is less than 90*. Steep close-hauled - if the angle is less than 45 *, full - more than 60 *.

BEYFOOT - 1. A ring made of leather-covered cable or iron for attaching a yard or gaff to a mast or topmast; 2. A simple raks-yoke, if the boom (gaff) has a mustache.

BENZEL - tying two thick cables with a line or heel.

BERMUDA SAIL - a rectangular, triangular, oblique sail, has high aerodynamic characteristics, allows the yacht to sail close-hauled.

GAZERBOA - a suspended seat (board) for lifting a person onto the mast or for working outside the yacht.

MIZAN - the lower oblique sail on the mizzen mast.

MIZAN MAST - the stern mast on multi-masted sailboats, as well as on two-masted yachts, if it is lower than the front one (on an iole, a keeche).

BIMS - below-deck beam of the transverse frame of the yacht hull.

BITENG is a metal cabinet on the deck of a cruising yacht for attaching cables.

BLIND is a straight sail, installed on ancient sailing ships under the bowsprit.

BLINDOWS - a spacer pole for deflecting backstays.

BLOCK - a pulley with a fixed axis and a groove around the circumference to change the direction of pull of a cable or chain.

BLOOPER (BIGBOY) - an auxiliary, oblique, flying, pot-bellied sail, raised from the spinnaker downwind.

BOKANTS - small shots on the forecastle for carrying the foresail tacks or shots on the BOKANTS - small shots on the forecastle for carrying the fore-tacks to the wind or on the poop for removal and protection from rubbing against the hull and rigging of the braces.

BON - a floating, lightly submerged structure with a deck, fixed in place (to the shore, at anchor, behind the poles), intended for mooring small vessels or other special purposes (barrage, crossing, etc.).

BORA is a strong, gusty, cold wind blowing from the slopes of mountains near the sea.

BORG - standing rigging rigging on which the lower yard hangs.

BOARDSAILING - sailing on a board (windsurfing, windglider, etc.).

SIDE - the side wall (side) of the yacht's hull from stem to stern.

SIDE LIGHTS - ship navigation lights indicating the side of the vessel (right - green, left - red).

BOUT - a reinforcing, vertical, oblique or sector lining on a sail made of canvas or tape in places of special loads, chafing, punching (sewn in) of eyelets, cringles, gats.

FRONT MISTA - a spar tree that serves as a continuation of the topmast.

FIRESHIELD - a vertical shield covering the main entrance to the yacht's cabin.

BRACE is a running rigging tackle attached to the toe of a spinnaker boom or yard and serves to rotate them in a horizontal plane and hold them at the desired angle.

Windlass - a deck mechanism with a horizontal axis of rotation, designed for raising the anchor and removing cables when mooring.

BRESHTUK - a connection connecting the clamps to the stem or sternpost.

BRIDEL is an anchor chain (cable), attached by the root end to a dead anchor on the ground, and by the running end to the road mooring barrel (buoy, floating pier, boom, etc.).

BREEZE is a wind in coastal areas that changes its direction during the day under the influence of temperature differences between land and water surfaces (from sea to land during the day, from land to sea at night).

BRIFOCK - a quadrangular sail with a free luff, raised on the front mast on a brief yard. Unlike the foresail, the briefs are not tied to the yardarm.

THROWING END - a light rope with a load (lightness) at the end. With its help, mooring lines are supplied.

BROCHING is a phenomenon of complete loss of controllability in tailwinds, when the yacht suddenly falls over the chine and the rudder comes out of the water.

BRUKANETS - a protective umbrella made of waterproof fabric around the mast in the area of ​​the pärtner, preventing water from entering the hull of the yacht.

YOKEL - an iron hoop placed on a spar to strengthen it or connect its component parts.

BUER - 1. A small (up to 20 m), flat-bottomed, single-masted Dutch coastal vessel with a sprint or gaff rig and shwerts.m and shverts. 2. Sailing yacht on skates for gliding on ice and snow crust.

BUOY - 1. A floating navigational situation sign standing at a dead anchor. Serves, as a rule, to fence off dangerous places, as well as to indicate the axes, sides, and turns of recommended fairways. 2. Buoyancy connected through a buoy to a dead anchor. Used for mooring yachts.

BUYREP - 1. A cable connecting a buoy to a dead anchor. 2. A cable with buoyancy (buoy) on the surface and the root end on the anchor trend, to indicate the place of anchor release, and, if necessary, to facilitate its separation from the ground.

TOWING - traction of one vessel (towed) by another vessel (tug) with the help of a towing rope (tug), or by pushing, or by a log (towing a vessel moored side to the tug).

TOWING LIGHT - A yellow light at the stern of the towing vessel.

BULBOKEEL - a design of a finned yacht keel with a heavy ballast (bulb) of a streamlined shape attached to the lower edge.

BOWLINE - 1. A thin cable (line) inside the luff of a slanting sail, used to adjust the profile of the sail. 2. Tackle for carrying forward the windward, side luff of a straight sail.

BAY - a small bay separated from the sea by capes or islands.

CABLE COIL - 1. Cable or tackle coiled in circles or figures of eight. 2. Packaging a new cable in the form of a hollow cylinder.

BUSHPRIT - a horizontal or inclined spar tree that protrudes forward from the bow of the yacht and serves to carry the stays and tack angles of the jibs.

BULL-PRIDE - see Gorden.

CABLES are standing rigging gear that secures the mast from the sides. The lower ends of the shrouds are attached to turnbuckles (eyefaces), through which the loads are transferred to the shrouds (special fittings, deck fittings) fastened to the hull frame.

WATER BACKSTAYS - gear that attaches the bowsprit to the sides of the yacht.

WATERWAYS - 1. Thick, wooden beams running along the sides of the yacht and forming part of the deck flooring. 2. Water flow on the open deck along the sides.

WATER-VULING - fastening the bowsprit to the cutwater (cable, chain, etc.).

WATERLINE - 1. The line of contact of the water surface with the hull of the yacht and dividing - WATERLINE - 1. The line of contact of the water surface with the hull of the yacht, dividing the side into surface and underwater. 2. The curve of a theoretical drawing of a ship's hull, formed by the intersection of the hull surface with a horizontal plane.

WATER-STAY - standing rigging gear that secures the bowsprit downwards (the stem).

WATCH SERVICE (WATCH) is the main type of duty on ships, ensuring their navigation, safety and survivability. All information about the operation of the vessel, the operation of its mechanisms, changes in personnel, etc. are entered in the logbook.

WELPS - ribs on the capstan drum (windlass) that prevent the cable from slipping.

ANCHOR SPINDLE - the longitudinal rod of the anchor.

VERP - auxiliary, imported anchor on a ship.

VERPOVING - movement by pulling up to a rope, which is brought to the right place on a boat.

VERTICAL (luminaries) - a large circle on the celestial sphere, passing through the zenith, nadir, and luminary.

SWIVEL - 1. Kreugovy hinge. 2. Screw tightening mechanism (see lanyard).

MILESTONE is a floating navigational sign designed to fence off dangers and indicate the sides of the fairway. Consists of a pole on a sprit buoy and a golik or other top figure.

TAKING REEFS - Reducing the area of ​​the sail for oblique sails - by tying the lower part with reefers or winding it on a boom, and for straight sails - by tying the upper part of the sail to the yard.

WINDGLIDER, WINDSURFING - see boardsailing.

WINDSAIL - a rotating, obliquely cut ventilation pipe on the deck.

CUTTER - the front part of the stem, protecting it from damage.

ARMAMENT OF A SAILING SHIP - a set of sails, spars, rigging, deck mechanisms and practical things intended for setting, cleaning and controlling sails. There are two main types of sailing rigs: oblique, with sails parallel to the centerline plane (DP) of the hull, and straight, with sails on yards, perpendicular to the DP of the vessel.

RESTORATION OF A DOORBOAT (CATAMARAN) - lifting a dinghy (catamaran) onto an even keel when it has laid its sails on the water or made an overkill turn.

VULING - 1. Cable hoists placed closely next to each other on a single-shaft mast to strengthen it. 2. See water-wooling.

SELECT - pull up the tackle (cable), ensuring its tension. The opposite action is to poison.

SELECTION - 1. A step made of cable with cables. 2. Whitened sea knot.

VEMBOVKA - a wooden lever for rotating the spire manually.

PICKING - wave vibration, unsteady elastic vibrations of the hull, caused by impacts of the bottom and sides on the water - slamming and water rolling onto the deck.

LIGHT HEIGHT - the angle between the plane of the true horizon and the direction towards the luminary.

SHOT - a spar tree resting on another spar tree, side or hull structure for the removal of gear or rigging. See also - outrigger.

HARBOR is a coastal part of the water surface protected from waves, intended for the mooring of ships.

HACK - a hook used to lift or secure a load.

HACKBOARD - the upper part of the stern or stern superstructure, from the shell to the gunwale, for mooring ships.

HAK - a hook used for lifting or securing a load

HACKBOARD - the upper part of the stern or stern superstructure (poop) of the vessel from the shell to the gunwale.

TAIL LIGHT - towing light (yellow) placed at the stern of the towing vessel.

GALS - 1. The course of the yacht relative to the wind without taking into account the angle to the wind. There are right and left tacks, based on the name of the bortayo, into which the wind blows. 2. Tackle, a waist, with the help of which the lower, windward corner of the sail is held - the tack.

GULFWIND - course relative to the wind, when the angle between the yacht's DP and the wind direction is 90 * (half the wind).

latrine - 1. Toilet on the yacht. 2. The area above the cutwater served as a latrine on ancient sailing ships.

LATILE FIGURE - bow decoration (sculpture) on sailboats.

HANDICAP - a coefficient or value measured in seconds used for comparative assessment of the results shown in races by yachts with different racing scores.

GARDEL - running rigging gear for lifting lower yards and gaffs.

GAT - a hole in a sail, spar or hull structure for wiring gear, placing pulleys, etc.

GAFEL - an inclined spar tree, raised along the mast and resting against it with the heel. The gaff is used to stretch the upper luff of oblique quadrangular sails along it, as well as to fasten the clew corners of topsails. Sails raised on a gaff are called gaff rigs, and the rigging of a vessel with such sails is called a gaff rig.

HELMPORT - a cutout in the lower part of the stern or sternpost of the vessel for routing the rudder stock. A helm port pipe is usually installed above the helm port (watertight), in which the rudder stock is hung.

GENOA is a large, wide jib with a clew extending beyond the mast of the yacht.

The boom is a horizontal spar resting with its heel on the mast through a swivel (for sails - aft of the mast). It is used to stretch the lower luff of the oblique sail and is called (mainsail-gikyo, mizzen-gik, etc.). Equipped with: gika-shkotomyo, topenantomyo, gikayo quickdraw, block-haul. To stretch the lower luff, the boom is equipped with a sheet (main sheet, mizzen sheet, etc.), and for taking reefs - pendants and reef tackles. The boom with a patent reef has a special rig. The boom for the head sails (jib-boom, jib-boom) rests through a swivel on a fitting near its forestay. See also spinnaker boom.

GINI-tales with increased block sizes, number of pulleys and thickness of lapars. Giniyos, at a minimum, have two three-pulley or two- and three-pulley blocks.

GITS - running rigging gear for pulling the clew corners of a straight sail or the luff of a slanting sail to the gaff and mast when retracting it.

VERB-GAK - a folding hook held in working position by a special chain link.

Planing is a mode of movement of a yacht, in which, under the influence of the dynamic forces of water, its landing changes - the bow rises and the stern settles, while the speed increases (the vessel goes on planing).

STEAL - give the boat forward motion using special helical movements of the stern oar.

GONG is a metal device in the shape of a plate for producing sound signals.

GOLIK - wicker top figure on a milestone.

RACES - yacht competitions. They are divided into class races - for yachts of the same class (or with equal racing points) and handicap races - with different races. points.

RACING YACHT - sailing yachts designed to participate in races. They are divided into yachts of international, Olympic and national classes.

RACING SCORE - a value expressed in meters or feet and indicating the speed potential - the racing power of the yacht. It is obtained as a result of measuring the hull, sails and calculations using special formulas.

GORDEN - 1. a lifting device consisting of a fixed single-pulley block and a cable (pendant) passed through it. 2. Running rigging gear for pulling the luff of a straight sail to the yard. A pride that pulls up the sail by the middle of the luff is called a bull-gorden.

GREP - the lower part of the cutwater.

GROT - an oblique sail, raised on the main mast (to the stern) of a yacht with an oblique rig, or straight, the lowest sail on the main mast of a yacht with a straight rig.

GROT MAST - the second from the bow and subsequent ones, except for the stern, mast on a multi-masted sailing ship; middle mast on a three-masted ship; higher or second, with equal height. on a two-masted ship; mast if she is alone.

Mainsail-sheet - gear that stretches the lower luff of the mainsail along the boom.

GRUNTOV - a piece of cable securing the travel boat to the dinghy beams.

VISIBILITY RANGE - the maximum distance at which an object can be seen in the sea. There are geometric, optical and meteorological visibility ranges.

DEVIVATION - (for a magnetic compass) the deviation of the sensitive element (magnetic needle, card) of the compass from the direction of the magnetic meridian under the influence of the ship’s own magnetic field.

DEADWOOD - the underwater part of the stern or bow of a vessel at the junction of the keel with the sternpost or stem. On yachts it is densely filled with wood, plastic, cement, tanks, etc.

FITTINGS - the general name for some removable elements of equipment on a yacht (portholes, doors, ladders, railings, brackets, blocks, etc.).

DINGY is a type of single racing dinghy (crew - 1 person).

DP - diametral plane (yachts).

DIRIK-FAL - running rigging gear for lifting and holding the gaff at an angle.

TRIM - the inclination of the ship in the longitudinal plane.

BOTTOM - the recessed, underwater part of the hull of a ship.

GET - see choose.

DREK - boat anchor.

DREKTOV - anchor rope of a boat anchor.

DRIFT - the drift of a moving yacht from its course line under the influence of the wind, without taking into account the current. Drift is measured by the angle of drift enclosed between the wake (track line) and the yacht's DP.

ZHVAKA-GALS is a special device or attachment point for the main end of the anchor rope (chain) on a ship.

SURVIVABILITY - the ability of a vessel to maintain its operational and seaworthiness when damaged. It is ensured by unsinkability, fire safety, reliability of technical equipment and crew preparedness.

BALL-TALI - gear for holding the boom, preventing it from spontaneously being thrown to the other side at full heading.

LAY - 1. Secure the end, the cable. 2.Lay a tack (jarg) - a long movement on one tack.

ZENIT - on the vertical, the point of intersection of the perpendicular through the observer to the horizon plane.

NAVIGATION SIGNS - landmarks and structures that serve to ensure the safety of navigation of ships (lighthouses, leading signs, buoys, buoys, milestones).

PORTHOLE - a glazed opening in the side, superstructure, upper deck of a yacht.

IOL is a type of rig on a two-masted sailing yacht with a mizzen mast behind the steering gear.

TRUE COURSE - the course of the yacht taking into account magnetic declination and deviation.

CABLES - a distance of 1/10 part of a nautical mile (= 185.2 m).

CABLE - the original component of a plant cable, twisted from plant fiber.

KALISHKA (kanga) - a random curl or twist of the cable that prevents its free passage through the block pulley, fairlead, etc.

GALLEY - kitchen on a yacht.

CUNNINGHAM - soft, tacked Bermuda-cut sails (mainsail, mizzen).

CARRIAGE - an adjustable or movable device on the chase for transferring the direction of the boom-sheet pull.

CARD - a sensitive element of a magnetic compass that determines the direction of the magnetic meridian.

CAT - a hoist or pendant for lifting the anchor on board, usually through a cat-beam.

CAT-BALKA - a shot on the foredeck to lift the anchor on board.

CATAMARAN is a yacht with two parallel hulls connected along decks. Has increased lateral stability.

ROCKING - vibrations of a yacht under the influence of waves, divided into longitudinal (keel) and transverse (side).

CABIN - yacht living space.

KECH is a type of rig on a two-masted sailing yacht with a mizzen mast in front of the steering gear.

keeling - 1. Artificial tilting of the yacht until the keel is exposed while moored (for cleaning the hull, repairs, etc.) 2. Dragging the offending sailor at the end under the keel of the vessel.

KEEL - the main beam of the longitudinal frame, lying in the DP of the ship.

KEEL BLOCK - an element of a support device for placing a yacht on land.

WAY - a formation of ships sailing in one line one after another.

WAKE JET - a trace on the surface of the water behind a moving yacht.

KILSON - (flor-timber) longitudinal connection of the bottom part of the frames.

KIPA - a diverting device on the deck for guiding the sheet of the head sail (staysail) to the winch, cleat.

BAY PLANK - a device for changing the direction of gear and preventing its breaks.

CLAMP - a stopper in the form of a lining on a spar tree that prevents the gear covering this tree from slipping.

KLEVANT - a cylindrical wooden block for attaching signal flags to halyards and other line connections.

CLASH - a thin line placed around the cable when it is braided.

CLANTERING is a type of rigging work in which thin strips of tarred canvas (clate) are placed on the cable, and then a cage.

JIVER - 1. An oblique, triangular sail, which is placed in front of the jib. The next sail in front of it is called a boom jib. If the jib is placed without attachment to the forestay (with a free luff), then it is called flying. 2. Head sail on a boat equipped with a split foresail.

KLOTIK - a wooden or metal blind washer worn on the top.

HAWKE - a hole in the bulwark, deck or side, edged with a rod or casting, used for guiding a cable or chain.

KLAMSY - thick belts, strengthened on the inside of the side of the ship, on which beams are placed.

KNEKHT is a part of a mooring device in the form of paired metal bollards on a common foundation attached to the deck. Mooring lines are laid in figures of eight.

BOOK - a plate (piece of wood) of a triangular or trapezoidal shape that connects the beams of the ship's hull that converge at an angle.

KNOP - a knot in the form of a thickening at the end of the cable.

KNYAVDIGED - the upper part of the cutwater.

COCKPIT is an open-top, enclosed space on a yacht for the crew to work while underway. A common self-draining cockpit is a small recess in the deck.

COAMINGS - vertical, waterproof fencing for hatches and other openings in the deck of a ship, as well as the threshold at the entrance to the room.

COMPASS (magnetic) is a navigation device, the operation of which is based on the use of the property of a magnetic needle to be installed in the direction of the lines of force of the external magnetic field.

COMPASS COURSE - the yacht's compass course.

COMPROMIS is a type of hull of a ballasted (keel) yacht with a centerboard.

THE END- 1.Not a metal cable on a yacht. 2. The actual ends of the tackle, one of which

the main one (fixed), and the other one is the running one (movable).

COUNTERTIMBERS - an inclined beam of a longitudinal frame, which is a continuation of the sternpost in the presence of a stern overhang.

BUTTERFORCE - 1. Spacer in a link of the anchor chain. 2. Spacer at the bulwark posts or rail posts.

ROOT END - see End.

STERN - the end of the yacht, starting from the afterpeak bulkhead and ending with the sternpost (countertimber) and transom (if equipped).

STERN LIGHT - white light at the stern of the vessel (COLREG-72).

YACHT HULL - the basis of the yacht, consisting of the outer shell (outer plating, upper deck flooring, superstructures and deckhouses), supported by frame and bulkheads.

OBLIQUE SAIL - see Armament.

KOSH - metal inner frame of the cable loop (ogan).

COFFEE NAGEL - a metal or wooden pin for laying gear.

COFFEE-DONNING PLAN - a massive, rigidly fixed strip at the mast or side with holes for dowel-dowels.

CRUMBALL - see Cat-beam.

FRANCH - a device used to absorb impacts and protect the side of the yacht from a pier or other vessel at moorings and anchorages.

FRANCH BOARD - a board suspended from the side of the yacht between the pier and the fenders.

SPREAD - 1. Spacer that removes the shrouds from the mast. 2. Cross beam placed on the long saling. 3.Protrusion on the bit to support the chain hose.

CRUISING - sailing (walking) on ​​a yacht from port to port, along a specific route.

ROLL - inclination of the yacht in the transverse plane (around the longitudinal axis).

KRENGEL - a ring, loop, half ring sewn into the sail at the luff or luff.

STEP COURSE (SHARP COURSE) - close-hauled. Steep (sharp) walking - the ability to keep the yacht in a steep close-haul without losing speed. The opposite is to walk around.

CIRCULAR LIGHT - a white light with a circular glow, usually displayed on a ship at anchor. For more details, see COLREG-72 and anchor lights.

CRUYS-BEARING - determining the position of the yacht by bearings to a landmark, course and distance traveled.

KUBRIK - a room on a yacht for accommodating crew and equipment.

HEADING ANGLE - the horizontal angle between the yacht's DP and the direction to the landmark.

YACHT COURSE - the horizontal angle between the northern part of the meridian and the direction of movement. There are compass (CC), magnetic (MC) and true (IR) courses.

YACHT COURSE RELATIVE TO THE WIND - the angle between the wind direction and the yacht's DP. There are: close-hauled, halfwind, backstay and jibed (right or left tack).

CUTTER - see tender.

KET is a boat with an oblique mainsail and a rotating mast placed on the foredeck.

TACKING - moving a yacht towards a target located to windward on close-hauled courses, periodically changing tacks (zigzag).

LAG - a device (device) for measuring the speed (distance traveled) of a ship.

LAGLIN - a line with special markings for hand and outboard logs.

LAGOM - the position of moored vessels or underway "relative to each other when they are aligned side to side."

LATA - a thin, flat flexible strip made of wood or plastic, inserted into a batten pocket sewn from the luff on a Bermuda-cut sail. Serves to give the sail the correct aerodynamic profile.

LATIN WEAPON - oblique armament with a triangular sail attached to a long, inclined rake (ryu).

WINCH - a mechanism for increasing traction when selecting gear by transmitting forces through gears of various diameters.

LEVENTIK - the position of the yacht with its bow against the wind when the sails stop working.

LEDGES - half beams, timber between carlings.

LINE - 1. A metal rod or cable along a spar for tying sails. 2. Fencing the upper deck of the yacht. Consists of metal railings

racks and cables or rods-rails stretched between them. See also - railing.

LYING IN DRIFT - being under the influence of external forces (wind, current), without using them for purposeful movement.

FLYING SAILS - those bow sails that are not attached along the luff to the forestays and are usually set in light winds.

LIGHTWEIGHT - a canvas bag with sand braided on top. Attaches to the throwing end and facilitates targeted throwing.

LIKPAZ - a semi-closed groove on (in) the spar tree, into which the lycrop or luff sliders of the sail are inserted, which ensures quick and convenient setting and retracting of the sail. Likpaz is also the main element of the forestay pier.

LIKTROS is a vegetable or synthetic rope of flat lay, which is sewn to the edge of the sail (luff) to increase its strength and fasten it to the spar. For jibs (jibs) on yachts, flexible steel cables are used, which are sewn into the luffs of the sails.

LINEK - a short tip, with a knot at the end, for punishing sailors in the old navy.

LIN - vegetable or synthetic, usually braided rope with a circumference of up to 25 mm.

Widely used in sailing (for lacing covers, flag-falls, lots, throwing ends, etc.).

TRAIL LINE - the line along which the vessel actually moves relative to the ground, taking into account drift and drift.

LISEL - the lower flying sail of direct weapons, is placed on a special spar tree - fox-spirit. On yachts it is placed under the boom at full heading.

LOXODROMIA - a line on the earth's surface that intersects all meridians at the same angle. On nautical charts in the Mercator projection, rhoxodrome

represented by a straight line.

LONGA-SALINGI - longitudinal beams on the lower part of the top of the mast or topmast, which, together with spreaders and chicks, serve as the basis of the topsail or salinga.

LOPAR - part of the cable located between blocks or deadeyes.

LOT - a device (device) for measuring depths from the side of a ship.

LOTLINE - a line with a special marking of a hand lot to which a load is attached.

LOCATION - 1. Section of navigation that studies the conditions of navigation in the water basin.

2. The name of the navigation manual containing a detailed description of individual areas of water basins, their banks, navigational conditions, etc.

PIlot - a specialist in piloting ships in a certain area. Sometimes he is required to be accepted on board, but in no way replaces the captain.

BILLLE - a recess in the hold of a ship for collecting water, oils, etc. - bilge water.

Grommet - a round hole in a sail, awning, etc., braided with a cable or crimped with a metal ring.

LUGER - 1. An oblique trapezoidal sail hoisted on a rack. 2. Vessel with a lugger.

HATCH - a hole in the deck of a yacht for the passage of people, lighting and ventilation of premises.

MAGNETIC DECLINATION - the angle between the geographic and magnetic meridians at the considered point on the earth's surface. Positive for eastern declination, negative for western declination.

MAGNETIC COURSE - course taking into account magnetic declination.

MARK-1. Method of sealing the end of the cable. 2. Mark on the tackle, line.

MARKIZOVA LUZHA - the ironic name of the Neva Bay - the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland near the mouth of the river. Not you. Under the command of the Marquis de Traverse (19th century), the Russian Baltic Fleet never went further than Kronstadt.

MARS is a platform at the top of the mast for distributing wall shrouds and working with sails.

MARSEILLE is the second straight sail from the bottom, placed between the tops yard and the lower yard.

MARTIN-GIK - a spar tree suspended vertically under the end of the bowsprit for jib and bom-stays and martin backstays. Set name - bowsprit shot.

MARTIN BACKSTAY - a cable running from the end of the Martin boom to the side of the ship.

MARTIN-STAG - a cable running from the end of the Martin boom to the end of the jig.

MAT - a mat or rug made of soft rope.

MAST is a vertical spar tree that rises above the upper deck and is located, as a rule, in the DP of the ship. On a yacht it is used to set sails.

MAYAK is a navigation structure with a light source and its own fire characteristic, which serves to determine the location of the vessel.

SHALLOW - part of a water basin with shallow or relatively shallow depths.

MEL - a section of the bottom separated from the shore by deep water.

MERCATOR PROJECTION - a normal, equiangular cylindrical projection, most common in the preparation of nautical charts.

MEASUREMENT LINE (MILE) - a section of coastal waters with special leading marks on the shore, intended for measuring speeds and log errors.

MIDEL-FRAME (MIDEL) - the line of intersection of the outer surface of the ship’s hull with a vertical, transverse plane dividing its theoretical length in half

MILE (nautical) - a unit of length equal to one arc minute of the meridian (1852 m.).

NAVIGATING TABLES - a collection of various tables necessary for solving navigational and astronomical problems.

COLREG-72 - International Regulations for Preventing Collisions, 1972

MUSING - a thickening (knot) in the middle or end of a vertically hanging cable that serves as a support for the legs.

MUSHKEL is a wooden hammer used for rigging and finishing work.

ON THE WAY - the term “underway” means that the ship is not at anchor, not moored to the shore and is not aground (COLREG-72).

YACHT HULL SET - a set of transverse and longitudinal beams that make up the skeleton of the yacht and the support for the hull.

WALK - touching the hull of a ship with a pier or the side of another ship without first extinguishing its own inertia.

WINDWARD (side, sheet, etc.) - located closer to the wind. The opposite side is leeward. To be upwind is to be on the side from which the wind is blowing.

NAVIGATION - 1. Navigation, shipping. 2. Section of the navigation course.

NAGEL - 1. A wooden or metal rod for fastening the hull and mast elements of a yacht. 2.See coffee dowel.

NADIR is the point of intersection of the vertical and the horizon line.

SUPERSTRUCTURE - an enclosed structure on the deck, extending from side to side.

BRACKETS - gear for securing equipment and property. To lash - to fasten.

DECK LAYER - its hard covering with wood, metal, plastic, etc.

NAUTOFON is an electromagnetic sound emitter that works in fog at individual lighthouses.

PATCH - reinforcement along the luff of a canvas sail.

POSITION MISCONNECTION - discrepancy between the calculated and observed positions of the vessel.

NEDGERS - beams on both sides of the stem, between which the bowsprit is attached.

UNSINKABILITY - the ability of a vessel to maintain buoyancy and stability when one or more compartments are flooded.

NIRAL - running rigging gear for cleaning oblique sails.

NOK is the free end of any horizontal or inclined spar.

The other end, which rests on the mast, is called the heel.

BOW - the forward end of the vessel.

ZERO DEPTH - conditional surface from which depths given are calculated

on nautical charts. Last year take the average long-term sea level, and in

tidal waters - the lowest possible level. In most European

maps for the year accept the average level of spring low waters.

HULL CONTOURS - the external outlines of the yacht’s hull, which largely determine the performance

high qualities, stability and seaworthiness, hull weight, displacement, capacity

cost, etc. Mainly divided into traditional (with elongated chin-

lem) and modern fin (dinghy type) lines.

LINK - sew on the lyktros.

YACHT MEASUREMENT - a special, control check of the dimensions of the hull, sailing gear

weapons, structural elements and equipment of the yacht for the purpose of establishing

its suitability for a particular class of yacht or for calculating a race score.

OBSERVATION - determination of the ship’s position based on observations of objects with known geo-

graphic coordinates (shore landmarks, radio beacons, stars, etc.).

SKINING - the surface material of the side of the yacht.

OVERKILL - turning over (capsizing) a yacht through (up) the keel (keel), like a re-

the result of an unsuccessful maneuver or a fall from a steep wave. Overkill is a common accident

sports dinghies. Techniques for their rapid restoration have been developed.

Overstay - a turn when the yacht changes tack with the bow crossing the wind line.

LIGHTS AND SIGNS - 1. Part C as part of COLREG-72. 2. Ship navigation lights and signs,

mandatory to be carried on board ships in accordance with COLREG-72, are a source of inter-

information from the courts necessary to assess the situation and ensure safe,

competent maneuvering and divergence.

OGON - loop at the end of the cable.

HOLD - slow down the turn of the yacht, the inertia when mooring, and prevent a pile-up.

BRAID - sealing (tying) the ends, braids, gear or spar with a thin line for

prevent gear from unwinding or snagging. See also - slandering.

ORTHODROMY - the arc of a great circle on the surface of the globe - the shortest distance

standing between two points.

DRAFT - deepening of the yacht.

EQUIPMENT - 1. The rigging system on the yacht is standing and running rigging. See also-weapon-

yachting. 2. The process of attaching the main ends and wiring the running ends of the gear.

STABILITY - the ability of a yacht, which has become heeled for any reason, to straighten

lie. Insufficient stability resulting from too high a center

gravity, makes the yacht a roll prone to capsize. Excessive stability

This leads to very sharp rolling, dangerous for the hull and spar.

SHARP COURSE - close-hauled. See also - steep course.

LEAVE - move the yacht away from the pier or other vessel.

GIVE AWAY - untie, unfasten, completely loosen the tackle, end. Give up the anchor - bro-

put it in the water and rip out the anchor end (chain).

DISTINGUISHING LIGHTS - See lights and signs.

SHALL - a shoal starting directly from the coastline.

GUARD - tackle, a device with traction, usually to the deck. Designed to control

connection with moving elements of the spar (booms, outrigger, etc.) or to ensure

creating the required thrust on the luffs of the slanting sails (canningham, barbara, etc.).

DEPARTURE - the difference between the meridians of the starting and final points of navigation,

calculated by the mean parallel in nautical miles.

PAYOL - flooring of the yacht's hold. As a rule, it is made completely or partially removable.

Groove - a gap between planks of sheathing or deck. The grooves are caulked, puttied

ut or fill with sealant.

PAL- 1.Hydraulic structure in the form of a separate support, designed for

mooring booms and ships. 2.Metal bar that prevents reverse

rotation of the spire.

PALGUN - the foundation of a spire with a gear rack around the circumference.

DECK - horizontal overlap of the main hull of the yacht along its entire length.

PANER is the moment when raising the anchor, when the anchor rope (chain) is vertical, and

the anchor has not yet separated from the ground.

SAIL is a propulsion device that converts wind energy into the work of useful thrust of the yacht (by type)

pu wing in the air flow). Sails come in hard (profiled) and soft

cues, from plant or synthetic materials.

SAILING WEAPONS - see the armament of a sailing ship.

PATENT-RIF - a device that allows you to wind a sail on a boom or on a rod inside

three booms for taking reefs.

BEARING - the angle between the vertical plane of the meridian and the vertical plane,

passing through the observer and the observed object. Similar to the courses,

There are compass (CP), magnetic (MP) and true (TP) bearings.

PENTER-HACK - a hook placed behind the claw or behind the bracket on the spindle of the anchor when it is raised

on the rustic or on the deck.

BULKHEAD - a wall dividing the interior space of the yacht into compartments (rooms

nia), as well as the outer wall of the superstructure or deckhouse. The load-bearing bulkhead is involved

in ensuring the overall strength of the case, waterproof - in ensuring

unsinkability of the ship.

RUDDER FEATHER - a flat or profiled element of the rudder that ensures the creation

lateral force and moment required to control the yacht. Located

in the stern area and is rigidly connected to the rudder stock.

PERTULINE - tackle (chain) holding the anchor by the bracket in the retracted position.

PERTS - cables stretched under the yard, on which sailors stand when working with sails.

PILLERS - a vertical post that supports the deck of a ship.

PIER - a pier on stilts, installed at an angle to the shore line.

Buoyancy is positive if the yacht remains afloat when completely flooded.

GUNSHIRE - a strip (beam) limiting the bulwark along the upper edge.

PLASTIC - coated, multi-layered, rectangle made of canvas with thimbles

along the perimeter, to close the hole in the side (apply, place a plaster).

Shoulder strap - a bar (rail) for moving sliders, carriages or piles along it.

Leeward - see windward.

PIDVOLOK - covering the ceiling in the interior.

VILLAGE - overhang of the stern of the yacht.

SELECT (PICK UP) - see choose.

HALFWIND - Gulfwind course.

FULL COURSE - jibe and backstay courses. In turn, courses such as beide-

The wind and backstay can also be full (closer to the wind) and steep (sharp).

TRAFFIC LANE - a certain area within which a one-stop

forward movement of ships.

SEMI-FLEASE - overhead fairlead with a cut for inserting a cable.

POMP - a mechanism for pumping liquids.

PONTON - a floating structure for supporting various devices on the water.

GROUNDING is an emergency stop of a vessel due to the keel or bottom touching the ground.

BALANCE BEAM - a beam reinforced along the freeboard protects the side

during pile-ups and during parking.

ADJUST (toward the wind) - change the course of the yacht closer (steeper) to the direction of the wind.

PRESSING - mooring lines supplied perpendicular to the vessel's DP.

TIDAL CURRENTS - horizontal movements of water particles caused by the action

tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun.

PROA is a type of catamatan with an outrigger-float located away from the main body.

LONGITUDINAL - moorings supplied from the bow forward, from the stern back.

STRAND - a component of a cable, in a vegetable cable it is twisted from heels, in a steel cable

twisted from identical wires.

STRAIGHT SAIL - see the rigging of a sailing ship.

TRAIL ANGLE (PU) - horizontal angle between the northern part of the true meridian -

on and line of the path.

PYARTNERS - a hole in the deck of a yacht through which the mast passes.

HEEL - 1. The end of the spar resting against the mast. The other, free end is a nok.

2. The outer (lower) part of the trend is at the anchor.

SPLIT FORE Sail, consisting of two parts: the front one - the jib and the back one -

foresail raised on a common rack (boat sail).

SINK - side overhang at the stern of the vessel.

RAXES - metal rings or half rings, put on a forestay and tied to the front

on the luff of the jib or jib. On modern yachts, carabiners have been replaced -

mi or stay-pier.

RAX-BUGEL - 1. variant of the cable version of the bayfoot, when it is supplemented with rax-slime-

mi (wooden plates) and raks-klots (turned balls). 2.Ring with

a hook that runs along the mast and serves to lift the sail rake.

SPART TREE is the traditional name for a yacht spar, a set of over-

lube structures and parts of yacht rigs intended for

setting, unfastening and carrying sails (masts, yards, booms, bowsprit, etc.).

REVERSING - changing the direction of the force of a mechanical propulsion in the opposite direction

opposite (propeller, water cannon).

REGATTA is a sailing competition consisting of a series of races for various yachts.

RATK - 1. A spar, used for lifting the luff of an oblique, che-

a three-cornered, raked sail with a halyard laid behind the rax yoke. Unlike

from the gaff, the rack extends beyond the mast to the bow. 2. Staysail (jib)-boom. 3. Any thin

and a long spar element, used for the first time to carry sails on a yacht.

REY - a horizontal spar tree suspended from the middle and used for

attaching straight sails to it. The signal yard is designed for lifting

there are signal flags and signs (figures) on it.

RAID - an open, coastal part of the water surface intended for parking

vessels on mooring barrels, buoys or anchors.

RAILING - 1. A rigid, metal deck railing at the bow or stern of the yacht.

2. Railings - racks with longitudinal connections, replacing or extending

bulwark.

TURNIP - a special sealing of the end of the cable by weaving strands.

READERS - iron strips placed crosswise over the inner lining

or frames to increase the strength of the wooden hull.

RIF - underwater, or located just above the water level, a rock in shallow water.

RIF-BANT - a strip of canvas sewn onto the sail parallel to the luff

to increase its strength at the base of the reef sections (eyelets).

REEF GATES - (eyelets) holes in the sail through which reef lines are passed.

REEF-STERTS - see reef-sterns.

RIF-TALI - a hoist for pulling the luff to the yard (boom) when taking reefs.

REEF-PENDANT - gear for pulling the luff or luff to the boom

oblique sail when taking reefs.

REEF-SHTERTY (SHKERTY) - (reef seasons) short gear based in reef ghats (lu-

versakh), for tying the sail to the spar (rail) when taking reefs.

REEF SAILS - (take, take reefs), reduce the area of ​​​​the sails using special

nal devices, gear and techniques. See also patent reef.

RICHER - a fully tailored sail made of light fabric with a high clew

angle and a large sickle along the luff. Placed in place of the jib.

ROMBOVANTS - shrouds passing through spreaders and secured at both ends

on the mast. Diamond spokes, as a rule, fall slightly forward.

ROSTR-BLOCKS - stands for installing boats on board a vessel.

ROSTERS - 1. A set of spare spars on a ship. 2. A row of beams on the sail -

nicks resting on the deckhouse, and on the sides on racks, serve to accommodate

ship's boats.

ROLL - a drum rotating on an axis with a groove for a cable, used as part of

bales, fairleads, blocks, etc.

HOUSEHOLDING - a structure on the deck of a yacht, not reaching the sides, with windows, doors, etc.

RUDDER - a structure consisting of a rudder blade, stock and tiller.

RUMB is a unit of plane angle in navigation, equal to 1\32 parts of a circle (11.25*).

TILLER - a lever rigidly fixed in the upper part of the stock, perpendicular to the axis.

LOCKER - 1. A closed box for personal belongings, built into the bed. 2. Premises on

shore for storage of yacht property.

RUSLEN - a small platform on the outer side of the side for attaching the deadeyes of the cables.

RUSTOV - a chain or cable holding the anchor by the heel in the retracted position.

FISH - wooden slats sewn over frames to prevent

damage to both the cargo placed in the hold and the sides.

RYU- 1. Lath in lateen sailing equipment. 2.Predecessor of the gaff on sailboats

ships when he went forward behind the mast.

RYNDA - a special ringing (2 strokes) on the ship's bell. This ringing is used to indicate

time (beating bells).

RYNDA-BOWLINE - a short rope with a button at the end, tied to the tongue of the bell.

SALING - a spar assembly in the form of a frame, consisting of longitudinal (long-saling) and

pepper (spread) beams, their attachment to the mast (chicks) and serves to drain

bram and wall-rods.

PILE - a tool for rigging work, punching strands when weaving cables.

SKYLIGHT - a rectangular hatch in the deck of a yacht, fenced with a coaming.

SEGARS - rings that move freely along the mast (gaff) and serve for fastening

the luff of the sail to the spar.

SEZNI - ends for tying (tying) sails or parts thereof in assembled form.

SEY-TALI - hoists based between single-pulley and double-pulley blocks.

SEKSTAN - reflective type goniometric instrument for measuring celestial heights

luminaries and angles on the earth's surface.

SKY LIGHT - deck, skylight.

SKEG is an enclosing, vertical profile in front of the rudder on some yachts.

SKLIZ is the simplest lifting and lowering device with wooden paths for yachts.

DECLINATION-see magnetic declination.

BOTTLES - see bell.

CHINESE is the place of transition from the bottom to the side in the bow of the skin. There are sharp

curvilinear and “broken” cheekbones.

CHYGLE KEEL - a rib installed parallel to the DP of the yacht, from the bilge to the stern, forward

perpendicular to the skin, to reduce (calm) pitching.

SLABS - a line for attaching a sail (usually a trysail) to a mast or boat sail

SLEAMING - vibration of the hull when the bottom part of the bow end of the yacht is hit

about oncoming waves.

GEAR - vegetable, synthetic or steel cable, having a name and use -

used for setting, cleaning and controlling sails and masts on a yacht.

DELAY - deviation of the yacht from the course line under the influence of the current. Measured by the angle between

DP of the yacht and the route line, excluding wind drift.

SORLIN - a cable for lifting the rudder blade, detachable from the stock, or a cable (chain),

connecting the rudder blade to the body, to avoid loss of the rudder if it breaks.

SPINNAKER - triangular, isosceles, fully cut from lightweight fabric, front

a sail that is set on courses from gulfwind to jibe with windward

angle using a spinnaker boom and brace. The leeward brace is called a sheet.

SPINAKER-BOOM - a shot from the mast to move the spinnaker's throw angle into the wind.

SPLASH - connection of two cables of the same thickness.

Staysail - closest to the mast, forward, oblique sail.

Staysail-boom - see boom.

STANDING ANCHOR - the main anchor released from the bow.

STAR-KNITSA - a knuckle connecting the sternpost with the keelson.

MARKING SIGNS - coastal, paired navigational situation signs (lighthouses, farms

with shields, pyramids, etc.), designed to indicate direction, width

fairway, as well as for marking the measuring line.

STEM - stem on wooden ships.

Topmast - a spar tree that serves as a continuation of the mast, raised with the help of

a wall-strap and held on the sides by a wall-shrouds, and at the rear by a wall-forduns.

STEPS - a wooden or metal socket (support) on the keel, in (on) which is placed

the mast with its spur.

STOP-ANCHER - an auxiliary, spare anchor, usually stowed on the poop deck.

STOPPER - 1. Device for clamping the running end. 2. Knot (button) at the end of the tackle, for

preventing it from spilling out of the block (bale).

STANDING RIGGING - see rigging.

STRINGER is a longitudinal element of the ship's hull frame. There are bottom, zygomatic,

side and deck stringer (carlings).

SLING- 1. A device made of cables for gripping (girth) and hanging from the hook of the load-

call. 2. A short end for tying something.

SHIP ROLE - list of crew and passengers with passport data, positions

on a yacht, recording the time and port of arrival/departure, on a form indicating the name

the vessel's location and its port of registry.

SHIP NAVIGATION LIGHTS - the main lights that all ships must carry in

sea: side, top, stern, towing, circular. See lights and signs.

GANDWAY - a portable ladder used to go ashore.

PATH CALCULATION - calculation of the coordinates and direction of movement of the yacht, taking into account the drift

fa and demolition. Hence the countable place.

TIDE TABLES - aids used to determine the moments of the onset

and heights of high and low waters every day, as well as heights of water levels at any

point in time at coastal points.

RIGGING - a set of gear for attaching and controlling the spar and sails.

The rigging is divided into standing ones - for securing the spar (shrouds, backstays, for-

dunes, stays), and running. The latter, in turn, is divided into running

rigging (spar halyards, braces, spar sheets, topenants, etc.) and running

sail rigging (sail halyards, nyrals, sail sheets, etc.).

TALI - traction, load-lifting device with manual or mechanical drive,

consisting of two single-pulley blocks (movable and fixed), through which

the cable is passed through. The presence of one lopar in the hoists reduces the applied force

doubled. See also hvat-tali, sei-tali, gini and lopar.

TURLEP - 1. A swivel, consisting of a body into which two steel rods are screwed -

ka with fittings for fastening tightened elements (gear, spar, etc.).

2. Eye eyes and a cable between them for tightening the standing rigging

TENDER (CUTTER) - a type of Bermuda sailing rig for single-masted yachts carrying

more than one headsail.

TOLBOY - a narrow, wing-shaped sail, which is paired with a reacher on courses 45 * -

120* to the wind, or with a spinnaker on sharp backstays.

BOOMBUY - a buoy tied with a thin cable (buyrep) to the trend of the anchor, to indicate

places where the anchor is released and the ability to lift the buoy on board. See buyrep.

TOP - the upper end of a vertical spar (mast, flagpole, etc.).

MASTER LIGHT - shining forward, white light on the mast, along the ship's DP. See COLREG-72.

TOPENANT - running rigging gear for holding parts at the desired angle to the deck

lei spar (reeves, geeks, etc.).

TOPRIK (TOPREP) - a cable or chain connecting the upper ends of two davits.

TRAVEL - the position when the bearing to the landmark is perpendicular to the yacht's DP.

ETCH - loosen, release or skip the cable while holding it. Reverse

action - choose.

TRANSOM - (transom board) flat, cut across the stern of the vessel.

TRANSOM PLATE - a plate hinged under the stern of a planing vessel, as an extension of its bottom, for adjusting trim and roll.

GALLERY - a staircase for communication between rooms on a yacht. Outboard - for lifting from a boat, out of the water.

TRAPEZE - a safety rope from the mast of a racing dinghy, for hanging the crew overboard when heeling (countering the wind, heeling moment).

TRAILER - a trailer for a car for transporting yachts, lowering them and lifting them out of the water.

TREND - the connection point between the arms and the anchor spindle.

TRIMARAN - three-hulled yacht.

TRISEL- 1. Storm, oblique sail of reduced area, made of durable canvas. It is installed instead of the mainsail, with a free luff (without a boom).

2. On sailboats, a slanting, quadrangular sail tied to a gaff, boom and mast or to a (thin) trysail mast behind the main one.

ROPE - rope-rope product made of natural or artificial fibrous

materials or steel wire.

HOLD - the space in the hull of a yacht between the inner lining and the floorboards.

TUZIK is a small boat on a yacht, secured on the deck.

TURACHKA - capstan drum, windlass.

FALL (downwind) - change course so that the angle between the yacht’s DP and the wind direction increases. DRIFT ANGLE - see drift.

DEMOLITION ANGLE - see demolition.

BOOSTER - sea knot.

KNOT is a unit of speed accepted in navigation, equal to one nautical mile per hour.

WISHBON - a bent boom on both sides of the sail (for example, on a windsurfer).

CONTROLLABILITY - the ability of a yacht to obey the control of the rudder and sails. It largely depends on the weather and the competent work of the crew.

STABILITY (on course) - the ability of a yacht not to deviate from the main course. Depends on design features and crew qualifications. MUSTACHS - curved, wooden strips on the heel of the gaff or boom, covered with leather and clasping the mast. DUCK is a small two-horned bar for fastening the free end of the cable.

FAL - gear used for lifting individual parts of the spar, sails, flags, etc.

FALIN - a cable attached to the bow or stern eye of a boat.

BULK - a belt above the deck of a yacht, designed as a continuation of the side.

FALSEKILL - 1. A heavy casting or loaded cavity of a streamlined shape attached to the keel to provide (increase) stability. 2. Bars, stuffed from below onto the keel beam, to protect it from damage to the ground.

FAIRWAY - a safe passage for ships in an area of ​​navigational hazards.

FITTING - a fixed metal butt (device) for attaching gear to it.

FLOOR - the lower part of the frame frame.

FOC- 1. The lowest straight or oblique sail on the foremast. 2.Oblique, triangular

a sail (foresail staysail) hoisted on the forestay of a tender, sloop.

FORE MAST - the forward mast on a sailing ship with three or more masts. On a two-match

On commercial sailing ships, the front mast is the foresail, if it is lower or equal to the rear one.

FORDEWIND - 1. The course of the yacht relative to the wind, coinciding with its direction. 2.By-

gate when the yacht crosses the wind direction with her stern while changing tack.

FORDEK - the bow part of the deck of a ship.

FORDUNS - 1. Standing rigging carried from the top of the mast to the sides and stern,

complementing the backstays and, at times, replacing the backstay. 2. Standing tackle

crap, securing the topmasts from the sides and aft.

FORPIK - the outermost bow compartment of the ship.

FORE-beam along the contour of the bow of the vessel, rigidly connected to the keel.

LIGHT CHARACTERISTICS - the nature of the color and change in the glow of the navigation sign.

GRAB-HOIST - hoists consisting of single-pulley and double-pulley blocks.

WALK (on a yacht) - to be on board a yacht while sailing. See also - on the go.

RUNNING END - see end.

RUNNING LIGHTS - mouth. the name of a ship's navigation lights while the vessel is underway.

SNORING (SNORING) - a folding hook made of two hooks located towards each other.

CENTER OF LATERAL RESISTANCE - point of application of the resultant hydrodyne -

microscopic forces of water resistance to the lateral drift of the yacht.

YACHT CENTERING - reducing the horizontal distance between the center of sail and the center of lateral resistance of the yacht. CYCLONE is a vast air vortex around an area of ​​low pressure, moving counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere (clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere). H

CHICKSTAY - a device (hoist) for adjusting the tension of backstays (foreuns), when bringing more than one backstay into one tackle near the deck. CHICS - attachments in the form of short bars on the mast to support long salings.

MOORING - a rope (mooring rope) designed to secure the yacht at the pier

or on board another vessel. They are divided into longitudinal, clamping and spring.

MOORING - a set of actions to approach and secure the yacht to the mooring site.

MOORING DEVICE - spiers, bollards, fairleads, views and other equipment intended for mooring. CENTERBOARD - a device in the form of a fin that retracts into the hull of the yacht (centerboard well), and ensures stability and reduction of drift in the lowered position. DOORBOAT - a shallow-draft yacht with a centerboard and a lifting, hinged rudder.

DECORDS - centerboards hung from the sides of the yacht.

SHIRSTREK - the upper chord of the outer skin.

PENDANT - a short, soft cable with a fire, thimble or block at the end, designed for lifting loads. SHKERT (SHTERT) - a short and thin cable for auxiliary work.

SHKIMUSHGAR - single-strand hemp line.

clew - tackle attached to the lower corner of the straight or lower rear corner of the oblique sail (clew angle) and drawn towards the stern of the vessel. The sheet holds the lower luff of the sail in the desired position. The boom sheets are equipped with hoists that allow the boom to be set at the desired angle to the wind.

SLAG - one full turn of the cable around something.

SHLAGTOV - a steel beam inserted into the spur of the topmast to hold it in place.

SLOOP is a type of Bermuda sailing rig for single-mast yachts with one front sail - a staysail (foresail staysail). SLOOP-BEAMS - a device in the form of two beams with a mechanism for hanging, holding and lowering over the side of a boat. FRAMED - the main curved beam of the transverse frame, the basis for the cladding.

SPACING - the distance between the frames. There are constructive and theoretical.

SCUPPER - a hole for the free flow of water in a horizontal plane.

SPIRE - a large gate with a vertical axis, for selecting an anchor chain and mooring lines.

SPOR - the lower end of any vertical spar, as well as the inner end of the bowsprit. SPRING - longitudinal moorings from the bow towards the stern or from the stern towards the bow.

SPRINT (SPRINT) - a rack that diagonally stretches a quadrangular, sprint, oblique sail. SPRIT-BUY - buoyancy of the milestone.

SPRUYT is a cable guy that distributes the load to two or more points.

Tongue belt - a belt of hull plating adjacent to the keel.

STAY - standing rigging gear located in the yacht's DP and securing the mast from the bow. On yachts, the lowest forestay is the main one, coming from the top of the mast is the top stay, and between them there are intermediate stays. If the forestay is used to set a sail, then it is named after the name of the sail. Stay connecting tops

mast is called a stay-carnage. See also backstay.

STAY-PIER - a profile with a lip gap (for the jib rope) covering the stay.

POST - stem and sternpost.

SHTERT - see shketr.

ROD - a rod across the anchor spindle.

STEERING WHEEL - a heading movement control body in the form of a wheel connected to the steering wheel.

STURTROSS - a steel cable (chain) used to transmit force from the steering wheel to the steering wheel.

BAYONET is an element of a sea knot.

SCHOONER - a sailing vessel with a slanting rig and two or more masts. On two-masted schooners, the front mast is equal to or lower than the rear one.

EZELGOFT - a forged wooden piece or forging for fastening two spar trees, has two holes - quadrangular and round. The quadrangular one is put on the top or bottom of the spar, and the round one is used to pass additional wood. (mast - topmast, bowsprit - jib, etc.).

ERNST-BAKSTAGI - gear for holding the gaff by the end (from the sides and to the stern).

ESTUARY - a bay at the mouth of a river, in the area of ​​tidal currents.

UT - superstructure in the aft part. On yachts, the poop is the aft part of the deck.

YUFERS - a round, wooden block without a pulley, with three through holes, for wiring the lanyards.

ANCHOR LIGHTS - (white, all-round), ship's distinctive lights at anchorage.

YAL is a multi-oared (more than two) boat of the navy.

YACHT is a recreational vessel (sailing or motor), without tonnage restrictions.

Dictionary of naval jargon- contains slang phrases and words used to varying degrees by sailors of the navy and merchant fleet. Some words are known and used in everyday life not only by ship crews, but also by people who have nothing to do with the sea. Some of the terms are outdated, but that is why their meanings in the fleet are no less interesting.

Dictionary

A

Sailors after an emergency

Avacha - an active volcano in Kamchatka, as well as the name of a Navy auxiliary vessel.

Huckster – head of a grocery and/or clothing store (warehouse, storage, pantry).

Bacillus - 1). an inexperienced boatswain who sometimes does more harm than good. 2). an orderly or paramedic from among the sailors or foremen of conscription service on a ship.

Without fawn - without failure, secretly, conspiratorially, secretly.

Beluga – underwear, shirt, long johns.

Damn (tankern) - a plug for the manifold (probably in consonance with the English blind flange).

Blackout - (English BLACK OUT) - complete blackout of the ship.

Beaver - fat, stupid, sloppy, soft-bodied, heat-loving “mama’s boy.”

Combat life - warship.

Fighter - a sailor whose last name I can’t remember, a sailor from someone else’s crew, just a sailor.

Swamp - we’re walking along the green road, calm.

Big tidy - weekly Sodom and Gomorrah on the ship. A means of maintaining cleanliness and gloss. A method for identifying sailor skerries. A way to save an officer (midshipman) from going ashore. Emphasizes the superiority of cleanliness and order over reason. It ends with washing the personnel.

Borzometer - level of internal self-control. The borzometer burned out (went off scale) - the limit of someone’s impudence clearly exceeded the permissible norms.

Boatswain - a sailor from the boatswain's crew.

BMRT type "Pioneer of Latvia"

BP - combat training.

Brigade - several ships.

Armored, Armadilloed, "Armored Bearer" - in FESCO a vessel of reinforced ice class.

BS - combat service. Same as autonomous.

Bagel, aka C-piece (tankern) - a pipe for connecting two manifolds.

Primer - the book in general and instructions in particular. (from Konetsky).

Paper Grandfather - a military serviceman called up for 1 year after graduating from university and having served six months of service.

Buffet - steward, messenger. Sets tables, washes dishes, helps cook.

Buffalo - barmaid.

Warhead - combat unit, naval unit. Warheads are divided into groups.

Varkul – a “gentle” strike with the palm of the hand on the neck.

Watch - duty.

All-night watch - colloquial, joking - watch while staying in a port or roadstead (berthing watch) from 00.00 to 8.00 - i.e. all night long.

Watch - ship duty.

Watch - to be on duty, to keep watch.

Introductory - an unexpected task, assignment, business trip or stupid situation to which you need to react smartly. A service task without a standard solution.

Vvodnyak - almost the same as the “introductory” one, but in a worse version, completely unexpected. When such a “B” is received, unprintable comments usually follow, heartbreaking wishes to the corresponding commander (chief), and his psychological and service characteristics are also spelled out. Also unprintable.

Great Ship Devourer - nickname for the Goodwin Shoals off the southeast coast of England.

Great Migration - let’s say the following situation is created: on a ship (quite large and decent) going to sea on an important mission, a large group of high-staff officers, some kind of press group, ensemble, etc. are following. But a ship, even a large one, is not a cruise ship; only the minimum required number of service personnel and combat crew can live on it, i.e. crew . And even then in very spartan conditions. In this case, usually the officers move to the midshipmen's cabins, the midshipman to the crew quarters, and the sailors and foremen to combat posts. On submarines, such relocation is caused by the most insignificant presence of “supernumerary” officers.

Twist the holes (hole) - colloquial arr. - receive an award, order. The orders are attached to the form through a hole using a screw.

Paddle - a tablespoon. Sometimes the “oar” is a training one - the ship’s comedians drill a hole in the “rowing” part of the spoon and write the index next to it - “Training”.

Take it by the nostril - joking. - take in tow.

City of Vladivostok - Vladik

Wine parallels (or latitudes) - joking. - a strip (belt) of the tropics, in which the crews of Soviet fishing vessels received (until 1985) “tropical” wine (300 g per day). Diluted with water, it quenches thirst well.

Vira – up.

Virtue - colloquial lift up or choose, drag towards oneself, towards oneself.

Turn on the time machine - to swell.

Vladik - colloquial nickname - Vladivostok.

Get stuck - get into trouble, get into something, get an order for dirty work, get into trouble.

Get into recycling - overtime work with fixed overtime.

Navy - Navy.

Diving underwear - chic pants and camel wool sweater.

Voenmor - military sailor.

Military team - “a military command has arrived...”, the expression means an order, instruction, instruction, etc., which is distinguished by the paradoxical nature of the tasks set, the illogicality of the proposed execution methods and the surprising unacceptability of the deadlines. Right down to: “Complete yesterday.” And it comes true...

Navy Chest - everything above the knees and below the chin.

Stinky - monetary unit of South Korea. 1 stinky = 1,000 Won.

Arm - make for action. “Arm a sailing ship” - provide the necessary spars and rigging, install them in place and bring the ship into a condition suitable for sailing. “Arm the pump” - prepare the pump for action. “Arm the yard” - equip (rig) the yard and attach to it all the necessary rigging accessories to control and operate it.

Training spoon - paddle

Vovaner (Blubber) - colloquial in the language of whalers of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. - chief harpooner, whose duties also included overseeing the cutting of whales and rendering of blubber and whale oil (fat).

Sparrow - a bird that is not found in Kamchatka.

Voroshilovka - an alcoholic drink made from stolen “shil”.

Enemies, mechs - mechanics.

Rub - convince, prove, persuade.

Sniff, sniff – create problems for young people and young people, dump unpleasant work and responsibilities on them.

You - an appeal to a subordinate that carries a hidden threat and malicious intent.

Soak the anchors - joking. - to stand at anchor for a long time. “The past frosty winter piled up a solid field of ice near Kronstadt, the April sun did not have time to melt it, and the ships now had to soak anchors” in the Tallinn roadstead until the icebreakers paved the way.”.

Bulging naval eye - a universal measure for dosing, determining distances, the strength of something, the quantity and sufficiency of military, chemical, explosives, medications, etc. without the necessary calculations and measurements. Most likely it follows the rule “More is better than less” so that there is enough for everyone and everything. Based on previous results obtained through our own empirical means, this is a positive factor, the second version: when we heard about this experience somewhere or saw something. This is a dangerous option! This is where the prerequisites for accidents and disasters arise, and they are the same with or without casualties. It is also used when pouring alcohol into glasses - this is the least dangerous area of ​​application of this device.

Pass out - fall asleep instantly, sleep soundly.

Tower - higher educational institution, higher education.

wallow - to lie around, do nothing, rest idly.

G

Signal bridge - "dovecote"

Gas - strong alcoholic drinks.

screw - 1). Assignment, introduction, order. Catching, chewing a nut - practice fulfilling this order. 2). A star in pursuit.

Galimy (galimaya) - empty, bare, not meeting standards.

Training tack - failure, something did not happen, efforts were wasted.

Good - 1). Permission to do something. Carte blanche for all command and engineering actions for the benefit of the service. 2). Geographic latitude of a place.

DP - 1) Additional rations. 2) An additional day of arrest in the guardhouse for special distinction in the fight against the rules established there or for simple indignation at them in front of the bright eyes of local commanders. 3). Badge for DP - reward token “For a long journey”.

Scrub - (someone) strictly reprimand someone. - from “to scrub the deck, a piece of copper”, in the same meaning - “to sand.”

Crushed - banned, canceled, ruined personal plans and hopes.

Fraction - prohibit, from the ceasefire command “Shot!”

Oak trees - overhead elements symbolizing oak leaves and attached to the visor of the caps of senior officers and admirals.

Madhouse - 1). An artificial state of increased operational activity on a ship, at the headquarters of a formation in anticipation of some important event or another upcoming inspection. 2). Assessment of the level of organization and military management in one single military unit or on a ship. 3). A usual assessment of the moral and psychological situation in a military institution the day before, during an exercise or another inspection by high headquarters. 4). An assessment of the surrounding situation from an outsider who finds himself in the thick of military service for the first time. In short - MADNESS!

Duchka - (from Polish ducza - hole) - a hole, a hole, a depression, a hole in a latrine, over which a sailor crouches to relieve himself and think about how to live further.

Smoke into the chimney, firewood into the original! - finish an event, lesson, training, exercise.

HER

E...Japanese policeman - a decent curse word. The pause must be executed masterfully.

Yoprst! - quite a decent curse. Can be used at home and with children.

AND

To gasp - to accomplish, to accomplish, to do in one go, to drink in one breath, to explode.

Stomach - a young soldier who doesn’t know how to do anything other than eat food on time.

Liquid dollar - alcohol, “awil”, any other alcoholic drink used to resolve the issue of purchasing something needed for a ship or for personal use. Previously, especially during the Gorbachev period, this currency had a high price and was very widely circulated.

eat - it is unproductive to spend anything beyond the established norms. For example: “Run out of soap again? Are you eating it or what?”.

Z

Score - to be indifferent, to refuse, not to pay attention.

drive, drive, bend - come up with or say, offer something unusual, funny, stupid or very smart, creative, meaningful.

The political officer conducts training with personnel

Butt covered in shells (printed, softer version of the expression) - a person who served a lot and for a long time on ships. By analogy with a ship, whose bottom becomes overgrown with various shells over time, especially in the southern seas.

Flight - violation of any official or unofficial rule, custom, tradition, offense, punishment for an offense.

Zaletchik - (who has committed a disciplinary offense and received appropriate punishment).

Deputy - a gray cardinal, the second person on the ship after the Commander. A smart guy to whom the NSS is not applied.

Political officer - deputy commander of the ship for political affairs.

Find direction - pay attention, take into account. Even start some actions if it comes to beauty or the extraction of any benefits and pleasures.

To fumble, to fumble - hide, go behind the “ball” or hide in a hiding place (skerry).

Zimbabwe - a country where everything is better than ours.

Sold - soldier.

AND

IDA, Idashka - individual breathing apparatus with a waterproof suit. In the bag. Scuba cylinders, as a rule, are not “filled”, i.e. no pressure inside. It is difficult to escape.

Inventory property - eternal, according to the “clothing experts”, items: Canadian jacket, fur pants to go with it, PSh, binoculars, Veri (name of the inventor) signal pistol, bed, boots, etc. It is written off after a hundred years, or during a storm, with an entry in the logbook: “During the repair of the anchor device during a storm (sea state 8 points), the navigator was washed overboard, carrying: 2 Canadian boots, 4 fur pants, a Veri pistol on his chest and binoculars in his pocket, 6 sets of PSh and 9 sets diving underwear. The anchoring device was repaired, the navigator was saved by supplying 6 berths with additional buoyancy given to them, by tying rack boots (23 pcs.) and reinforced with 30 meters of mooring line. The navigator threw off all the clothes he was wearing to stay afloat. The bunks, due to the buoyancy of water, sank along with it.”. Signature, seal, write-off.

Turkey - inspector.

Integral - a hook (abgaldyr) curved in a special way, designed for removing various bookmarks made by personnel from behind instruments and from “skerries”, or for bringing far-hidden garbage into the light of day.

Yo hi dy - a decent curse word.

Spanish collar - a guitar placed on the head of a sailor-bard.

Perform "Chain" - go home (from the signal “C” (chain), which according to the code means “Return to your connection”).

TO

Quarantine – the place where conscripts (young soldier course) or those who fell ill during an epidemic serve their initial term of stay.

Barracks - overnight accommodation for submarine personnel when the boat is not at sea.

Kalabakha - sailor carpenter. There are kalabakhs in the fleet to this day :-).

Kalabashnaya - Kalabakha workshop.

Kaptyorka – a storage room with certificates and personal belongings of military personnel.

Carp - dirty socks.

crucian carp - young sailor.

Jock, Jock – engaging in sports physical exercises to the point of exhaustion.

Sailor in flared trousers

Throw - to deceive, to cheat.

Klesha - naval trousers wide from the knee. Loved by years old and patrols.

Knecht - Bosun's head. That’s why they say you can’t sit on a bollard.

Carpet, “carpet challenge” - analysis of mistakes, unpleasant conversation with the boss. This word seems to be of general use, but among sailors it has a more pronounced meaning - standing on a threadbare carpet (or carpet) in the commander’s cabin, you feel uncomfortable due to the low ceiling and are also forced to bow your head, as if in recognition of guilt.
Goat, KZ - short circuit.

Cook - cook in the navy.

Commander of the ship - the most important and respected person in the Navy. Behind the scenes is called a cap or master. When addressed directly: “Comrade Commander!” Calling by military rank is bad manners and terry army stuff.

Brigade commander - brigade commander.

Dresser - part-commander. A common abbreviation for a job title. This is nothing, from the classical marine paintings of L. Sobolev and S. Kolbasyev the following name is known: “ZamKom for MorDe” - deputy commander of the front (army) for naval affairs (during the Civil War).

Lump - uniform camouflage suit.

Compote - regiment commander.

End – any non-metal cable.

Double bass - contract serviceman.

Ship - armed vessel, incl. Submarine.

Koresh, corefan - a friend of deep-rooted brotherly friendship.

King of water, shit and steam - usually 4 mechanics, because all this is under his control.

Mower - 1000 rubles.

Jamb, jamb – make professional mistakes, sloppiness, imperfections, incorrectness.

Crab - cockade on the headdress. The second meaning is a handshake.

Curva - a noun used to enhance a negative assessment: “K., not a sailor!”.

Piece - a contract specialist soldier, usually a warrant officer or midshipman.

L

Sailor berths

Laiba - ship.

Lariska, Lara - an insolent ship rat.

Lieutenant - not yet an officer.

Libido - a decent curse word. For example: “I’ll break your Libido...”.

Personnel - all military personnel. For example, the personnel of a ship, brigade, or Armed Forces. Something without which it would be easy to serve.

Lobar - a “gentle” poke with a palm on the forehead or on the forehead.

Lychka - narrow stripe on shoulder straps: 1 stripe - corporal, senior sailor, 2 stripes - junior sergeant, foreman 2 articles, 3 stripes - sergeant, foreman 1 article, 1 wide stripe - senior sergeant, chief foreman. Badges are visual signs of professional and status skill and seniority.

Sea to the castle (ironic) - the state or end of the service process in a given period. Usually this expression refers to officers of the coastal, headquarters service. A ship in any condition, like a workshop with a continuous production cycle, can never be left unattended. Perhaps only temporarily, going on vacation or being part of a “similar shift”.

Sailor - any person who served in the civil or naval fleet or was initiated into sailors during the transition of iconic places and geographical coordinates (for example, the equator).

Bloodworm - motor mechanic.

Moodle - a derivative of poodle, asshole and midsection. A very offensive curse word.

Mukhosransk - ghost town.

N

Abuse - promise of trouble. For example: “Again you have a mess. Just wait, I’m going to abuse you...".

Strained - burden, deprivation, constant anxiety, painful mood, stress, resentment, vengeful anger.

People - affectionate address to the crew.

Nachpo - head of the political department. Engineer of human souls. Dear father to Pavlikov Morozov.

Nepruha - a chain of failures, bad luck in the service.

Seal - an eared seal with a mustache, outwardly similar to a bald elderly man.

Hazing relationships - bad, the same as the anniversary.

Non-statutory (non-statutory) - shoes, cap, stars, crab, etc., that is, beautiful, comfortable, good.

hazing - the practice of hazing - “hazing” in the army, “Year anniversary” - in the navy.

Bottoms - the premises of the ship on the lower deck, as well as personnel located or working in the premises of the lower deck.

Nora - cabin.

NSS - collection, incomplete official compliance. This is followed by removal from office.

ABOUT

Get yourself covered - to play it safe, to prevent the onset of troubles from likely directions. Literally: surround yourself with milestones from all dangerous directions.

Go around downwind - 1). Make sure you don’t get noticed, don’t get “sniffed.” 2). Pass tests conditionally, by agreement. 3). Somehow to get rid of the upcoming inspection. 3). Avoid inevitable trouble.

Sawed-off shotgun – any metal container for liquid (galvanized bucket, basin, pan).

OVR - a connection of ships guarding a water area, usually small ones. The place where smart people are written off (see below). Heroic but stupid people serve in the OVR. Excellent sailors, hardened by the sea, penalties and eternal isolation from their families. There are two ways from the OVR - either to the academy or to the construction battalion (see below). There are exceptions, such as transfer to a large ship, but they are not typical.

Maggot - lazy sailor.

Order - an award given mainly to staff and coastal officers.

We swam, we know! - an ironic exclamation, meaning that the subordinate or the person being inspected used an ancient, tired of everyone, trick or justification for his mistakes, which once upon a time, but in the past, the commander or the inspector himself used with equal success.

flatten - to pinch, to infringe, to crush, to humiliate, but without visible offenses (without flogging).

Shave - to reassure and deceive, to expose completely.

Fit (fit) - gift (to give).

Get blown up - jump up, stand up, jump away, run away.

Subscription - contract service agreement.

Injure yourself - denting the ship’s hull during inept mooring.

Down with the peace, out of the excitement! - (mockery) urgently performing work that could have been done a long time ago. Preparing for the arrival of a high commission, sparing neither the effort nor the time of subordinates.

Buyer - an officer who arrives for young recruits and escorts them to the military unit.

Polmarsos - (mocking) political and moral state. For example, to the question: “How is half of Marsos?”, there should have been a qualified answer: “On the hatch!”, i.e. at a high ideological level.

Half a hundred - fifty. It comes from the need to eliminate erroneous auditory perception of the numbers 50 and 60 during radiotelephone conversations and voice commands.

half-fool - an idiot to the extent of not even reaching the level of a fool. Very dangerous in both peace and war. Found in all military ranks.

Pom - assistant commander.

Washing - bathhouse, shower for personnel.

Confuse - to confuse, to make a mistake, to be deceived, to become confused, to stop obeying, to become insolent.

Pornography - or, as a subspecies, naval pornography 1). Something executed extremely poorly and carelessly, maintenance of equipment, management in violation of the existing rules and traditions of maritime culture. 2). A damaged uniform, altered in a special way. 3). On the contrary, the uniform that was issued directly from the warehouse is a couple of sizes larger.

Build - 1). educate, reprimand, scold. 2). show your professional superiority. “Why are you building me?” Those. Why are you finding fault, why are you commanding without having the right to do so?

Gathering - a rare type of encouragement for officers and midshipmen, expressed in a short visit with their family. Happening on schedule. Violated by the boss with sadistic pleasure. It would have been canceled altogether if not for the need of the Motherland for the next generations of naval officers. Severance from official duties. Interference with service.

Similar shift - change of officers, midshipmen, etc., who have the right, after the end of this working day, as well as all general events, to leave the ship before the appointed time. This is provided that they successfully completed the tasks of the commander, first mate, deputy and their commanders of combat units and received the go-ahead.

Dead reckoning - a navigator's term denoting graphical tracking of the ship's path on a map.

T

Flag of the Russian Pacific Fleet

Tabanit - slow down the process. Try to “slow down” the passage of a document, some kind of action, etc. This refers to the vigorous creation of artificial problems on the way to completing something new and useful. Especially for you personally.

Taska - the same as sadness, melancholy, doing nothing, stupid movement in time and space, dragging, staring, stupid observation of others.

Dragging - comrade, a sailor’s address to a senior. To prevent a further decline in subordination, a response no less severe than: “I’m not a drag for you!”

Plod - enjoy, relax, indulge, have fun.

Brake - a stupid and slow-witted soldier who reacts slowly to instructions and orders.

Torpedo - a triangle made of plywood for stretching sailor trousers into “flares” of ugly sizes. The device was invented by Pupkin (see above). The second meaning is an underwater projectile.

Poison - give slack to the end (of the rope), tell naval tales, vomit food due to seasickness (after vodka they vomit, during seas they poison).

Bullying - a cheerful, friendly conversation, not interrupted by superiors and taking place in an informal atmosphere. In a formal setting, it is a manifestation of naval democracy. Contagious like the plague, endless like the Universe. The main occupation in the absence of superiors and in the company of women. Good with a glass, instead of a snack. With appetizer is dessert.

Three rings - this translates as: “three green beeps in the fog,” i.e. a signal meaning that the commander has left the ship also means that some of his subordinates can, without unnecessary noise, also join him in his wake to resolve personal issues on shore. These same three calls, but indicating the arrival of the commander on the ship, sharply increase the vigilance of the crew and the level of imitation of violent activity. For non-naval readers: THREE RINGS is not a tribute of respect or honor, it is a signal to the crew that the commander has arrived on the ship and has taken control of it, upon departure - that the senior officer has taken control of the ship, and now it is he who will lead the fight for survivability etc. in case something happens. So that the crew, if something happens, is not tormented by doubts about who to obey.

Uniforms No. 3 and No. 4

Three green beeps in the fog - 1) A conditioned signal of unknown meaning. 2) Signal, conditional words that have a second, true meaning for a limited group, in order to get rid of unwanted elements.

Three packages - a key phrase from an old military joke. Searching for excuses for mistakes before the command. The first package - at the beginning of the service, blame everything on the predecessor, the second - desperately repent of your own sins, the third - prepare to leave for a new duty station.

Trindets - the final and irrevocable end, amba, that's it.

Troika - uniform No. 3: flannel shirt, cloth trousers, leather boots.

Tropicka - tropical clothing, including a cap, jacket and shorts, as well as “slippers with holes”, i.e. lightweight sandals with lots of holes for ventilation.

Pipe - telephone handset. Here too, naval priority. Speaking pipes appeared in the navy even before telephones - on ships and coastal batteries.

Tubes - any local currency, except the dollar, euro and ruble. Even more often, the local currency is called X*yabriks.

You - a friendly address to a subordinate.

U

Dismissal – temporary exemption from military service, leaving the military unit for rest.

smart ass - a daring soldier. Awarded NSSom (see above).

Freaks - evaluation of superiors by subordinates and subordinates by superiors. Applicable to a group of smart people.

Charter - an official and unofficial set of military laws and regulations, everything that is required by the regulations for military personnel, the constitution of military service and statutory relations between all military personnel.

Training - training unit (division, crew, quarantine), in which conscripts receive initial military training.

F

Date fruit - a financier, officer or midshipman of the financial service, or acting as a freelance specialist of the financial service, receiving money at the cash desk and distributing allowances on the ship.

Wick – 1) Insert “wick” - currently an expression of general use, meaning scolding or reprimand. But its origin is originally naval. Once upon a time, in the darkness of the historical origins of the fleet, when there were no multi-flag codes of signals yet, the flagship, expressing displeasure with the maneuver of the squadron ship, ordered the name of this ship and the lit and smoking fuse visible from afar to be raised “to its place.” Everything immediately became very clear to the captain of this ship. The expression “the fuse is still smoking” means that this boss is still under the impression of what happened, and it is better not to meddle with your problems to him. 2) The ship's projectionist, a popular person and irreplaceable on the ship, especially on weekends. Derived from the name of a once popular film magazine. Later, with the widespread introduction of VCRs, the social status of this freelance position fell sharply, since you don’t need to push a tape into the mouth of a shabby “video recorder” of intelligence and special knowledge; even the lowest fool is capable of this.

Chip (strem) – a place of being on guard, monitoring the situation, standing on guard, guarding a secret event, something distinctive, significant, eventful.

Flagship muscle - head of physical training and sports of the corresponding unit.

Sh

Shvartov - thick rope or cable.

Moor - moor to the pier and tie the ship to it using a mooring line.

Mooring crew - a group of clueless sailors, poorly trained by the boatswain and mate and with little knowledge of the Russian language, confusing “left” and “right”.

Skerries (geographical) in Turkey

Shelupon - small fish, children, young sailors, junior officers, ships of the OVR formation (see above) from the bridge of the cruiser.

Chief - cook, cook.

Awl - alcohol. S. Dolzhikov explains: “For a long time in the navy, alcohol has had a strange slang name - “awl.” This name is a whole story. Once upon a time, back in the sailing fleet, vodka, a glass of which was always poured out to the sailors before dinner (those who didn’t drink, had a penny added to their pay every day), was stored in leather wineskins. Somehow the ties were specially sealed, so that it could be seen if anyone encroached on the sacred. So the most cunning sailors got the hang of piercing waterskins. The alcohol obtained in this way was called “shilny” or “shil”.

Shkryabka - a device with which metal is cleaned of rust before painting.

Shmon - sudden and thorough check of military personnel’s personal belongings.

Clothes - clothing certificate (see above).

Snorkel - device for diesel operation under water. A dangerous German invention in the form of a pipe with a large float at the end. When the sea is very rough, it can take on so much water that the submarine will sink.

rustle - actively act, work or pretend to work.

Joke - a joke, the natural result of which, as a rule, is a massive heart attack.

Nice - a sudden threat of revealing something secret, hidden, hidden.

Skerries – (Sw. skär) various cracks, narrownesses, wider – secluded places where you can store various things and even hide for a leisurely conversation with a comrade in difficult naval service: “Be strong, brother, the time will come - / There will be no stripes and shoulder straps, / And somewhere in a secluded “skerry” / We will choke out moonshine.”(Dolzhikov S., No. 11, 2002, p. 23). The second meaning is a winding canyon cutting deep into the land in the Scandinavian countries.

SCH

Right now - an ironic promise to fulfill something.

Kommersant

Kommersant - an indispensable attribute of true resilience and masculinity. Expressed in behavior and look. Purely marine quality, because... only a sailor can pronounce “b” out loud.

b

Hall's anchors on a pedestal in Kronstadt

b - used only by superiors during intimate conversations with subordinates.

E

E - used only in the plural: "Uh-uh", to gain some extra time while playing with your boss "why because", to instantly invent a plausible lie to explain the failure to do something. The length of the pause must be felt very subtly and not overextended. If you have no experience, it is better not to use “E”, but to prepare answer options in advance.

Equator - 50 days before the order to transfer to the reserve (DMB).

YU

South - a place of rest, but not of service.

I

I - a pronounced ego of the boss in communication with subordinates. When used with the verbs “said”, “I command”, it represents the ultimate truth. The second meaning is the cry of a serviceman who accidentally heard his last name from the lips of the commander (chief).

Anchor - the same thing as a “slow”, a stupid, slow, lazy, poorly trained soldier.

Captain
The ships of that time were usually commanded by aristocrats who did not have special knowledge of navigation and navigation. The pirates elected the most experienced and courageous member of the crew as captain. Contrary to the literature, a pirate captain rarely disciplined his sailors with swear words or iron fists. He was respected by the rest of the crew if he had a strong character, was brave and could successfully capture enemy ships. If the captain showed cowardice or cruelty towards his crew, the pirates rebelled and threw the captain overboard, or, at best, landed him on a desert island. Although some of these unfortunate captains were luckier, they managed to persuade the crew to land them at the nearest port and they got a chance to recruit new sailors and buy a new ship. The captain had no right to be last anywhere. The only thing that was not considered a manifestation of cowardice was if the captain remained on his bridge during hand-to-hand combat and did not climb in front of the boarding crew. In fact, the captain had no more power than any other pirate, he only led the ship and crew during the battle. The captain decided when and to which port the ship would go, was responsible for navigation and performed the duties of a pilot. If the crew believed that the captain was not coping well with his duties, he became an ordinary pirate, and his place was taken by another sailor chosen by the entire crew.

Quartermaster
The quartermaster was responsible for the condition of the ship. His main task was the distribution and supply of various materials needed on the ship, including gunpowder, as well as carrying out repair work, distributing booty and punishing offenders. Thus, we can say that the duties that on an ordinary ship were performed by one person, the captain, were distributed between two pirates. This made it possible to eliminate unity of command on the ship, which pirates hated so much. When the captain led the ship in battle, the quartermaster had to lead the boarding party and be in the hottest part of the battle. He also had to determine how valuable the captured cargo was and distribute the spoils. Naturally, the greatest value in mining was gold and silver. But the quartermaster also had to determine what to do with the captured ship's cargo. After all, often the hold of a pirate ship could already be filled with booty and it was necessary to throw away one product for another, more valuable one. The quartermaster was also the only person on the crew who could determine punishments for the offending pirate. The captain could only demand that the culprit be punished, but the degree of guilt was determined by the quartermaster, even if this went against the opinion of the majority. In addition, the quartermaster acted as a judge in disputes between crew members and in duels, if they did not contradict the pirate code. Thus, the quartermaster stood above the ship's captain in matters of military operations, division of spoils and management of the crew.

First Mate
On most ships there was also a position of first mate, who performed captain's duties during his absence. The first mate was also needed to lead the crew when capturing an enemy ship. Some pirate captains always had a first mate on the ship, but most often this position was held by the ship's owner. But often the first mates led riots on ships against the captain. Particularly dangerous was the collusion of the first mate with the quartermaster or boatswain. In fact, two or three officers could easily seize power on the ship into their own hands without bloodshed; it was enough just to draw up a new agreement with the crew, and then the most terrible fate awaited the former captain. He was either marooned on a desert island or hanged from the yardarm of his own ship, although sometimes it happened that the former captain became a simple member of the crew.

Navigator
The most experienced sailors, who know the sailing directions and sea charts perfectly, become navigators. Plotting a course and determining the location of a ship are very difficult tasks. The navigator must be able to use various astronomical instruments, calculate the ship's course and navigate it in the most dangerous places during the voyage. Often, the navigator could single-handedly save the ship during a battle, directing it only to him alone through a known passage between the rocks. The navigator is in charge of priceless sea charts, navigational instruments and ship's clocks. If there was no clerk on the ship, then the navigator was also responsible for keeping records and records. In turn, the first mate sometimes served as navigator.

Boatswain
The ship's crew always had people whose responsibilities included maintaining the technical condition of the ship and managing the crew. It was these duties that were performed by junior officers - ship's boatswains. One boatswain was responsible for equipping the ship, the other for managing the deck crew. There was also a boatswain carrying out the anchorage of the ship. Of course, on a small ship all these responsibilities were combined by one person. In this case, boatswain's duties were performed by captains and quartermasters. Sometimes one of the boatswains whose duties were responsible for managing the sails was called the Sail Master. Such specialists were highly valued among pirates, since sail control was a rather complex science. An ordinary boatswain was also assigned to help the Master, who monitored the condition of the sails, tackle and rigging and also duplicated the master’s commands during a battle or storm.

A carpenter
The carpenter was an extremely important member of the crew, responsible for keeping the ship afloat and the hull and masts in good working order. Good carpenters were also highly valued - pirates were sometimes even allowed not to participate in hand-to-hand combat. Carpenters were responsible for quickly repairing damage to the hull during battle, and also secured planks during storms. In addition, the carpenter’s responsibilities included maintaining the condition of wooden masts and decks, as well as purchasing high-quality materials on shore for repairs on the high seas. During the heeling of the ship, the main part of organizing this hard work also fell on the carpenter, but at the same time he was helped by the whole crew.

Gunner
The gunners were also highly valuable specialists who were responsible for the serviceability of the guns, their readiness to fire, and also personally commanded their guidance during the battle. This science was very difficult, so they were required not only to have a good eye and sober calculation, but also years of constant training and participation in real naval battles. In addition to the gunner, the cannon crew could consist of several people, whose duties included cleaning the gun barrel, loading, lighting the fuse, and rolling the cannon back into place after firing. A separate team could be responsible for bringing in cannonballs and gunpowder, opening and closing loopholes. On pirate ships with a small crew, the cannon crew often consisted of 2-3 people, and fire could only be fired from one side.

Ship's doctor
Doctors were highly valued among pirates, and often when an enemy ship was captured, the doctor was the first to receive an offer to join the winning crew. The doctor was the only person who was allowed not to sign the pirate agreement. Often the doctors of a captured ship were paid a reward if they simply provided assistance to members of the pirate crew. If there was no real doctor on the ship, any suitable pirate who had at least some knowledge of medicine was chosen for this position. A case is mentioned when a ship's carpenter was chosen as a doctor - since he had the necessary “tools” to perform amputations. Sometimes ship cooks were involved in healing - they were familiar with working with meat, but they were less qualified than carpenters.

Ship's cook (cook)
The ship's cook was responsible for food and food supplies. To become a real cook, you had to learn how to cut meat carcasses, know the rules for storing food, and also follow certain rules of cooking, otherwise the team could easily send the would-be cook overboard due to wasteful consumption of food or rotten drinking water. When visiting ports, the ship's cook had to provide provisions for the ship's crew throughout the upcoming voyage, so with the help of the strongest sailors he had to visit local markets and grocery stores. During the voyage, the koku was constantly assigned assistants, whose duties included maintaining the fire in the hearth and carrying food. Food was prepared in special ovens, since wooden ships were very fire hazardous. During the battle, the cook took part in the battle along with the entire team.

Pirate
The pirate is the main cell of the team. The main skill should be the ability to fight and risk your life. Freedom, wild, cheerful life, contempt for death are the basic principles of pirate philosophy.

Powder Monkey
This position originated in the British Navy. This was the name given to the boys who were part of the weapons team. Pirates often kidnapped or lured the most dexterous and sneaky port boys onto their ships and used their dexterity and dexterity. 11-13 year old pirates were engaged in cleaning weapons, cleaning ship premises, bringing gunpowder and charges during battle, in a word, these were ordinary errand boys. They could crawl into the most hidden corners of the ship, so pirates often used them to look for various hiding places on captured ships. On shore, the boys delivered secret letters to the pirates' allies and were used as scouts in enemy cities. Thanks to their agility and speed, gunpowder monkeys were often the only ones who managed to escape during the sinking of a ship or the capture of pirates. Newcomers on a pirate ship were usually trained as a gunpowder monkey, regardless of age. Powder Monkeys were the most poorly paid and unskilled sailors.

Piracy Agreement
"June 30, 1683
June 30th, 1683. Articles of the agreement adopted between us on board the Camelion under the command of N. Klov, that we will jointly dispose of all the goods on board; everyone must receive their full rightful share. The commander alone will receive two and a half shares for the ship, and the one whom the captain wishes to take as an assistant will receive one and a half shares.
This, Gentlemen, should satisfy you, as well as the fact that the doctor is entitled to one and a half shares, and these are the articles to which we all adhere, individually and collectively.
This should assure you that we intend to trade with the Spaniards and not to deal with any nation that we meet at sea.
So, Gentlemen, we hereby declare that if anyone in the future opposes us, he will be severely punished in accordance with what he has done, and all of you present here have taken a joint oath on the Holy Gospel to stick with each other until the end of life.
John Hallamore
Thomas Dixon sign
Robert Cockram
Joe Darwell cross
Arthur Davis cross
cross of D. Morrin
John Renals
sign of Robert Duzin
Nick. Klov
Samuel Haynsworth
Daniel Kelly
William Heath
John Griffin
Henry Mickelson
Albert Desen
Simon Webson sign
William Strocher
Edward Dow
John Watkins
Edward Starkey
George Paddisson sign
John Copping
sign of Henry Levin."

Rules
Disciplinary norms were stipulated in special “Rules” - a charter adopted on each pirate ship.

Bartholomew Roberts Rules
I
Each crew member has the right to vote on pressing issues; he has an equal right to receive fresh provisions and liquor as soon as they are captured; he can use them at his own pleasure, except in cases where for the general good it becomes necessary to limit their consumption.
II
Each member of the crew must be called, in accordance with the established procedure, on board the prize ship, because, in addition to his share of the captured booty, he can also take a change of linen. But if anyone tries to deceive the partnership and steal a silver plate, jewelry or money, his punishment will be landing on a desert island.
III
No crew member is allowed to play cards or dice for money.
IV
Lights and candles must be extinguished at 8 pm. If any of the crew still wants to continue drinking after this hour, they should do so on the upper deck.
V
Each crew member must keep guns, pistols and cutlass clean and in good working order.
VI
No child or woman is allowed on board. Anyone who brings a woman in disguise to the ship must be executed.
VII
Anyone who voluntarily leaves a ship or his place during a battle is sentenced to death or landing on a desert island.
VIII
No one has the right to fight on board a ship, but any quarrel can be resolved on shore with the use of a saber or pistol. If both parties could not come to an agreement, the quartermaster goes with them to the shore in order to ensure the correctness of the duel and place the opponents with their backs to each other at the required distance. When the command is given, they turn and must fire immediately or the gun will be knocked out of their hands. In the event of a mutual miss, the cutlass are used, and the quartermaster declares the winner the one who drew blood first.
IX
No member of the crew has the right to talk about disbanding the brotherhood until each has collected a share of 1000 pounds. If during the service someone loses a limb or becomes crippled, then 800 dollars are transferred to him from public capital; in case of lesser damage, he receives proportional compensation.
X
When dividing the spoils, the captain and quartermaster receive two shares each, the skipper, boatswain and gunner receive one and a half shares, and the remaining members of the command staff receive one share and a quarter.
XI
Musicians rest only on Sundays, and on the other six days and nights they have no right to do so unless they receive special permission.

Phillips rules
I
Everyone must obey the established rule: when dividing the spoils, the captain is entitled to one and a half shares, the quartermaster, carpenter, boatswain and gunner - a share and a quarter.
II
If it happens that someone escapes from the ship or hides some secret from the company, then he must be landed on a desert island with one horn of gunpowder, one bottle of water, a musket and a bullet.
III
For stealing any item from the company or for cheating during the game, the culprit must be left on a desert island or shot.
IV
If we meet someone left on a desert island (i.e. a pirate) and this person signs our charter without the consent of the entire company, then he must be punished as determined by the captain and carpenter.
V
While this statute remains in force, anyone who strikes another will receive, according to the law of Moses (which is forty lashes minus one) on his bare bottom.

2. And if the guilty person is worthy of beating, then let the judge order to put him down and beat him with him, depending on his fault, according to the count.
3. You can give him forty blows, and no more, so that from many blows your brother will not be disfigured before your eyes.

VI
Anyone who rattles a weapon, smokes tobacco in the hold without putting the cap on his pipe, or carries a lighted candle without a lantern will be subject to the same punishment.
VII
Anyone who does not keep his weapons clean and always ready, or neglects this matter, will be deprived of his share and punished by the verdict of the captain and carpenter.
VIII
Anyone who loses a hand or foot in battle is entitled to 400 reais; for someone who has lost a limb - 800.
IX
If we meet a respectable woman and someone interferes with her without her consent, he will immediately be put to death.

What did the pirates drink?

It is generally accepted that real pirates drank exclusively rum. This is true, in those days rum enjoyed great fame due to its properties. Rum was made from sugar molasses, and thanks to this it did not spoil in the heat. While fresh water began to smell rotten after just a couple of days, a small addition of rum returned the water to its normal taste. This is where the famous name came from - grog - a “cocktail” of water and rum.

Naturally, since I constantly wanted to drink, I drank rum and water very often. It is not surprising that almost all pirates were terrible drunks. The amount of rum given to pirates was practically unlimited, and therefore sea voyages often turned into formal drinking bouts and ended in disasters.
Pirates were very fond of beer, which they took a lot with them on their travels, but beer has a habit of spoiling, so naturally there was less of it than rum. Wine also took place on pirate ships, but it was disproportionately less than other drinks. Wine was an officer's privilege and they drank it little and rarely.

Sailor food was special because it had to meet several vital requirements: be compact enough, super-nutritious and, preferably, non-perishable.
As for the pirates’ diet, it was based on meat food captured from the port and goods intercepted from traders. It’s quite difficult to call pirates picky when it comes to food, so it doesn’t make much sense to study this issue.
Rusks, corned beef, cereals, rum. Under good circumstances - onions, garlic (the most valuable remedies). For bad ones - “potage” (well-boiled bones, cartilage and other remains). Sometimes - cheese, fish. It must be said that there were bad times more often than good ones: neither the captain nor the quartermaster services could clearly determine how long the voyage would last. That's why we saved on everything.

So, meat: corned beef or pork. It lies in the hold in barrels. It doesn't seem like it should spoil quickly. However, it is possible that the villainous quartermaster turned a blind eye to the substandard product supplied to the ship for a certain bribe. Or instead of the small barrels established by the documentation, he took corned beef in large ones. This means that the sailors will take a long time to finish eating spoiled food - after all, the meat in them goes rotten before they have time to eat it.

Another option is “second-class” corned beef: stringy, tough, too salty. Before consumption, such meat was usually chopped into pieces and thrown into a vat, filled with water. Then one of the sailors kneaded it with his feet for a long time to soften the product.
Rusks or biscuits were stored in special chests. Rats and worms often climbed freely there. Experienced sailors therefore advised newcomers to eat crackers in the dark - not to injure, so to speak, the nervous system. Biscuits differed from crackers in the complete absence of salt: this product was designed to balance its excess in corned beef. Often the biscuits were so hard that the sailors had difficulty breaking them, for example, on a table.

Cereals: most often peas. It must be said that hot food was not cooked on a sailboat every day. During a storm or hostilities, the sailors were content with dry rations. Rats and worms also loved peas, so stew “with meat” was a common dish. Speaking of rats: there were very, very many of them on sailing ships. There is evidence that 4,000 rats were killed on one of the Spanish galleons - and this was only during one voyage to Europe from the Caribbean islands.

On land, as at sea, pirates could not do without their favorite rum, but not because they were thirsty, but because they became addicted to alcohol. Many pirate ships were captured only because not a single member of the crew was in a defensive state - everyone was drunk. Overall, this shows the state of pirates at that time. We will always associate the image of a pirate with a bottle of rum. Yo-ho-ho!

Since the time when the boats of our distant ancestors began to accommodate not one, but several people, the one who steered the boat with a steering oar began to stand out among them, while the rest, following his instructions, rowed or set the sail. This man enjoyed the unlimited confidence of the crew, since he was able to steer the ship, relying on his own experience and intuition, and was the first helmsman, navigator and captain all rolled into one.

Subsequently, as the size of ships grew, so did the number of people required to set the ship in motion and control it. A natural division of labor began, when everyone became responsible for their specific business and, all together, for the successful outcome of the voyage. This is how gradation and specialization began among seafarers - positions, titles, and specialties appeared.

History has not preserved the first names of those whose destiny was navigation, but it can be assumed that already thousands of years before our era, the coastal peoples had terms that defined people’s belonging to the maritime profession.

One of the seven class castes in Ancient Egypt was the helmsman caste. These were brave people, almost suicide bombers according to Egyptian standards. The fact is that, leaving the country, they were deprived of the protection of their native gods...

The first reliable information about the system of naval ranks dates back to the times of Ancient Greece; it was later adopted by the Romans. Arab sailors developed their own system of maritime knowledge. Thus, the word “admiral”, derived from the Arabic “amir al bahr”, which means “lord of the seas,” has become firmly established in all European languages. Europeans learned about many of these Arabic terms from the oriental tales “A Thousand and One Nights,” in particular from “The Voyage of Sinbad the Sailor.” And the very name of Sinbad - a collective image of Arab merchants - is a distortion of the Indian word “Sindhaputi” - “ruler of the sea”: this is how the Indians called shipowners.

After the 13th century, a distinctive system of naval ranks arose among the southern Slavs: shipowner - "brodovlastnik" (from "brod" - ship), sailor - "brodar" or "ladyar", oarsman - "oarer", captain - "leader", crew - “posada”, head of the naval forces - “Pomeranian governor”.

In pre-Petrine Russia there were no naval ranks and there could not have been, since the country did not have access to the sea. However, river navigation was very developed, and in some historical documents of those times there are Russian names for ship positions: captain - “head”, pilot - “vodich”, senior over the crew - “ataman”, signalman - “makhonya” (from “waving” ). Our ancestors called sailors “sar” or “sara”, so in the menacing cry of the Volga robbers “Saryn to the kichka!” (on the bow of the ship!) "saryn" should be understood as "ship's crew."

In Rus', the shipowner, captain and merchant in one person were called “shipman”, or guest. The original meaning of the word “guest” (from the Latin hostis) is “stranger.” In Romance languages ​​it went through the following path of semantic changes: stranger - foreigner - enemy. In the Russian language, the development of the semantics of the word “guest” took the opposite path: stranger - foreigner - merchant - guest. (A. Pushkin in “The Tale of Tsar Saltan” uses the words “guests-gentlemen” and “shipmen” as synonyms.)

Although under Peter I the word “shipman” was supplanted by new, foreign-language ones, it existed as a legal term in the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire until 1917.

The first document in which, along with the old Russian words “shipman” and “feeder”, foreign words were found, was the “Article Articles” of David Butler, who led the team of the first warship “Eagle”. This document was a prototype of the Maritime Charter. On its translation from Dutch by the hand of Peter I it is written: “The articles are correct, against which all ship captains or initial ship men deserve to be used.”

During the reign of Peter I himself, a stream of new, hitherto unknown job titles and titles poured into Russia. “For this reason,” he considered it necessary to “create” the Naval Regulations, so that on every large and small ship “everyone knew his position, and no one would excuse himself by ignorance.”

Let's try to take at least a quick look at the history of the origin of the main terms related to the composition of the ship's crew - the crew of a yacht or boat.

BATTALER- the one who manages clothing and food supplies. The word has nothing to do with “battle”, since it comes from the Dutch bottelen, which means “to pour into bottles,” hence bottelier - cupbearer.

BOATSWAIN- the one who monitors order on deck, the serviceability of the spar and rigging, manages general ship work, and trains sailors in maritime affairs. Derived from the Dutch boot or English boat - “boat” and man - “man”. In English, along with boatsman, or “boat (ship) man”, there is the word boatswain - this is the name of the “senior boatswain”, who has several “junior boatswains” under his command (boatswain’mate, where our old “boatswain’s mate” comes from).

In Russian, the word “boatswain” is first found in D. Butler’s “Article Articles” in the forms “botsman” and “butman”. There, for the first time, the scope of his responsibilities was defined. In the merchant navy, this rank was officially introduced only in 1768.

WATCH MAN- this initially “land” word came into the Russian language from German (via Poland), in which Wacht means “guard, guard”. If we talk about maritime terminology, then the Naval Charter of Peter I includes the word “watchman” borrowed from Dutch.

DRIVER- helmsman on a boat. In this meaning, this Russian word appeared recently as a direct translation of the English draiver. However, in the domestic maritime language it is not so new: in the pre-Petrine era, words of the same root - “vodich”, “ship leader” - were used to call pilots.

“Navigator” is a currently existing and purely official term (for example, in maritime law), as is “amateur navigator” - in the meaning of “captain”, “skipper” of a small recreational and tourist fleet.

DOCTOR- a completely Russian word, it has the same root as the word “liar”. They come from the Old Russian verb “to lie” with a primary meaning of “talk nonsense, idle talk, speak” and a secondary meaning of “conspiracy”, “heal”.

CAPTAIN- sole commander on the ship. This word came to us in a complex way, entering the language from medieval Latin: capitaneus, which is derived from caput - “head”. It appears for the first time in written records in 1419.

The military rank of “captain” first appeared in France - this was the name given to the commanders of detachments numbering several hundred people. In the navy, the title "captain" probably came from the Italian capitano. On the galleys, the captain was the first assistant to the “saprokomit” in military matters; he was responsible for the training of soldiers and officers, led in boarding battles, and personally defended the flag. This practice was later adopted by sailing military and even merchant ships, which hired armed detachments for protection. Even in the 16th century, those who could better protect the interests of the crown or the shipowner were often appointed to the position of first person on a ship, since military qualities were valued above maritime knowledge and experience. Thus, the title “captain” became mandatory on warships of almost all nations from the 17th century. Later, captains began to be divided into ranks in strict accordance with the rank of the ship.

In Russian, the title "captain" has been known since 1615. The first "ship captains" were David Butler, who led the crew of the ship "Eagle" in 1699, and Lambert Jacobson Gelt, who led the crew of the yacht built together with the "Eagle". Then the title of “captain” received official status in the Amusement Troops of Peter I (Peter himself was the captain of the bombardment company of the Preobrazhensky Regiment). In 1853, the rank of captain in the navy was replaced by "ship commander". On ships of the ROPiT since 1859 and the Voluntary Fleet since 1878, skippers from military fleet officers began to be unofficially called “captains,” and officially this rank in the civilian fleet was introduced in 1902 to replace “skipper.”

COOK- a cook on a ship, so called since 1698. The word came into the Russian language from Dutch. Derived from Lat. cocus - "cook".

COMMANDER- head of the yacht club, leader of a joint trip of several yachts. Initially, this was one of the highest degrees in the orders of knighthood, then, during the Crusades, it was the rank of commander of an army of knights. The word is derived from the Latin: the preposition cum - “with” and the verb mandare - “to order”.

In the Russian Navy at the beginning of the 18th century, the officer rank of “commander” was introduced (between a captain of the 1st rank and a rear admiral; it still exists in foreign fleets). The commanders wore admiral's uniforms, but epaulettes without an eagle. Since 1707, instead of it, the title of “captain-commander” was awarded, which was finally abolished in 1827. This title was held by outstanding navigators V. Bering, A.I. Chirikov, and one of the last - I.F. Krusenstern.

CILEM(English cooper, Dutch Kuiper - “cooper”, “cooper”, from kuip - “tub”, “tub”) - a very important position on wooden ships. He not only maintained the barrels and tubs in good condition, but also monitored the watertightness of the ship's hull. The foreign word “cork” quickly entered everyday Russian speech, forming the derivatives “cork” and “uncork.”

PILOT- a person who knows the local navigation conditions and takes upon himself the safe navigation and mooring of the vessel. Usually this is a middle-aged navigator, about whom sailors jokingly, remembering the lights installed for the pilot vessel, say: “White hair - red nose.” Initially, pilots were crew members, but in the XIII-XV centuries there appeared those who worked only in their own specific area. The Dutch called such a “pilot” a “pilot” (loodsman, from lood - “lead”, “sinker”, “lot”). The first document regulating the activities of pilots appeared in Denmark (the “Naval Code” of 1242), and the first state pilotage service was organized in England in 1514.

In Rus', the pilot was called the “ship’s leader,” and his assistant, who measured the depth at the bow with a lot, was often called the “noser.” In 1701, by decree of Peter I, the term “pilot” was introduced, but until the middle of the 18th century the term “pilot” could also be found. The first state pilotage service in Russia was created in 1613 in Arkhangelsk, and the first manual for them was the instructions for pilots of the St. Petersburg port, published in 1711 by Admiral K. Kruys.

SAILOR- perhaps the “darkest” word in origin. All that is known for certain is that it came to us in the 17th century from the Dutch sea tongue in the form of “matros”. And although in the Naval Regulations of 1724 the form “sailor” is already found, until the middle of the 19th century “matros” was still more common. It can be assumed that this word comes from the Dutch mattengenoot - “bed mate”: matta - “matting”, “mat”, and genoot - “comrade”.

In the middle of the century, the word mattengenoot, in the truncated form matten, came to France and was transformed into the French matelot - sailor. And after some time, this same “matlo” returned to Holland again and, unrecognized by the Dutch, turned first into matrso, and then into the more easily pronounced matroos.

There is another interpretation. Some etymologists see the Dutch matt - “comrade” in the first part of the word, others - mats - “mast”. Some scholars see Viking heritage in this word: in Icelandic, for example, mati - “comrade” and rosta - “battle”, “fight”. And together “matirosta” means “combat friend”, “comrade in arms”.

DRIVER- the word is relatively young. It appeared at a time when sails in the navy began to be replaced by the steam engine, and was borrowed from it. Mashinist (from the Old Greek machina), but first noted in Russian in 1721! Naturally, at that time this maritime specialty did not yet exist.

MECHANIC- the origin is similar to the word “machinist”, but in the Russian language in the form “mechanicus” it was noted even earlier - in 1715.

SAILOR- a person who has chosen the maritime profession as his destiny. This profession is believed to be about 9,000 years old. Our ancestors called its representatives “morenin”, “sailor” or “sailor”. The root "hod" is very ancient. The expression “walking on the sea” is found already in the chronicle when describing the campaign of Prince Oleg to Constantinople in 907. One can also recall “Walking across the Three Seas” by Afanasy Nikitin.

In modern language, the root “move” has become entrenched in the terms “seaworthiness”, “navigability”, “propellance”, etc. Peter I tried to instill the foreign Italian-French name for a military sailor - “mariner” (from the Latin mare - sea). It has been found since 1697 in the forms “mari-nir”, “marinal”, but by the end of the 18th century it fell out of use, leaving only a trace in the word “midshipman”. Another Dutch term, “zeeman” or “zeiman,” suffered the same fate. It existed only until the end of the first quarter of the 19th century.

PILOT- driver (less often - navigator) of a racing boat; an obvious borrowing from aviation “as a sign of respect” for high speeds. During the early Middle Ages, this was the personal rank of a pilot who accompanied the ship throughout the entire passage from the port of departure to the port of destination. This word came to us through the Italian pilota, and its roots are ancient Greek: pedotes - “helmsman”, derived from pedon - “oar”.

STEERING- the one who directly controls the progress of the ship, standing at the helm. The word goes back to the Dutch pyp ("rudder") and in this form is mentioned in the Naval Regulations of 1720 ("Inspect the Ruhr before going on a voyage"). By the middle of the 18th century, the word "ruhr" finally replaced the ancient Russian "helm", however, the title of "steerman" was officially retained in the Russian galley fleet until the last decade of the same century.

SALAGA- inexperienced sailor. Contrary to the original “interpretations”, for example, on the topic of a historical anecdote about the mythical island of Alag (“Where are you from?” “From Alag”), the prosaic version is closer to the truth, connecting this word with “herring” - small fish. “Salaga” in some Russian dialects, mainly in the northern provinces, has long been the name for small fish. In the Urals, the use of the word “herring” as a nickname has been recorded, that is, in the meaning of “new fish”.

SIGNALMAN- a sailor who transmits messages from ship to ship or to shore by means of manual semaphore or raising signal flags. The word “signal” came to us under Peter I through the German Signal from Latin (signum - “sign”).

STARPO- both parts of this word come from Old Slavonic roots. The senior (from the stem "hundred") here has the meaning of "chief", because it should be the most experienced of the captain's assistants. And “helper” originates from the now lost noun “moga” - “strength, might” (its traces have been preserved in the words “help”, “nobleman”, “infirmity”).

SKIPPER- captain of a civil ship. The word represents the "namesake" of the "shipman" - "schipor", and then goll. schipper (from schip - "ship"). Some etymologists see the formation from a word from Norman (Old Scand. Skipar) or Danish (skipper) with the same meaning. Others point to the closeness of the word to the German Schiffer (from schiff(s)herr - “lord, captain of the ship”).

In Russian, the word first appears at the beginning of the 18th century as a junior officer rank. According to the Naval Regulations, the skipper had to “see that the ropes were well folded and that they lay neatly in the interior”; “in throwing and taking out the anchor, you are responsible for beating [beatings] and watching over the tying of the anchor rope.”

In the merchant fleet, the navigator's rank of skipper was introduced only in 1768 with mandatory passing of exams at the Admiralty. In 1867, the title was divided into long-distance and coastal skippers, and in 1902 it was abolished, although the position of “podskipper” - the keeper of the ship’s deck supplies - on large ships still exists, as does the word “skipper’s storeroom”.

Shkotovy- a sailor working on sheets (from the Dutch schoot - floor). The word "sheet" (gear for controlling the clew angle of a sail) first appears in the Naval Regulations of 1720 in the form "sheet".

NAVIGATOR- navigation specialist. This word in Russian was first noted in the form “sturman” in the “Article Articles” of D. Butler, then in “Painting of supplies for the barcolon...” by K. Kruys (1698) in the forms “sturman” and “sturman” and Finally, in the Naval Charter of 1720 the modern form of the word is found. And it comes from the Dutch stuur - “steering wheel”, “to rule”. During the heyday of navigation, when the ships of the Dutch East India Company were already sailing the waters of the Indian Ocean and the role of navigators increased enormously, the Dutch word “navigator” became international. So in the Russian language it replaced the ancient “helmsman” or “kormshchiy” (from “stern”, where since ancient times there was a ship control post). According to the “Article Articles”, the navigator had to inform the captain “the acquired height of the pole (pole) and show his notebook about the ship’s navigation and the book of the sea navigation in order to best advise on the preservation of the ship and people...”.

CABIN BOY- a boy on a ship studying seamanship. This word appeared in Russian vocabulary under Peter I (from the Dutch jongen - boy). At that time, there were “cabin cabin boys” recruited as servants, and “deck cabin boys” for deck work. Many famous admirals began their naval service as cabin boys, including the “admiral of admirals” - Horatio Nelson.

Nautical jargon

The most vivid in its imagery part of the vocabulary of sailors is represented by units - words and phrases that belong exclusively to the element of colloquial speech, realized in conditions of informal communication. This is the part of the vocabulary in which it is often difficult to separate professionalism from jargon, since both successfully replace the corresponding equivalent of literary speech used in official documents and formal settings. An integral part of the social group speech of sailors, the vocabulary that can be presented as a language passport by a representative of a given social group, the most striking feature of the speech portrait of a sailor, is maritime jargon.

The main features of maritime jargon: orality (individual units can have a different graphic form), different life spans of each individual unit, regional marking, explained by the existence of a lexical unit in the speech practice of sailors, the presence of buzzwords, which, as a rule, have a very short life, military-military connection maritime with the general jargon of the armed forces, their branches and branches of troops, borrowing from the jargon of other social groups, primarily the youth and criminal environment, the presence of a kind of folklore, as an obligatory fragment of the subculture of a given social group - moral tales, proverbs, stories.

Units of naval jargon reflect the conceptual world of service in the navy: Kuli (a mocking nickname for a sailor who does not have a military rank), Janmaat (joking, sailor), der GroYe (novice navigator) Huhnboot (small boat), “der blaue Peter” (Signalflagge P-flag P of the international code of signals), abreiten (to storm, wait out the storm by lying down in a drift), Erste Geige (ceremonial uniform), Adelsborst - a mocking sea cadet, Affensitz - the helmsman's place in a rowboat, Aldislampe - (Handmorselampe - a pocket flashlight for Morse code transmissions), Hand für Koje- payment for travel on board by physical labor, Himmelshaken (non-existent tool, an item that a newbie should look for to amuse the crew) Himmelskomiker (sea pastor) Kaffeesegler (mocking name for a cozy, unsporting sailing ship), kapern ( seize a ship), kappen (cut off, chop down), Fettkeller (Maschinenraum - engine room), Kellerkinder (engine room staff), In Kiellinie fahren (ride in the wake), klar Schiff machen and many others. etc. (Dolzhikov S., No. 10, 2002, p. 14).

Commands and orders in the fleet

In any collective activity, be it a team of athletes or a group of tourists, construction or aviation, law enforcement agencies or the army, clear personnel management is necessary to achieve set goals. As a rule, team management occurs through instructions and orders.

Instructions and orders are an integral part of the vocabulary in navigation. In this type of activity, such lexical combinations are extremely important, since the success of the voyage and even the fate of the entire crew depends on the interaction of the crew. In the navy, there is a clear distribution of responsibilities and positions among the ship's crew (a similar structure in the armed forces). The maritime language is very rich in various command expressions, especially when it comes to vocabulary on sailing ships. To solve assigned tasks, commands come from senior command staff to lower-ranking crew members.

Examples of various commands

Run achtern!- all the way back!

Stützen!- keep the course straight!

stütz Ruder!- resist the ship's rotation during maneuver!

klar bei Anker! - make an anchor for recoil!

Besanschot an- traditional command on large sailing ships to hand out a glass of schnapps

fest!- command to stop lifting, mooring

Halt Wasser!- Command to stop the rowing vessel

in Segelstellung bringen!- command to turn off the engine and sail

Komm auf!- bring the oar to the middle part of the ship, boat

Recht so!- command to stay the course

Ree!- into the wind!

alle Mann an Deck! - all the way up! (team)

Rein Schiff!- team for thorough cleaning of the ship

Setzen die Segel!- raise the sails

abfahren!- Set sail!