The height of the pyramid of Cheops in meters. Anomalies. How many years did they build the tomb of Cheops

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    Every year articles appear in the press revealing the secrets of the Great Pyramid. However, each time new questions arise for which scientists do not have an answer. Now everyone is hearing a new hypothesis, if not fully revealing, then very close to this mystery.

    Pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) took 20 years to build

    It is known that the pyramid of Cheops (Khufu) was built for 20 years. Basically, about 14 thousand people participated in its construction. However, at some stages, up to 40 thousand took part in the construction.

    Of course, experts have a very definite idea of ​​\u200b\u200bhow the Great Pyramids were built. However, scientists do not want to stop there. In their opinion, the simplest versions are not able to explain how the masterpiece of ancient architecture was built in reality: it makes too much impression.

    So, the French architect Jean-Pierre Houdin offers his own version of the construction technique. In 2006, he proposed an original hypothesis: the ancient Egyptians built the upper part of the pyramid (and this is about 70% in height) from the inside.

    To understand why this hypothesis is relevant today, you should first make a short digression into history.

    In recent years, so many versions have appeared that even a simple listing of them would take a long time. Of course, a separate place is occupied by aliens with their anti-gravity technology. However, even in the 26th century BC, there were plenty of opportunities.

    The most probable scheme is also the simplest. According to one hypothesis, the workers dragged blocks of limestone with the help of ropes and blocks along the long embankments upward. As an option - a spiral stone "track", laid out on the walls of the pyramid itself, along which the stones were delivered upward. This scheme is characterized by a huge amount of earthworks.

    A variant of the construction technique of the French architect Jean-Pierre Houdin

    In both cases, quite a lot of wooden levers with ropes were used - lifting mechanisms, with the help of which the Egyptians installed multi-ton blocks in the right place, lifted them from tier to tier.

    You can also find a description of these simple devices in Herodotus. True, he believed that the Egyptians used "cranes", lifting blocks from level to level one by one. However, most Egyptologists believe that ramps were combined with levers during construction.

    However, there are a number of alternative versions

    It is possible that the pyramid was made of concrete (scientific experiments have proven that the ancients knew how to make it). Therefore, there was simply no problem how to lift the stone. Unfortunately, this version does not take into account the granite monoliths located in the pyramid, many of which are incomparably larger in weight than limestone.

    There was a hypothesis that the stone blocks were lifted with the help of wooden gateways, which were built on the growing walls. In addition, many of the described methods were built on the basis of the "basic" laws of physics and mechanics.

    However, weaknesses can be found in all hypotheses. For example, the construction of a straight embankment requires work comparable to the construction of the pyramid itself, and the length of such an ascent must exceed one and a half kilometers (at the end of construction), and stone blocks must also lie at its base.

    During the construction of the pyramid of Cheops, ancient Egyptian engineers used a system of internal ramps and tunnels to erect the upper part of this structure ...

    According to Egyptologist Bob Brier, it's like building two pyramids. In addition, the remains of such a ramp have not been found anywhere. Bryer, by the way, is familiar to us from the recent discovery of a construction defect in the pyramid of Cheops.

    Some traces of former ramps in the vicinity of the pyramid have long been discovered. But, according to calculations, they cannot be fully responsible for the construction of this grandiose monument. That is why the "official" Egyptologists are inclined to the mentioned scheme of the combined use of ramps and lifting mechanisms built of wood.

    As Bob explains, the spiral road running along the outer walls could hide during construction the corners and edges of the structure itself, the constant measurements of which were necessary - without this, it would not have been possible to achieve the accuracy of proportions and lines of the Great Pyramid, which architects still admire today. Therefore, a "geodetic survey" would be impossible.

    However, Jean-Pierre paints a different picture.

    The lower third of the pyramid, which contains most of its mass, was erected by the already considered method of the outer ramp, which, at such a height of the structure, was not yet too unwieldy. But then the tactics were radically changed.

    Houdin believes that the limestone blocks that made up the ramp of the lower third of the Cheops pyramid were largely dismantled and reused to build the upper levels of the pyramid itself. Therefore, no traces of the original ramp have been found anywhere.

    Construction of the pyramid of Cheops

    In addition, in the process of erecting new tiers, workers left a large corridor inside the walls, which spiraled upward. Along this corridor, new blocks were lifted to the top of the structure. After the completion of the work, the tunnel itself completely disappeared from sight. Therefore, the road did not even have to be dismantled.

    Houdin argues that the conventional hypothesis paradigm was wrong. The pyramid could not have been built from the outside.

    With the help of computer simulations last year, Houdin visualized his method of building a pyramid and proved that this method works. Interestingly, indirect evidence of the correctness of Jean-Pierre was also found in Egypt, directly in the most ancient monument.

    Approximately at a height of 90 meters on the northeastern face of the pyramid of Khufu, near the corner, there is a hole discovered by archaeologists some time ago. Of course, Egyptologists are well aware of it, but they cannot say anything concrete about the purpose of the room located behind the manhole.

    Recently, Bob Bryer, who has become a proponent of the Houdin hypothesis, climbed inside this hole with the National Geographic team (taking a detailed survey for the first time). What he saw surprisingly fit into the scheme with an internal sloping corridor.

    The fact is that in order to rotate the blocks being lifted by 90 degrees, when moving from one face of the pyramid to another, the builders had to leave open spaces in the corners of the structure - where the secret ramps intersected.

    Only after the construction of the tomb of the pharaoh was completed, it would be possible to sequentially fill these openings with new blocks drawn in along the same corkscrew-shaped corridor.

    The corner sections of the spiral corridor, which were open until the last moment, allowed workers, using simple levers and ropes, to turn the blocks being raised along the slope by 90 degrees in order to push them into the next tunnel. It's like a railroad depot with a turntable that helps diesel locomotives turn around in tight spaces to head in a new direction.

    The corner sections of the spiral corridor, which were open until the last moment, allowed workers to turn the blocks lifted along the slope by 90 degrees with the help of simple levers and ropes.

    Brier saw beyond the manhole an L-shaped hall, the remnant of one such turn. It is in the exact location predicted by Houdin's computer model.

    There should be two immured portals, located at an angle of 90 degrees to one another. Behind them could well be the very tunnels that go not so deep under the surface of the walls. According to the French architect, the secret of the entire building is kept in the massive blocks that sealed the tunnels thousands of years ago.

    However, for quite a long time this emptiness in the corner remained unnoticed. The fact is that the meaning of the building can be unraveled only by having a general plan in mind. If you, without thinking about the internal ramps and recesses, just climbed into this room, it will mean nothing to you.

    This angled turn may well be the missing piece in the Great Pyramid puzzle. Moreover, there is another trace in this story.

    French archaeologists visited Giza in 1986 and 1998. They were looking for hidden cavities in the pyramid of Cheops using microgravimetry. Among other things, the researchers found a void under the queen's chamber. This cavity, according to them, is the beginning of the corridor leading to the true burial place of Cheops. But in this case, we are interested in their other involuntary discovery.

    This finding did not fit into existing theories, so the researchers did not explain it in any way. But a few years ago, at a certain conference dedicated to the pyramids, Houdin approached one of the members of the gravimetric team, engineer Hui Don Bui. He showed him diagrams that reflected fluctuations in the density of the material inside the pyramid. In one of the drawings, a spiral structure was traced along the outer walls at some depth. Jean-Pierre immediately knew what it was.

    According to Bob Brier, if he hadn't seen that diagram, he would have thought that building with a twisted tunnel was just another theory. The information obtained by the French forced him to support the Houdin hypothesis.

    And in order to find new hard evidence, says Jean-Pierre, you don’t need to drill a pyramid at all and, in general, penetrate inside. To begin with, it will be enough to show these "phantom" corridors on thermal images of the pyramid.

    Properties of the pyramid of Cheops.


    Veinik V.A.


    Introduction.

    Word " pyramid"" was produced by the famous "antique" "author Pliny the Elder from the word" flame ", which means in Greek pyr - fire, heat. And since the sounds" p "and" l "in Egypt were mixed, the word" pyramid \u003d pylamide "immediately approaches the Slavic word "flame". So, the words "pie", "flame", "pyramid \u003d pylamida" turn out to have the same root! Perhaps they all came from the Slavic word "flame".
    Pyramid- a polyhedron, the base of which is a polygon, and the remaining faces are triangles having a common vertex.
    The center of gravity of the volume of the pyramid(or cone) lies on a straight line segment connecting the top of the pyramid (cone) with the center of gravity of the base, at a distance equal to 3/4 of the length of this segment, counting from the top.

    Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops).

    Wikipedia reference: the pyramid of Pharaoh Khufu (Cheops is the Greek spelling of the Egyptian name), the Great Pyramid of Giza is the largest of the Egyptian pyramids, the only one of the "Seven Wonders of the World" that has survived to this day. The alleged architect of the Great Pyramid is Hemiun, the vizier and nephew of Cheops. Construction time - IV dynasty (2560-2540 BC). In Egypt, the date of the start of the construction of the Cheops pyramid is officially established and celebrated - August 23, 2480 BC. This date was obtained using the astronomical method of the Englishwoman Kate Spence.
    Spence Keith(Spence Kate), British Egyptologist. He currently teaches the archeology of ancient Egypt at the University of Cambridge. In 1997 she received her PhD from Christ's College, Cambridge. Email: [email protected]
    There is a story of a certain "ancient Greek" historian Herodotus(nickname Herodotus - Old Giver, probably lived in the 14th-15th centuries AD) about the pyramids, which are given considerable attention in his work "Muses" or "History" ["History. Euterpe", v. 2]: 124. "The construction of the pyramid itself lasted 20 years. It is four-sided, each side of it is 8 plethres wide and the same height, and is built of hewn stones carefully fitted to each other. Each stone is at least 30 feet long."
    Here plefr(or pletra, other Greek pletron) - a unit of length in Ancient Greece, equal to 100 Greek or 104 Roman feet (feet), which is 30.65 m; Byzantine measure of length from 29.81 to 35.77 m.
    V 1638 English mathematician and astronomer John Greaves(John Greavs, 1602-1652), who graduated from Oxford and taught geometry in London, decided to go to Egypt. He explored the internal passages of the pyramid of Cheops and was the first to measure it. The height of the pyramid was 144 or 149 m, if we take into account the missing capstone. The errors in his calculations did not exceed three or four meters. Greaves published the results of his measurements and research in the book "Pyramidography, or Discourse on the Pyramids in Egypt" (London, 1646). It was generally the first scientific book about the pyramids.
    V 1661 English traveler Edward Melton(Edward Melton) measured the Great Pyramid and was the first to visit the pyramids of Dashur (the southernmost "pyramid field" 26 km south of Cairo, on the west bank of the Nile). In the work "Sights and Ancient Monuments Seen While Traveling in Egypt" (Amsterdam, 1661), he also placed images of the pyramids.
    V 1799 year in his multi-volume work, a French engineer, geographer and archaeologist Edme Francois Jaumard(Edme Francois Jomard, 1777-1862), together with other scientists (at least 175) who accompanied Napoleon's army to Egypt (1798-1801), compiled the first scientific description of the Cheops pyramid and made the first accurate measurements - he was the first to establish the exact height of the pyramid - 144 m , the angle of inclination of its sides is 51o19 "14" and the length of the rib from top to bottom is 184.722 m.
    In 1842-1862. E.-F. Zhomar published a collection of "Monuments of the History of Geography".
    Jomard Edme Francois, "Les monuments de la geographie; ou, Recueil d" anciennes cartes europeenes et orientales, (Atlas)" ("Monuments of the history of geography; or, Collection of former maps, European and Oriental, (Atlas)", Paris: Duprat , etc. 1842-1862).
    V 1837 English colonel William Howard-Weese(William Howard-Vyse, 1784-1853) measured the angle of inclination of the faces of the pyramid: it turned out to be 51 ° 51 ". This value is still recognized by most researchers today. The tangent equal to 1.27306 corresponds to the indicated value of the angle. This value corresponds to the ratio of the height of the pyramid to Wise's research is published in the three-volume Works Carried Out at the Pyramids of Giza in 1837 (London, 1840-1842).

    Fig.1. Pyramid of Cheops (view from the east).

    The main dimensions of the pyramid of Khufu (Cheops).

    1) Platform at the top: originally crowned with a granite pyramid (pyramidion). The summit was presumably destroyed by an earthquake in 1301. Today, the top of the pyramid is a square with sides of about 10 m. During the Second World War, an English air defense post was located on the site.
    2) pyramid height: 146.721  148.153 m (calculated). Most likely, the exact size is 146.59 m, and the rest of the values ​​are just varying degrees of rounding.
    Height of the pyramid (today): ≈ 138.75 m.
    3) Base length: 230.365  232.867 m (calculated).
    The length of the sides of the base: south - 230.454 m (+/- 6 mm); north - 230.251 m (+/- 10 mm); west - 230.357 m; east - 230.394 m.
    4) Apothem of the side face: 186.539  188.415 m (calculated).
    5) Side face length (edge): 230.33 m (calculated).
    The length of the side face (now): about 225 m.
    6) Angle of inclination of the side face(Alpha Primary): 51°49"  51°52"06".
    7) Number of layers (tiers) of stone blocks- 210 pcs. (at the time of construction).
    Now layers - 203 pcs.
    8) Entrance to the pyramid is located at an altitude of 15.63 m on the north side.

    Fig.2. Pyramid of Cheops (view from the north).

    Some aspect ratios.

    According to experts, the estimated height of the Great Pyramid 146,59 m.
    a) The ratio of the height of the pyramid to the length of the base is 7:11. It is this ratio that determines the angle of 51 ° 51 ", the angle of inclination of the side faces.
    b) The ratio of the perimeter of the base (921.453 m) to the height (146.59 m) gives the number 6.28, that is, a number close to 2π.
    The study of the geometry of the Great Pyramid does not give an unambiguous answer to the question of the original proportions of this structure. It is assumed (!) that the Egyptians had an idea about the "golden section" and the number "Pi", which were reflected in the proportions of the pyramid.

    On the side of the cake is the "golden section".

    Wikipedia reference: The golden section (golden proportion, division in the extreme and average ratio) - the ratio of two quantities, equal to the ratio of their sum to the larger of these quantities. The approximate value of the golden ratio is
    1 = 0,6+ 0,381966011250105151795413165634362.
    For practical purposes, approximate values ​​of 0.62 and 0.38 are often used. If the segment AB is taken as 100 parts, then the larger part of the segment is 62, and the smaller one is 38 parts.
    It is generally accepted that the concept of "golden" division was introduced into scientific use Pythagoras(VI century BC), although he did not write his own treatises, in addition, none of the subsequent "ancient" authors ever quoted from the works of Pythagoras or even pointed out the existence of such works. However, put it on your nose, reader: "The place of Pythagoras in the history of the world's philosophical and religious systems is on a par with Zoroaster, Jina Mahavira, Buddha, Kung Fu Tzu and Lao Tzu. His teaching is imbued with clarity and enlightenment."
    In the old literature that has come down to us, the "golden" division is first mentioned in the "Beginnings" of Euclid (the author's nickname, meaning "Glorified", or even the title of the book itself "Well bound"). The ancient text of Euclid's "Beginnings" has not reached our time, but nevertheless, the first translation into Latin was allegedly made from Arabic in the 1st quarter of the 12th century. And finally, fir-trees, in Venice in 1482, the first printed edition of Euclid's "Beginnings" appeared with drawings on the margins of the book!
    Around 1490-1492 Leonardo da Vinci(Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519) introduced the name "golden section" for the drawing of the Vitruvian Man, as an illustration for a book dedicated to the works of Vitruvius (the drawing was called the "square of the ancients" or "Golden Section"). It depicts the figure of a naked man in two superimposed positions: with arms spread apart, describing a circle and a square.
    If a human figure - the most perfect creation of the universe - is tied up with a belt and then measured the distance from the belt to the feet, then this value will refer to the distance from the same belt to the top of the head, as the entire height of a person relates to the length from the belt to the feet.
    The second golden section.
    In 1983, the Bulgarian artist Tsvetan Tsekov-Karandash published calculations showing the presence of a second form of the golden section, which followed from the main section and gives a different ratio of 44: 56 [Otechestvo magazine (Bulgaria), 1983, No. 10].
    Tsekov-Pencil Tsvetan(1924-2010), Bulgarian cartoonist, illustrator and researcher of Leonardo da Vinci. He died due to an accident that happened to him in December 2009.

    "Energy" properties of the pyramid.

    Wikipedia reference: Energy pyramids - in New Age ("Western" mysticism) and esotericism, this is the name of a pyramid-shaped structure, which supposedly is a converter or accumulator (accumulator) of some bioenergy unknown to science.
    V 1864 English (Scottish) astronomer Charles Piazzi Smith(Charles Piazzi Smyth, 1819-1900) went to Egypt and became interested in researching the structure and orientation of the great pyramids. The results of the research are given in three monographs "Our inheritance in the Great Pyramid" ("Our research on the Great Pyramid", 1864), "Life and work in the great Pyramid" ("Life and work on the Great Pyramid", in 3 volumes, 1867), "On the antiquity of intellectual Man" ("On the Antiquity of the Intellectual Man", 1868). Smith's measurements are still the classic reference for Great Pyramid metrology. For this work he was awarded the Keith Prize of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
    However, in these books, Smith emphasized his mystical views and assumptions about the essence of the Great Pyramid at the expense of a strictly scientific approach. This caused a break with many scientists and even Smith's withdrawal from the Royal Society of London (1874).
    In addition, Smith took the first photographs of the Great Pyramid and its internal passages and chambers using a special camera, and during these shootings, apparently for the first time in photography, he used magnesium as a flash lamp. Smith was, apparently, the first who received in his photograph the image of "ghosts" that are not visible to the naked eye at the time of photographing. It is not clear whether it was a joke of an astronomer, his design sophistication in photographing, or an accidental exposure twice, but since then for a hundred and fifty years this phenomenon has been actively discussed in publications on "alternative" science, and ghosts in photographs appear with enviable regularity.
    V 1958 Kabbalist and Egyptologist Mikhail Vladimirovich Saryatin(1883-1963) conducted a series of experiments inside the pyramid of Cheops, identifying several varieties of its radiation. Saryatin showed that the radiation of any pyramid has a complex structure and special properties:
    a) Ray "Pi", under the influence of which the destruction of tumor cells and the destruction of microbes occurs;
    b) The second beam, causing the mummification of organic matter (drying) and the destruction of microorganisms;
    c) The third mysterious ray "Omega", under the influence of which food products that have been in the pyramid do not deteriorate for a long time, and which has a beneficial effect on the human body, increases its immune properties.
    V 1969 American experimental physicist Luis Alvarez(Luis Alvarez, 1911-1988) tried to find out with the help of cosmic rays whether there are still not found (secret) rooms in the Khafre pyramid. He installed cosmic radiation counters in it and conducted computer research. Alvarez's experiments caused a huge resonance in the scientific world - the geometry of the pyramid inexplicably disrupted the operation of all devices, forcing scientists to temporarily stop conducting experiments.
    V 1976 year French radiestezists (dowsers) Leon Chaumeri(Leon Chaumery) and Arnold Belizal(Arnold Belizal) first suggested the role of the Great Pyramid as a transmitting station. They proved that due to the huge mass, the radiation of the shape of the pyramid reached such strength that from a very large distance, using the model of a small pyramid, it was possible to catch this radiation. Further, without a compass, accurately orient the route of a ship at sea or a caravan of camels in the Sahara using a cardboard pyramid.
    Chaumery L., Belizal A. de, "Essai de Radiesthésie Vibratoire" ("An Essay on Vibrational Radiosthesia"), Paris: Editions Dangles, 1956.
    V 1988 hydrogeological engineer Alexander Efimovich Golod(born in 1949) began to conduct the first experiments, when in the Dnepropetrovsk and Zaporozhye regions, thousands of hectares were sown with sunflower, corn and sugar beet seeds, processed in a pyramid. The results were impressive: the increase in yield ranged from 30 to 50%. Cucumbers from the pyramid stopped suffering from chronic "cucumber" diseases, and also endured drought and acid rain with enviable ease.
    According to the teachings of Hunger, "firstly, the proportions: the height of an untruncated pyramid should be related to the side of the base as 2.02: 1; secondly, the pyramid itself, if biological objects are supposed to be placed in it, should be slightly truncated. As for the size, then they can be any, but it is better to do higher.With the doubling of the pyramid, the impact on the objects placed inside increases millions of times.


    Fig.3. Scheme of the pyramids engineer A.E. Hunger.

    Any dielectric can serve as a building material, but the walls must be made as thin as possible. You need to orient the constructed pyramid with a face (any) to the North Star. Seeds, seedlings and other items that you want to process in the pyramid can be placed anywhere in its internal object for a period of at least a day.
    And the last. "The period of" acceleration "of any pyramid to the full power of its radiation is about three years."

    Bovi-Drbala zone.

    The zone is concentrated at a height of 1/3 from the base. The French radioesthetist drew attention to its existence. Andre Bovie(André Bovis, 1871–1947), also called Antoine or Alfred by some authors.
    V 1935 In the year Bovi, while exploring the Great Pyramid, discovered in the king's chamber the remains of several cats and other small animals that had accidentally wandered here. Their corpses looked rather strange: there was no smell and no noticeable signs of decomposition. Surprised by this phenomenon, Bowie examined the corpses and found that they were dehydrated and mummified, despite the humidity in the room. Assuming that the whole thing is in the form of a pyramid, Bovey made a wooden model of the Cheops pyramid, the side of the base of which was equal to 90 centimeters, and oriented it strictly to the north. Inside the pyramid, at the level of one third of the height, he placed a cat that had just died. A few days later, the corpse mummified. Bovi then experimented with other organic materials, in particular those that deteriorate quickly under ordinary conditions, such as bovine brains. The products did not spoil, and Bowie concluded that the shape of the pyramid had miraculous properties.
    V 1949 Czechoslovakian radio engineer Karel Drbal(Drbal Karel), inspired by the discovery of the Frenchman Bovy, invented a new way to keep razor blades sharp. He built a 15-cm model of the Cheops pyramid from cardboard, oriented it to the north and south, and placed a razor blade inside. Drbal claimed that this blade could be shaved at least 100 times - and it remained sharp. The result is recorded by patent No. 91304 dated 04/01/1952 "Method of sharpening razor blades and straight razors". Application No. Р2399-49 dated 11/04/1949. Published on 08/15/1959.
    "According to the invention, the blades are stored in the Earth's magnetic field under the surface of a pyramid made of dielectric materials, such as thick paper, wax paper, cardboard, hardened plastic. The pyramid has a hatch of square, round, oval, etc. shape, in which the blades are inserted in. Pyramids with a square base are best, and best with a side of the square equal to the height of the pyramid multiplied by half the Ludolf number.For example, for a height of 10 cm, a base of 15.7 cm is chosen.The razor is placed on a substrate of dielectric material, the same as as the material of a pyramid, or another such as cork, wood, ceramics, paper, wax paper, etc., the height of which is chosen between 1/5 and 1/3 of the height of the pyramid.This substrate lies on a table, also made of dielectric material.The size of the backing is chosen so that the blades rest freely on it, its height may differ from the specified range.Although this is not a requirement, it is recommended to install press the razors onto the substrate so that their sharp edges are directed to the east and west, and the longitudinal axes are directed to the north and south, respectively.

    Fig.4. Schematic of the pyramid of Cheops.

    Chronal batteries.

    Few people know that a thermophysicist A.I. Veinik experimentally studied a certain physical (material) connection of biological creatures with space. The simplest and oldest communication device, of all discovered in the last century (!), Is the huge pyramid of Cheops. Scientists enthusiastically took up the search for unusual oddities in the properties of the models of this pyramid. To their great regret, they lost sight of the fact that it is not miracles that need to be detected - anomalous things, but a fundamentally new radiation, the existence of which modern physics forbade (and forbids) completely.
    Veinik, studying the so-called "chronal" radiation of polyhedra, noted [TRP, Chapter XVIII, paragraph "5. Chronal Accumulators"]: "It is even more curious that the ancient Egyptian priests were well aware of the properties of chronal radiations. This is evidenced by the geometry - configuration - their pyramids.In the location of the sarcophagus with the pharaoh, the radiation is concentrated to such high intensities that they act detrimentally on many microorganisms.And not only on microorganisms: reports periodically appear in the press that all people who have been in the pyramids for a long time, subsequently "They die from strange diseases. This is how chronal radiation works. It is no coincidence that in Czechoslovakia a plastic pyramid model was used instead of a refrigerator for storing perishable products - microorganisms feel uncomfortable in such a pyramid. And in a small pyramid model, even blades are sharpened" [KS].
    "However, chronal accumulators, or accumulations, or temporal accumulators serve as even simpler and accessible to everyone chronal sources - it was from them that I began the study of a truly simple chronal phenomenon" [TRP, p.332].
    "Another type was suggested by the Egyptian pyramids. American researchers discovered about 150 different exotic effects that appear in the pyramid. Some of them are directly related to the chronal phenomenon. Therefore, a polyhedron with a certain aspect ratio and an appropriate orientation with respect to the cardinal points can also serve as a chronal accumulator Very effective polyhedrons with the ratio of the lengths of the edges of the pyramid of Cheops: if the side of the square at the base of the pyramid is equal to one, then the height is 0.63, and the side edge is about 0.95 "[TRP, p.332].
    "There are other types of effective polyhedra. For example, a cylindrical prism, at the base of which lies a regular heptagon with a side of 7.5 cm; the height of the prism is 17 cm, from above and below it is crowned with seven-sided pyramids with an edge length of 12-12.5 cm, in total it turns out 21 facets" [TRP, p.333].
    "Experiments show that any such polyhedron in the general case can be monolithic or hollow, made, for example, of paper, cardboard, plastic, metal, etc. You can also do without faces at all, it is enough to reproduce only the edges of the polyhedron from wire. This is explained as follows.
    As is known, the strength of any field increases with the curvature of its isointensity lines. From here follows, for example, the effect of the point - let's recall the rod of the lightning rod pointed at the end. This also applies to the chronal field. The adherence of the latter to the interface of media greatly increases its concentration along the line or at the point of intersection of surfaces, especially if there are many of them at once intersected, because the curvature of the isochronal lines is great here. As a result, the influence of the surfaces themselves is reduced to a minimum and it is possible to do without them at all, being limited to only edges - the wire frame of the polyhedron, but the area covered by the frame is very significant.
    The important role of the media interface leads to the fact that the power (capacity) of any described battery is directly related to its size. For the same reason, capillary-porous bodies have a large chronocapacity. The colossal power of chronal radiations in the giant pyramid of Cheops becomes clear.
    Polyhedra have a set of amazing and diverse properties that depend on the composition and structure of the material, the configuration, design and dimensions of the polyhedron, etc. Now only a small part of these properties has been deciphered, and almost nothing is known about the information they emit. For example, in Czecho-Slovakia, K. Drbal patented a method for keeping razors and razor knives sharp. After shaving, the blade is placed in a paper, cardboard or plastic Cheops-type pyramid 10 cm high after shaving at a height of 1/3 to 1/5 from the base. Changes occur in the material, allowing one blade to shave 50-200 times (depending on the thickness of the beard). Larger pyramids in the same Czechoslovakia are used to store perishable products, because the chronal field inside the pyramid has a detrimental effect on microbes. The same field preserves mummies in Egyptian and other similar pyramids.
    Living nature is well aware of the property of various configurational systems to accumulate chronal matter and widely and skillfully uses this property for its own purposes. For example, V.S. Grebennikov discovered a strong effect of nesting bees and wasps on protozoa and some types of microbes, especially indicative in this sense are honeycombs with a clearly consistent repeating geometry.
    The nature of the influence of the chronal field on biological and other objects is discussed in more detail below. Here, for us, the only important thing is that with the help of the simplest means it is easy to make a chronal accumulator, which is necessary for studying the properties of a truly simple chronal phenomenon. Each such battery spontaneously receives radiation from the Cosmos, as well as from terrestrial objects, especially of a biological nature, and is ready for operation in a few hours; it reaches its maximum power after many days, when it will gradually charge not only itself, but also charge all the surrounding objects, including the walls of the room. Unfortunately, almost all batteries of this kind are more or less harm the body, especially with prolonged exposure. In this sense, one can sympathize with the people working in the Louvre in Paris, over which a giant glass pyramid has recently been built" [TRP, pp. 333-334].
    reference: The glass pyramid of the Louvre is installed in the center of the Napoleonic courtyard (cour Napoléon), it houses the entrance hall, ticket office, cloakroom and shops, as well as halls for temporary exhibitions, a lecture hall, a parking lot. It was built from 1985 to 1989. The pyramid of Cheops served as a prototype. Architect - Chinese American Yo Ming Pei(Eng. Ieoh Ming Pei, born 1917).
    On March 30, 1989, the glass pyramid of the Louvre was officially opened.
    Around the large pyramid are three smaller pyramids, they only serve as portholes. The sides of the pyramids are made entirely of glass segments, thus providing optimal illumination of the underground lobby, where the ticket offices, informatoriums and entrances to all three wings of the museum are located.
    Somewhat later, Yo Ming Pei returned to his project again. On November 18, 1993, he built on the Place du Carrousel next to the Great Pyramid the so-called " inverted pyramid", which serves as another light window to illuminate the underground halls of the Louvre.
    Its height is 7.5 m. With a base length of 13.29 m, each side face of the pyramid has an area of ​​66.6 sq.m. Under the top of the "inverted pyramid", which does not reach the floor of the underground hall by about 1.4 m, is placed a small pyramid three feet high, or somewhat less, of polished stone.

    Application in metallurgy.

    "The influence of the generator (concentrator of cosmic chronal radiations) in the form of a pyramid made according to the proportions of the famous pyramid of Cheops (Fig. 4) is of undoubted interest. Its faces are oriented along the compass to the north, east, south and west. With the length of the side of the square at the base A, the length ribs B \u003d 0.95 A, height H \u003d 0.63 A. The hardening casting is placed inside the pyramid at its focus at a distance from one fifth to one third of the height - marked in the figure by a double solid vertical line. cardboard without a bottom at A = 600 mm, the tensile strength of the previous casting increased by 12%, the yield strength - by 24%, and the elongation decreased by 14%.This option is interesting because it does not require any energy costs.Pyramid material (steel, cardboard ) has practically no effect on the properties of the casting.
    The colossal penetrating power of the chronal field makes it possible to control the casting solidification process at a distance, to determine the position of the crystallization front inside the casting, etc. For example, a tube made of corrosion-resistant steel with a length of 1 m and an inner diameter of 15 mm was directed at a bismuth casting, through which the chronal radiation of the casting enters the DG-1 sensor with a quartz microresonator [TRP, p.342]. The metal in the mold (crucible) first melts and then solidifies, its chronal field and temperature are simultaneously recorded using a thermocouple embedded in the body of the casting.

    The measurement results are shown in Fig.5. Solid curve 1 corresponds to a change in the frequency of resonant vibrations of a quartz plate (in Hertz), and dashed curve 2 corresponds to a change in the temperature of bismuth (in degrees Celsius, scale on the right). Between vertical dashed lines 3 and 4, the metal in the mold melts, heat and chronal charge are supplied. The charge supply is accompanied by an increase in the chronal, which determines the rate (speed) of all processes, including the oscillation frequency of the quartz plate of the sensor. In the liquid state, between lines 4 and 5, the charge drains, the frequency returns to its original (zero) value. Between lines 5 and 6, the metal solidifies, heat and charge are removed, the frequency (and chronal) falls below zero. On temperature curve 2, the processes of melting and solidification correspond to clear horizontal sections, which are in good agreement with the chronal curve. Therefore, studies show that the chronal method quite allows for the implementation of non-destructive remote control of foundry technology" [PVB, pp. 216-219].

    Stimulation of vital activity.

    "I'll start with microorganisms. For example, bread yeast in an aqueous solution of sugar at a temperature of 15 ° C, placed in the focus and on the diagonal of the base, under the edge, at a distance of 80 mm from the corner of the former tin pyramid, behaved differently. All the sugar in the focus successfully turned into alcohol, the water became transparent, the sediment had a light yellow color, the smell of wine. Under the edge, a week later, the wine smell was combined with putrefactive, in the end everything rotted, the color is dark brown, the smell is disgusting. This indicates a different intensity, structure and usefulness of chronal radiations within the same pyramid, it can both stimulate and inhibit the vital activity of organisms.
    Now about plants. Under the same conditions, 35 flax seeds were germinated in a glass bottle in damp gauze. After 4 days, 29 seeds sprouted in the focus of the tin pyramid, none under the edge.
    The conditions are the same, but the pyramid is cardboard. After 4 days, not a single grain sprouted in the focus, 15 under the edge. After 11 days, there were 18 and 25 germinated seeds, and the average length of the sprouts was 40 and 90 mm, respectively. Consequently, for living organisms, not only the zones of the pyramid, but also its material are important.
    The conditions are the same, but the pyramid consists only of ribs bent from copper wire (tire) with a cross section of 3x5 mm. Six days later, 20 grains sprouted in the focus, 9 under the edge, the length of the sprouts was 45 (green, well developed leaves) and 17 mm (stunted leaves), respectively. As you can see, the absence of faces did not have a significant impact on the processes, edges are more important.
    The effect of the chronal field on living organisms is an endless topic. Here I will only refer to melt water, which has a beneficial effect on plants and animals, stimulating their growth, at one time a lot was written and said about this. From fig. Figure 5 shows that melting, and consequently melting, according to our experiments, increases the chronal charge and the chronal of matter, which sharply accelerates all vital processes. This is the main physical essence the problem under discussion. After the charge drains from the thawed water, the effect disappears. For example, molten bismuth is discharged after 20 minutes (Fig. 5), water - after an hour or two. To increase the duration of the discharge, melt water should be kept in a vessel insulated with several layers of polyethylene film, and each such layer should be separated from the adjacent one with paper. The important role of snow retention in the fields becomes clear: it provides not only additional moisture, but most importantly, when snow melts, plant growth is chronally stimulated" [PVB, pp. 220-221].
    Warning to the experimenter. "It must be remembered that the main functions of the body's regulation at all levels are of a chronal nature. At first, the chronal field is perceived easily, but the effect accumulates and then failures occur" [TRP, p.392].
    February 16 1923 British expedition led by an archaeologist Howard Carter(Howard Carter, 1874-1939) in the Valley of the Kings near Luxor found the main treasure in the pyramid: the stone sarcophagus of Pharaoh Tutankhamun. When the sarcophagus was opened in February, inside was a golden coffin with his mummy. The sarcophagus was gold and contained more than 100 kg of pure gold, and the body of the pharaoh located there was mummified.
    In subsequent years, rumors spread about the "curse of the pharaohs", which allegedly led to the death of 12 "victims of the curse" who were present at the opening of the tomb. The curse is predominantly associated with deaths that took place over the next few years after the opening of the tomb of Tutankhamun.
    Sometimes the "curse of the pharaohs" is also attributed to the opening of old burials outside Egypt - the grave of Tamerlane in Samarkand (1941), the tomb of Casimir the Great in Krakow (1973), the mummy of Ötzi in the Alps (1991). The magical nature of the "curse" is denied by science.

    Conclusion.

    If we ignore the academic zaum, as well as entertaining mysticism and MES-overshoots (mathematical bullshit) of some pseudo-scientific miners, it turns out that they all attribute today's knowledge, skills and fantasies to ancient people.
    In ancient times (more than 1-2 thousand years ago), people were primarily interested in the preservation of food. In the deserts, it was easy to save food under a pile of sand. Any person knew that this heap has the form of a "cone" with two eternally constant angles (see Fig. 4):
    - angle of repose(Alpha αbase) - the angle formed by the surface of the sand cone with the horizontal plane. For dry sand Alpha basic = 34°.
    - opening angle(Alpha in) - the angle at the top of the cone. For dry sand Alpha β = 112°.
    Those who were involved in the burial of the dead, probably paid attention to the effect of mummification (German mumifizieren< араб. мум - воск, благовонная смола) человека (животного) в жарком и сухом воздухе. Естественно, появилась мысль хоронить фараонов в могильных курганах, но не под простой кучей песка, а под каменной пирамидой. Почему? Кучу песка над могилой соплеменника может насыпать каждый египтянин, а вот согнать мужиков в управляемую толпу и заставить её строить каменную кучу особой формы, может только сам будущий покойник - фараон! Сделать снаружи пирамиду ровной более или менее легко, чего не скажешь о размещении камер внутри по некоему плану. Достаточно взглянуть на рис.4 и обнаружится, что точность внутренней планировки пирамиды равна " трамвайной остановке".
    The angle of inclination of the side face of the pyramid, also known as the angle of repose (αosn), was chosen at about 51 ° 50 "not for any abstruse reasons, but simply obviously more than 34 °. The sand applied by the wind must be guaranteed to crumble from the surface of the pyramid to the ground, where it they will pick up, and not spoil the "majestic" view of the monastery of the "dried" dead man.
    The question remains vague: did the Egyptians link the mummification of corpses with the "reception" of congratulatory telegrams from extraterrestrial civilizations, the treatment of the pharaoh's family, the preservation of especially valuable delicacies, or the sharpening of razor axes?
    Jewish writer Sholom Nokhumovich Rabinovich(pseudo Sholom Aleichem, 1859-1916) a chic phrase is attributed, which has become a "scientific" law for mathematicians, cosmologists and science fiction writers: " If you can't, but really want to, then you can". The conclusion suggests itself: pseudo-scientific prospectors will definitely find the answer!
    However, who will study the location and properties of the Bovi-Drbala zone depending on the opening angle (αv). the number of faces and the material of the pyramid? Who will study the physical properties of the incomprehensible radiation captured by the pyramids, the very one that thermal physicist A.I. Veinik called "chronal"? Who will invent "informoscopes" for receiving information from the "subtle" worlds and deciphering it?
    Why do all miners aim their remarkable forces at "extracting" money from the pyramids, first of all, and only in the last place notice something unusual?

    Additional information.

    Pyramid
    		Age,
    years
    		Height,
    m
    		Base,
    m
    		Injection,
    Alpha main
    		Injection,
    Alpha in
    Cheops
    (cemetery in Giza)
    		2560-2540
    BC
    		146,6
    		 230,33
    		 53°10′
    		~74°
    Khafre
    (cemetery in Giza)
    		2900-2270
    BC.
    		143,87
    		 215,3
    		 53°10′
    		~74°
    Mikerin
    (cemetery in Giza)
    		2540-2520
    BC.
    		65,55
    		 108,4
    		 51°20′25″
    		~78°
    Paris, Louvre
    		30.03.1989
    		 21,65
    		 35,40
    		 52°
    		76°
    inverted
    pyramid, Louvre
    		18.11.1993
    		 7,5
    		 13,29
    		 52°
    		76°
    Hunger A.E.,
    Ramenskoye
    		1990-2004
    demolished
    		11,0
    		 5,10
    		 76.35°
    		27.3°
    Hunger A.E.,
    Seliger
    		June 1997
    		22,0
    		 10,69
    		 76.35°
    		27.3°
    Hunger A.E.,
    Novorizhskoe sh.
    		30.11.1997
    		 44,0
    		 21,38
    		 76.35°
    		27.3°
    Sneferu
    "broken line"
    (cemetery in Dahshur)
    		2613-2589
    BC.    		 104,7
    		 189,4
    		 <49 м - 54°31"
    >49 m - 43°21"    		 ~94°
    Sneferu
    "pink"
    (cemetery in Dahshur)
    		2613-2589
    BC.    		 104,4
    		 218.5 × 221.5
    		43°36"
    		~93°

    Literature.

    TRP. Veinik A.I., "Thermodynamics of real processes", Minsk: "Science and technology", 1991
    http://www.html

    KS. Veinik A.I., "The Book of Sorrow", Minsk: manuscript, 03.10.1981. 287 cars sheets.
    http://www.html
    http://www..zip

    PVB. Veinik A.I., "Why I believe in God. The study of manifestations of the spiritual world", Minsk: publishing house "Belarusian Exarchate", (1st edition - 1998, 2nd - 2000; 3rd - 2002; 4th - 2004; 5th - 2007; 6th - 2009).
    http://www.html

    Even in ancient times, the Egyptians themselves called the pharaoh Cheops Khnum-Khufu. The ruler himself called himself "the second sun." Europeans learned about him thanks to Herodotus. The ancient historian devoted several stories to life. All his work is called "History". It was Herodotus who approved the Greek reading of the name of the pharaoh - Cheops. The scientist believed that the ruler was known as a tyrant and despot. But there are a number of lifetime sources that speak of Cheops as a far-sighted and wise ruler.

    Rise of Ancient Egypt

    The date of the reign of Pharaoh Cheops is presumably 2589-2566 BC. e. or 2551-2528 BC. e. He was the second representative of the fourth royal dynasty. The reign of Pharaoh Cheops is the heyday of the country. By this time, Lower and Upper Egypt had already united into one strong state. The king was considered a living god. That is why his power seemed absolutely limitless. The power of the Egyptian pharaohs directly influenced the development of the economy. The economic recovery contributed to the progress of political and cultural life.

    Despite this, there is not much information about the pharaoh. The main sources are the works of the ancient historian Herodotus. However, this work is based, most likely, on legends, and not on historical facts. And so this work, in fact, has nothing to do with reality. However, several sources about the life of Cheops are quite reliable.

    Photo of Pharaoh Cheops, unfortunately, could not be preserved. In the article you have the opportunity to see images of his tomb and sculptural creations.

    Ruler activities

    The reign of Pharaoh Cheops lasted more than two decades. He was considered the second sun and had a rather severe character. He had several wives and, accordingly, many children.

    He was also known for the fact that during his reign new cities and settlements were constantly built on the banks of the Nile. So, the pharaoh founded a famous fortress in Buhen.

    In addition, many religious objects appeared, among which, of course, the pyramid of Cheops. But we will return to this issue a little later.

    By the way, according to Herodotus, the ruler closed the temples. He saved, and all the resources went to the construction of his pyramid. However, judging by Egyptian sources, the pharaoh donated with enviable generosity to religious objects and was still an active temple builder. In many ancient drawings, the pharaoh was depicted precisely as the creator of villages and cities.

    As a statesman, Pharaoh Cheops was periodically forced to send his army to the Sinai Peninsula. His goal is the destruction of nomadic tribes who robbed local merchants.

    Also in this territory, the ruler tried to control the deposits of copper and turquoise. It was he who first began to develop the deposits of alabaster, which are located in Khatnub.

    In the south of the country, the pharaoh carefully monitored the extraction of Aswan pink granite, which was used for construction.

    Tomb architect

    In history, the name of this ruler is primarily associated with his pyramid. It is recognized as one of the seven wonders of the world. The tomb is in Giza. It is next to modern Cairo.

    It is worth noting that Cheops was not at all the first pharaoh for whom the pyramid was erected. The ancestor of such constructions was still the ruler Djoser. Khnum-Khufu erected the largest tomb.

    The pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops was built around the year 2540 BC. e. One of the relatives of the ruler was the head of construction work and the architect. His name was Hemiun. He served as a vizier. Another Egyptian official who participated in the process of erecting the pyramid is also known - Merrer. He kept diary entries, with the help of which modern scientists have learned that this figure often came to one of the limestone quarries. It was there that the blocks for the construction of the tomb were produced.

    Construction progress

    The preparatory work went on for several years, as the workers had to build the road first. Material for the construction was dragged along it. The construction of the pyramid lasted almost two decades. According to some sources, about one hundred thousand workers were involved in the construction process. But only 8,000 people could build the facility at the same time. Every 3 months the workers replaced each other.

    The peasants also took part in the erection of the monumental structure. True, they could only do this when the Nile flooded. During this period, all agricultural work was curtailed.

    The Egyptians who built the pyramid were given not only food and clothing, but also a salary.

    Exterior view of the tomb

    Initially, the height of the tomb was almost 147 meters. However, due to a series of earthquakes and the onset of sands, several blocks collapsed. Thus, today the height of the pyramid is 137.5 m. The length of one side of the tomb is 230 m.

    The tomb is built of 2.3 million stone blocks. In this case, no binder solution was provided at all. The weight of each block varies from 2.5 to 15 tons.

    Inside the tomb are burial chambers. One of them is called the "Queen's Chamber". At the same time, representatives of the weaker sex were traditionally buried in separate small tombs. In any case, at the foot of the pyramid are the tombs of the women of Cheops and the nobility.

    solar boats

    Near the tomb, archaeologists discovered the so-called "solar boats" - these are ceremonial boats. According to legend, the ruler makes his voyage to the afterlife on them.

    In 1954, scientists found the first ship. As a material was used Construction did without nails at all. The length of the structure is almost 40 m, and the width is 6 m.

    Surprisingly, the researchers were able to identify that there are traces of silt on the boat. Perhaps, during his lifetime, the ruler moved along it along the Nile and the coastal waters of the Mediterranean. Steering and rowing oars were found on the boat, and superstructures with cabins were placed on the deck.

    The second ship of Cheops was discovered relatively recently. It was in the hiding place of the pyramid.

    Empty sarcophagus

    However, the body of the legendary pharaoh was not found. In the ninth century, one of the caliphs was able to enter the tomb. He was surprised that there were no signs of looting and breaking in. But there was no Cheops mummy, instead of it there was only an empty sarcophagus.

    At the same time, the building was comprehended precisely as a tomb. Perhaps the ancient Egyptians deliberately erected a false tomb to deceive would-be robbers. The fact is that at one time the burial place of the mother of Cheops was robbed, and her mummy was stolen. The thieves took away the body, so that later in a calm atmosphere they could remove the jewelry.

    At first, Cheops was not informed about the loss of the mummy. They told him only about the fact of looting. After that, the pharaoh was forced to order the reburial of her mother's body, but in fact the ceremony had to be performed with an empty sarcophagus.

    There is a version that the ruler's mummy was buried in another, modest tomb. And the pyramid itself was the posthumous abode of the spirit of a powerful king.

    Descendants of the pharaoh

    When Pharaoh Cheops (reigned 2589-2566 BC or 2551-2528 BC) died, the son of the great ruler became the ruler of the state. His name was Jedefra. Very little is known about his reign. It is known that he reigned for only eight years. During this time, he managed to build the second highest tomb in this area. Unfortunately, even in those ancient times, the pyramid of Djedefra was also not only plundered, but also partially destroyed.

    In addition, a number of historians believe that it was this offspring of Cheops who at one time was able to build the Great Sphinx. This statue was erected in memory of his father. Egyptologists believe that the body of a mythical creature was made of solid limestone. However, his head was made later. Note that many scientists argue that the face of the Sphinx looks very much like the appearance of Cheops.

    Subsequent rulers of the dynasty also continued to build pyramids. But the last king of the fourth dynasty, named Shepeskaf, no longer built monumental tombs, since the heyday of Ancient Egypt came to naught. The state was in a state of decline. The descendants of Cheops no longer allowed themselves to spend resources on colossal structures. Thus, the time of the great pyramids remained in the distant past. But the great tomb of Cheops, which is considered one of them, has survived to this day.

    The history of the construction of the pyramid of Cheops

    The beginning of the construction of the pyramid dates back to approximately 2560 BC. The architect was Hemion, the nephew of Pharaoh Cheops, who managed all the construction sites of the Old Kingdom at that time. The construction of the pyramid of Cheops took at least 20 years, while, according to various estimates, more than one hundred thousand people were involved. The project required a titanic effort: workers mined blocks for construction in another place, in the rocks, delivered them along the river and lifted them up the inclined plane to the top of the pyramid on wooden skids. For the construction of the Cheops pyramid, more than 2.5 million granite and limestone blocks were needed, and a gilded stone was installed at the very top, which gave the entire lining the color of the sun's rays. But in the 2nd century, when the Arabs destroyed Cairo, the locals dismantled the entire lining of the pyramid to build their houses.

    For almost three millennia, the pyramid of Cheops occupied the first place on Earth in height, giving the palm only in 1300 to the Lincoln Cathedral. Now the height of the pyramid is 138 m, it has decreased by 8 m compared to the original one, and the base area is more than 5 hectares.

    The Pyramid of Cheops is revered by the locals as a shrine, and every year on August 23, the Egyptians celebrate the day when its construction began. Why August was chosen, no one knows, because no historical facts confirming this have been found.

    The device of the pyramid of Cheops

    Inside the pyramid of Cheops, the most interesting are the three burial chambers, which are located one above the other in a strict vertical. The lowest one remained unfinished, the second belongs to the wife of the pharaoh, and the third belongs to Cheops himself.

    To travel along the corridors, for the convenience of tourists, paths with steps were laid, railings were made and lighting was provided.

    Cross section of the pyramid of Cheops

    1. Main entrance
    2. The entrance that al-Ma'mun made
    3. Crossroads, “traffic jam” and al-Mamun tunnel made “bypassing”
    4. Descending corridor
    5 Unfinished Underground Chamber
    6. Ascending corridor

    7. "Queen's Chamber" with outgoing "air ducts"
    8. Horizontal tunnel

    10. Chamber of the pharaoh with "air ducts"
    11. Prechamber
    12. Grotto

    Entrance to the pyramid

    The entrance to the pyramid of Cheops is an arch formed of stone slabs, and is located on the north side, at a height of 15 m 63 cm. Previously, it was laid with a granite cork, but it has not survived to this day. In 820, Caliph Abdullah al-Mamun decided to find treasures in the pyramid and made a seventeen-meter gap below the historical entrance by 10 meters. The ruler of Baghdad did not find anything, but today tourists enter the pyramid through this tunnel.

    When al-Mamun punched his passage, a fallen block of limestone blocked the entrance to another corridor - ascending, and three more granite plugs remained behind the limestone. Since a vertical tunnel was discovered at the junction of two corridors, descending and ascending, it was suggested that corks made of granite were lowered down through it in order to seal the tomb after the burial of the Egyptian king.

    Funeral "pit"

    The descending corridor, which is 105 meters long, descends underground at an inclination of 26° 26'46 and rests on another corridor 8.9 meters long, leading to chamber 5 and located horizontally. Here is an unfinished chamber measuring 14 x 8.1 m, stretching in shape from east to west. For a long time it was believed that there were no other rooms in the pyramid, except for this corridor and chamber, but it turned out differently. The height of the chamber reaches 3.5 m. At the southern wall of the chamber there is a well about 3 m deep, from which a narrow manhole (0.7 × 0.7 m in cross section) stretches southward for 16 m, ending in a dead end.

    Engineers John Shae Perring and Richard William Howard Vyse dismantled the floor in the chamber in the early 19th century and dug a well 11.6 m deep, in which they hoped to find a hidden burial room. They were based on the evidence of Herodotus, who claimed that the body of Cheops was on an island surrounded by a channel in a hidden underground chamber. Their excavations turned up nothing. Later research showed that the chamber was abandoned unfinished, and it was decided to arrange the burial chambers in the center of the pyramid itself.



    Burial pit interior, photo 1910

    Ascending Corridor and Queen's Chambers

    From the first third of the descending passage (18 m from the main entrance) upwards at the same angle of 26.5 ° goes to the south an ascending passage (6) about 40 m long, ending in the lower part of the Great Gallery (9).

    At its beginning, the ascending passage contains 3 large cubic granite "plugs", which, from the outside, from the descending passage, were masked by a block of limestone that fell during the work of al-Ma'mun. It turned out that for almost 3 thousand years, scientists were sure that there were no other rooms in the Great Pyramid, except for the descending passage and the underground chamber. Al-Ma'mun failed to break through these plugs, and he simply hollowed out a bypass in the softer limestone to the right of them.


    In the middle of the ascending passage, the construction of the walls has a peculiarity: the so-called “frame stones” are installed in three places - that is, the passage, square along the entire length, pierces through three monoliths. The purpose of these stones is unknown.

    A horizontal corridor 35 m long and 1.75 m high leads to the second burial chamber from the lower part of the Great Gallery in a southerly direction. It is traditionally called the "Queen's Chamber", although according to the rite, the wives of the pharaohs were buried in separate small pyramids. The "Queen's Chamber", lined with limestone, has 5.74 meters from east to west and 5.23 meters from north to south; its maximum height is 6.22 meters. There is a high niche in the eastern wall of the chamber.


    Grotto, Grand Gallery and Pharaoh's Chambers

    Another branch from the lower part of the Grand Gallery is a narrow almost vertical shaft about 60 m high, leading to the lower part of the descending passage. There is an assumption that it was intended for the evacuation of workers or priests who were completing the "sealing" of the main passage to the "King's Chamber". Approximately in the middle of it there is a small, most likely natural extension - the “Grotto” of irregular shape, in which several people could fit from strength. The grotto (12) is located at the “junction” of the stonework of the pyramid and a small hill, about 9 meters high, on a limestone plateau lying at the base of the Great Pyramid. The walls of the Grotto are partially reinforced with ancient masonry, and since some of its stones are too large, there is an assumption that the Grotto existed on the Giza plateau as an independent structure long before the construction of the pyramids, and the evacuation shaft itself was built taking into account the location of the Grotto. However, taking into account the fact that the shaft was actually hollowed out in the already laid masonry, and not laid out, as evidenced by its irregular circular section, the question arises of how the builders managed to accurately reach the Grotto.


    The large gallery continues the ascending passage. Its height is 8.53 m, it is rectangular in cross section, with walls slightly tapering upward (“false vault”), a high inclined tunnel 46.6 m long. and a depth of 60 cm, and on both side protrusions there are 27 pairs of recesses of unknown purpose. The recess ends with the "Big Step" - a high horizontal ledge, a platform of 1x2 meters, at the end of the Great Gallery, directly in front of the entrance to the "antechamber" - the Prechamber. The site has a pair of recesses similar to the ramp recesses at the corners near the wall. Through the "entrance hall" the manhole leads to the burial "Chamber of the King", lined with black granite, where an empty granite sarcophagus is located.

    Above the "King's Chamber" are discovered in the XIX century. five unloading cavities with a total height of 17 m, between which lie monolithic slabs with a thickness of about 2 m, and above - a gable ceiling. Their purpose is to distribute the weight of the overlying layers of the pyramid (about a million tons) in order to protect the "King's Chamber" from pressure. In these voids, graffiti was found, probably left by workers.


    A network of ventilation ducts leads from the chambers to the north and south. The channels from the Queen's Chamber do not reach the surface of the pyramid by 12 meters, and the channels from the Pharaoh's Chamber go to the surface. In no other pyramid such branches have been found. Scholars have not agreed on whether they were built for ventilation or related to the Egyptians' ideas about the afterlife. At the upper ends of the channels there are doors, most likely symbolizing the entrance to another world. In addition, the channels point to the stars: Sirius, Tuban, Alnitak, which makes it possible to assume that the pyramid of Cheops also had an astronomical purpose.


    Surrounding the pyramid of Cheops

    At the eastern edge of the pyramid of Cheops are 3 small pyramids of his wives and family members. They are located from north to south, according to size: the side of the base of each building is 0.5 meters less than the previous one. They are well preserved inside, time has partially destroyed only the outer cladding. Nearby you can see the foundation of the mortuary temple of Khufu, inside which were found drawings depicting a ritual performed by the pharaoh, it was called the Union of the Two Lands.

    pharaoh boats

    The Pyramid of Cheops is the central figure of a complex of buildings, the location of which had a ritual significance. The procession with the late pharaoh crossed the Nile to the west bank on numerous boats. In the lower temple, to which the boats sailed, the first part of the funeral ceremony began. Then the procession went to the upper temple, where there was a chapel and an altar. To the west of the upper temple was the pyramid itself.

    On each side of the pyramid, boats were walled up in rocky recesses, on which the pharaoh was supposed to travel through the afterlife.

    In 1954, archaeologist Zaki Noor discovered the first boat, called the Solar Boat. It was made of Lebanese cedar, consisted of 1224 parts, while not having traces of attachment and connection. Its dimensions are: length 43 m and width 5.5 m. It took 16 years to restore the boat.

    On the south side of the pyramid of Cheops, a museum of this boat is open.



    The second boat was found in a mine located east of the place where the first boat was found. A camera was lowered into the shaft, which showed traces of insects on the boat, so it was decided not to raise it and seal the shaft. This decision was made by scientist Yeshimuro from Waseda University.

    In total, seven pits were found with real ancient Egyptian boats disassembled into parts.

    Video: 5 Unsolved Mysteries of the Pyramids of Egypt

    How to get there

    If you want to see the Great Pyramid of Cheops, you need to come to Cairo. But there are practically no direct flights from Russia and you will have to make a transfer in Europe. Without a transfer, you can fly to Sharm el-Sheikh, and from there travel 500 kilometers to Cairo. You can get to your destination on a comfortable bus, the journey time is approximately 6 hours, or you can continue your journey by plane, they fly to Cairo every half hour. In Egypt, they are very loyal to Russian tourists, a visa can be obtained directly at the airport after landing. It will cost $25 and is issued for a month.

    Where to stay

    If your goal is the treasures of antiquity and you come to the pyramids, then you can choose a hotel in Giza and in the center of Cairo. Comfortable hotels with all the benefits of civilization are presented in the amount of almost two hundred. In addition, Cairo has many attractions, it is a city of contrasts: modern skyscrapers and ancient minarets, noisy colorful bazaars and nightclubs, neon nights and quiet palm gardens.

    Memo to tourists

    Do not forget that Egypt is a Muslim state. Men should simply not notice the Egyptians, because even an innocent touch can be regarded as harassment. Women must follow the dress code. Modesty and once again modesty, a minimum of bare areas of the body.

    For organized excursions to the pyramids, tickets can be purchased at any hotel.

    The pyramid zone is open for visiting in the summer from 8 am to 5 pm, in winter it works half an hour less, the entrance ticket costs about 8 euros.

    Museums are paid separately: you can see the Solar Boats for 5 euros.

    For the entrance to the pyramid of Cheops, you will be charged 13 euros, visiting the pyramid of Khafre will cost less - 2.6 euros. There is a very low passage here and be prepared for the fact that you will have to walk 100 meters in a half-bent position.

    Other pyramids, such as Khafre's wife and mother, can be viewed free of charge by presenting an entrance ticket to the zone.

    The best time to visit them is in the morning, right after they open. It is strictly forbidden to climb the pyramids, break off a piece as a keepsake and write "Here was ...". You can pay a fine for this, such that it will exceed the cost of your trip.

    If you want to capture yourself against the backdrop of the pyramids or just the surroundings, prepare 1 euro for the right to take pictures, it is forbidden to take pictures inside the pyramids. If you are offered to take a picture of you, do not agree and do not give the camera to anyone, otherwise you will have to buy it back.

    Tickets to visit the pyramids are limited: 150 tickets are sold at 8 am and the same number at 1 pm. There are two ticket offices: one at the main entrance, the second - at the Sphinx.

    Each of the pyramids is closed once a year for restoration work, so you are unlikely to see everything at once.

    If you don't feel like walking all over the Giza area, you can rent a camel. Its cost will depend on your ability to bargain. But keep in mind that you will not be told all the prices at once, and when you ride, it turns out that you have to pay to get off the camel.

    Delicate tip: the toilet is in the Solar Boat Museum.

    On the territory of the pyramid zone there are cafeterias where you can have a good lunch.

    Every evening there is a light and sound show lasting one hour. It takes place in different languages: Arabic, English, Japanese, Spanish, French. On Sundays, the show is held in Russian. It is recommended to split your visit to the pyramids and visit to the show over two days, otherwise you won't be able to accommodate so many experiences.

    The most ancient wonder of the world that we can admire even now is the pyramid of Cheops. Shrouded in myths and legends, the Egyptian pyramid was the largest and tallest building for many millennia. Khufu (another name for the pyramid) is located in Giza - the most popular tourist attraction.

    History of the pyramids

    The pyramids in Egypt are practically the main attraction of the country. There are many hypotheses related to their origin and construction. But they all agree on one important conclusion of the pyramids in Egypt - these are impressive tombs for the great inhabitants of the country (in those days they were pharaohs). The Egyptians believed in the afterlife and life after death. It was believed that only a few were worthy of continuing their life path after death - these are the pharaohs themselves of their families and the slaves who were constantly next to the lords. The images of slaves and servants were painted on the walls of the tombs so that after their death they could continue to serve their king. According to the ancient religion of the Egyptians, a person had two inner souls Ba and Ka. Ba - left the Egyptian after his death, and Ka always acted as a virtual double and waited for him in the world of the dead.

    So that the pharaoh did not need anything in the afterlife, food, weapons, kitchen utensils, gold and much more were left in the tomb of the pyramid. In order for the body to remain unchanged and wait for the second soul of Ba, it was necessary to preserve it. This is how the birth of embalming the body and the need to create pyramids arose.

    The emergence of the pyramids in Egypt originates from the construction of the pyramid of Pharaoh Djoser 5 thousand years ago. The outer walls of the first pyramid were in the form of steps, which symbolized the ascent to heaven. The height of the structure was 60 meters with many corridors and several tombs. Djoser's chamber was located in the underground part of the pyramid. Several more passages leading to small chambers were made from the royal tomb. They contained all the accessories for the further afterlife of the Egyptians. Closer to the east, chambers for the entire family of the pharaoh were found. The building itself was not so huge compared to the pyramid of Pharaoh Cheops, whose height is almost 3 times greater. But it is with the pyramid of Djoser that the history of the emergence of all Egyptian pyramids begins.

    Very often in the photo of the pyramid of Cheops you can see two more adjacent pyramids. These are the famous pyramids of Herfen and Mekerin. It is these three pyramids that are considered the most important assets of the country. The height of the pyramid of Cheops significantly distinguishes it from the rest of the standing and other pyramids of Egypt. Initially, the walls of the structure were smooth, but after a long period of years they began to crumble. If you look at modern photos of the Cheops pyramid, you can see the relief of the facade and its unevenness, formed over millennia.

    The birth of the pyramid of Cheops

    The Pyramid of Cheops, according to the official version, was erected in the autumn of 2480 BC. The date of the first ancient wonder of the world, many historians and researchers dispute, arguing in favor of their arguments. The construction of the Great Pyramid lasted about 2-3 decades. More than one hundred thousand inhabitants of ancient Egypt and the best masters of that time participated in it. First of all, a large road was built for the delivery of building materials, then underground passages and a mine. Most of the time was spent on the construction of the upper part of the pyramid - the walls and internal passages and tombs.

    There is a very interesting feature of the building: the height of the pyramid of Cheops in its original form and the width was 147 meters each. Due to the sands that covered the base of the structure and the shedding of the facing part, it decreased by 10 meters and now it is now 137 meters in height. A giant tomb was built mainly from huge blocks of limestone and granite weighing about 2.5 tons, which were carefully polished so as not to lose the ideal shape of the structure. And in the tomb of the most ancient pharaoh, granite blocks were found, the weight of which reached almost 80 tons. According to Egyptologists' calculations, it took about 2,300,000 huge stones, which cannot but impress us all.

    The doubts associated with the construction of the pyramid were that in those dark times there were no special machines and devices at all capable of lifting and ideally folding heavy blocks under a certain slope. Some believed that more than a million people took part in the construction, others that the blocks were lifted by a lifting mechanism. Everything was so thought out and as perfect as possible that without the use of concrete mortar and cement, the stones were laid in such a way that it was completely impossible to insert even thin paper between them! There is an assumption that the pyramid was created not at all by people, but by aliens or another force unknown to man.

    We are based specifically on the fact that the pyramids are still the creation of people. In order to quickly extract a stone of the required size and shape from the rock, its outlines were made. The conditional form was carved, and a dry tree was inserted there. It was regularly watered with water, the tree grew from moisture, and under its pressure a crack formed in the rock. Now a large block was removed and betrayed to her the required shape and size. Stones for construction were redirected along the river by huge boats.

    Massive wooden sleds were used to lift the heavy boulders up. On a gentle slope, the stones were lifted one by one by teams of their hundreds of slaves.

    Pyramid device

    The entrance to the pyramid was originally not where it is now. It had the shape of an arch and was located on the northern side of the building with a height of more than 15 meters. In an attempt to rob the great tomb in 820, a new entrance was made, already at a height of 17 meters. But Caliph Abu Jafar, who wanted to enrich himself with the loot, did not find any jewels and valuables and left with nothing. This passage is now open to tourists.

    The pyramid consists of several long corridors leading to the tombs. Immediately after the entrance there is a common corridor that diverges into 2 tunnels leading to the central and lower parts of the pyramid. For some reason, the chamber below was not completed. There is also a narrow loophole, behind which there is only a dead end and a three-meter well. Climbing up the corridor, you will find yourself in the Great Gallery. If you turn left at the first turn and walk a little, you will see the chamber of the bishop's wife. And along the corridor above there is the largest one - the tomb of the pharaoh himself.

    The beginning of the gallery is interesting in that a long and narrow almost vertical grotto was built there. There is an assumption that he was there even before the foundation of the pyramid itself. From both tombs of the pharaoh and his wife, narrow passages about 20 centimeters wide were made. Presumably they were made to ventilate the wards. There is another version that these passages and corridors are pointers to the stars: Sirius, Alnitaki and Tuban, and that the pyramid served as a place for astronomical research. But there is another opinion - according to the belief in the afterlife, the Egyptians believed that the soul returns from heaven through the channels.

    There is one important and interesting fact - the construction of the pyramid was carried out strictly at one angle of 26.5 degrees. There is every reason to believe that the inhabitants of antiquity were very well versed in geometry and the exact sciences. What are the proportional smooth corridors and ventilation ducts.

    Not far from the pyramid itself, during the excavations, Egyptian, cedar boats were found. They were made of pure wood without a single nail. One of the boats of the ball is divided into 1224 parts. The restorer Ahamed Yussouf Mustafa managed to assemble it. For this, the architect had to spend as much as 14 years, such a high patience in the name of science can only be envied. The assembled boat can be admired today in the museum of a bizarre shape. It is located on the south side of the Great Pyramid.

    Unfortunately, inside the pyramid itself, you can not shoot video and take pictures. But on the other hand, you can take many incredible pictures against the background of this creation. Various souvenirs are also sold here, so that an excursion to these enchanting places can remind you of yourself for a long time.

    Photos of the Cheops pyramid, of course, do not reflect all the grandeur and uniqueness of this building.. With us you will plunge into history and look at the world with different eyes.!