Sailing ship tender. Ship tenders. Gender in Communication Studies

Part II
Tender (boat) (The Cutter)


OUTSTANDING CHARACTERISTICS

A single-masted vessel, predominantly slanting, but with a straight topsail and lower straight sail.
. Oblique rigging allows the ship to swim closer to close-hauled than ships with direct rigging.
. Deep draft for such a small boat.
. Heavily armed for a ship of her size.
. For military use only

pic: sailboat tender

The tender originates in Britain in the second quarter of the 18th century. Howard Chapel, in his book In Search of Speed ​​under Sail, writes, "The British tender was most likely made before 1727, as the depiction of a tender ship at Harwich dates from that time." The tender originated from the mizzen yacht, which was a single-masted, shallow-draught craft with gaff rigging and a triangular staysail, a long bowsprit from whose staysail the jib could be extended. Thanks solely to her shallow draft, this vessel sailed with ease in shallow water, the mizzen yacht had shverts, devices attached to each side so that they could be lowered down like a keel in order to avoid excessive drift of the ship when sailing under the wind. In England, where the water is not as shallow as in Holland, an exact copy was built, but with a deeper draft so that there was no schwert. The hull has also been widened to give the ship greater stability in the rough waters of the English Channel. The description of the word "tender" originally applied to the shape of the hull was more closely associated with the city of Folkestone in southeastern Kent near Dover, where the drawings were supposedly made, while the equipment remained the same as on the mizzen -yacht. The original characteristic of the tender was its light, lapped hull. Later, ships appeared with the name "caravel" or sheathed with a nap at the top within the lower frames and caravels at the top. "Sheathed" means that the sheathing boards of the hull overlapped. The "caravel" design means that the connection was made "butt". The frames were thick logs that fit around the ship along the line of each of the decks. They were used to provide a secure anchorage for the heavy bolts that supported the deck. The lower frames would be just above the waterline. A few years later, straight sails were added over the gaff mainsail to provide more speed, and the ship was fitted with an additional jib from the bowsprit.

Although the tender looks a bit like a sloop, it can still be easily recognized. The length to width ratio of the tender was approximately 2.5:1, the ratio of the sloop was more suitable for the ship and was approximately 3.5:1. The tender had more graceful lines than a sloop, and carried less freeboard, which allowed the sails to be squeezed more. But it was the spars and rigging of the tender that made it possible to clearly distinguish it from the sloop. The tender had a single topmast and a separate topmast, while the sloop had separate topmasts. The sloop also had a steeply curved fixed bowsprit on the midline, where the tender had a near-horizontal bowsprit attached to one side of the stem head, which was on the inside of the vessel. The lower mast of the tender was also longer in relation to the overall height allowed for a larger gaff mainsail. A sloop usually had only one jib, while a tender had two or more. Finally, the sloop, mainly the Bermuda sloop, had a more substantial mast angle, and the tender's mast was more vertical. And what does all this mean? And the fact that the tender was built "for speed."

These new Folkestone tenders quickly became smugglers' favorites due to their speed, agility and low crew requirements, and by the mid-1740s the term "smuggling tender" had stuck to them. Smuggling tenders became so widespread that the British government in 1744 took tenders to the Customs Office to deal with smugglers and forbade any merchant tender to wear a spars higher than those on profitable ships. This was done so that no smuggler could escape inspection. The tenders were so good at collecting customs duties that in 1745 the British Admiralty accepted the Folkestone Tenders into service as coastal scouts, rib cruisers and advice ships. The fleet of tenders accepted for service was in 1762 finally replenished with purchased ships, and by October 1764 it already amounted to 38 tenders according to the registers of the Naval Forces.

The tenders previously hired by the Customs Service had a team of no more than thirty people and had on board from six to eight guns and several swivels. One of the first ships that came into the possession of the Naval Forces was the Fly, bought in 1763. It was a vessel 52 feet long, 21 feet wide and 8 feet in displacement, and weighed only 79 tons. On board, it was possible to place 12 guns, probably three-pounders, and equip them with eight holes for long oars on each side. Also in 1763, the British Navy began to design their own tenders. Four were built at the Plymouth shipyards, and three more by agreement at the shipyards of Folkestone and Broadstairs. All ships built were 48 to 55 feet long and weighed 75 to 85 tons, carrying four to six guns on board.

Meanwhile, the qualities that made both smugglers and navies love the tender have not escaped attention in foreign ports either. In 1747, the Admiralty of Amsterdam ordered the purchase of two tenders in England, and paid for the construction of two more in Holland by agreement. In 1756, a shipbuilder at Dunkirk built a small, napped tender with his own hands to serve as a Coast Guard vessel. Named "Tiercelet", the tender was nothing more remarkable, except that it could carry six four-pound guns on board. The French navy did not want to scrap the tender design until 1770, when an order was placed for eight tenders at Dunkirk and Bordeaux. One of them, "La Puce", represented the other seven. It was 48 feet long, 19 feet wide, displaced 7 feet, and weighed 67 tons. On board, there were 6 three-pound guns, ten swivels and it was equipped with nine holes for long oars on each side. Chapman, the great Swedish architect, noticed the advantages and designed a lighter model of the British tender "Fly", and included the sketches in 1765 in his work called "Architectura Navalis Mercatoria".

For whatever reason, but the personnel of the naval forces throughout history have never been content with little. And this fact was clearly illustrated by the end of the 18th century. British naval tenders of the 1770s were 70 feet long and weighed about 180 tons. They could carry 12 four-pounder guns on board, and were strong enough to be considered sloops-of-war in the navy for some time. The sad thing was that the sails and rigging of single-masted ships were extremely difficult to manage. Fortunately, the British naval designers finally came to their senses and returned to the production of what has already "showed itself." This time the French went the furthest. In 1779 they built "Leverette". The ship was 86 feet long, 30 feet wide, had a displacement of 9 feet, and weighed 300 tons. It carried 18 six-pounder guns, not counting the swivels. However, the captains of such "engines" complained so loudly to their superiors that in 1781 such tenders had to be abandoned. The case was won by the Danes, as those who designed the largest existing tender that served in the navy. The Scheepvarrt Museum in Amsterdam houses two copies of tender designs, 92 feet long, 30 feet wide, displace 12 feet and weigh 400 tons. According to the plans of J. Vlaming, he could accommodate 24 six-pound guns. However, it is not known whether even one of these "monsters" was built.

Although leaving behind the craving for the reproduction of the "monsters" of the 1770s, naval designers still continued to "chase" the size. After all, their growing size dictated that the enormous sailing area required to sail on par with the smugglers' ships had to be divided into two masts. Some tenders were already equipped with a small mizzen, stepped for long hauls, and by 1780 these large tenders gave impetus to the construction of two masts with gaff sails on both masts and an additional straight sail on the foremast, as well as topsails on both. These two-masted tenders immediately appealed to the Commercial Shipping Services, as they could be armed well enough to repel smuggling ships. The tender's hull was still too distinctive, so the addition of a second mast gave it the "rank" of a tender brig. One of these ships, the Cameleon, was purchased in 1781. The ship was 85 feet long, 30 feet wide, displaced 9 feet, and weighed 268 tons. The ship was armed with 16 six-pounder guns. On August 14, at about 9 o'clock, the Cameleon, under the command of William O'Brien Drury, with 125 crew members, came across a huge Dutch lugger armed with 18 cannons and 20 swivels. Close combat had been going on for half an hour, when all of a sudden, quite suddenly, the lugger exploded. The shock was so pronounced that people on the Cameleon tender were simply knocked down, and when the smoke cleared, it was clear that the topsails of the tender were engulfed in fire, and they had to be torn off the yard in order to save the ship. Everywhere on the deck and rigging lay the human remains and mutilated corpses of the Dutch. Captain Drury sent out lifeboats to search for those of the crew who could miraculously escape, but the miracle did not happen. There were 12 wounded on the Cameleon. By 1814, 53 tenders were listed in the registers of the Naval Forces. So strong was the identification of tenders with speed that eventually "tender building" eventually came to mean "fine" and "fast" for seafarers around the world.

In his book A History of the Naval Forces of Great Britain 1793-1827, William James described the following event, which took place in 1803. Nationalities and associations are in parentheses for ease of understanding:
“On October 31 at 9.00 am, while the [British] frigate Leda, escorted by the sloops-of-war Lark and Harpy, having left Étaples [France], was desperately fighting against a strong east-south-east wind, trying to shore, a huge [French] brig with cannons on board (with 12 long 24-pounders, it was said), with six schooners and sloops under their cover, were leaving the port at the same time. Captain Honeyman [the frigate Leda] immediately signaled to the sloops Harpy and Lark to give chase. However, at about the same time, the British Admiral-Mitchell tender, with 12 twelve-pounder guns and 12 carronades, with 35 sailors on board, under the command of Lieutenant Alexander Shippard, was in service near Boulogne, the port to which the ships sailed , at 10 in the morning he gave the order to the brig with guns to begin hostilities where the artillery of the Portet ship was located. After two and a half hours of fighting, the tender was already driving a brig with guns and one of the sloops to the shore [where they crashed].
The mast and start-yard of the Admiral-Mitchell tender were damaged in several places by a frame that fell on board, and its sails and rigging were well cut by buckshot: the tender also had one of the carronades unusable, and cannons hit the hull in several places. Fortunately, however, the damage to the tender was not too great: two badly wounded and as many lightly. A strong wind from the shore did not at all give the small British squadron a chance to prove itself in battle, this incident, of course, did credit to Lieutenant Shippard, as well as the officers and crew of the Admiral-Mitchell tender.
Article written by Lawrence D. Davis (Karmajen)

COMPARABLE SHIPS

Captains who like the sailing characteristics of tenders and would accept lighter rigging in order to get a shallow draft will of course prefer a sloop.
The tender is the most powerful type of single-masted vessel, so captains who want to fit as many guns on the ship as possible should look for a completely different vehicle:

Less armed, but more similar to a stern-rigged vessel, may be a large schooner.
. A more armed and risky three-masted vessel with slanting rigging can be a xebec - the most preferred vessel option for villains.
. A properly armed and armored two-masted military vessel is a step up in terms of size and power, but their straight rig will be a significant change for all those accustomed to tender tender rigging.

TACTICS

Similar to the piranha, the tender also has a horribly disproportionate "bite". This trait, combined with speed and agility, makes the vessel exceptional for its purpose of pursuing villains or carrying out solo missions.

Military or pirate, the tender can easily defeat both the sloop and the schooner. With up to 12 cannons on board and several dozen crew members, the tender even inspires fear in large merchant ships, such as ketches and flutes.

The biggest problem a tender captain faces is how to grab smaller prey. Most of the weaker "targets" are also stern-rigged ships, which means that they will also be able to navigate a course close to the direction of the wind. The speed and maneuverability will be almost the same, moreover, the smaller vessels have the opportunity to flee in the shallows, where the already deep draft of the tenders does not allow them to keep up. All these factors indicate that the captain of the tender must be a cunning and patient person, in order, "like a cat, to catch his mouse." A wise tender captain will prefer to know in detail all the bays and shoals of the islands in order to find a place for an ambush from which no victim can escape.

The tender is in an enviable position, as it can overtake everything that could only harm it in battle - it is this feature that puts a ban on the use of such vessels for any other purpose than military ones. However, like all courts, tenders have their own limitations. Thanks to its short hull and large sail area, the tender can reach impressive speeds in light winds, and its deep draft allows it to float firmly on the water, so it can easily sail even in slightly rough seas. But, like all small boats, even a tender with good seaworthiness can meet with troubles in bad weather.

In general, the tender is a light warship, but still, a warship. Be it a smuggler or a military officer, no one should underestimate the strength and toughness of a tender, especially under the command of a seasoned captain.

), staysail, one or more jibs and an upper triangular (topsail). At the beginning of the 20th century, the tender was described as a ship with two or three headsails. A secondary feature, depending on the number of front sails, was the location of the mast: in the region of 1/3 - 1/2 of the length along the design waterline (DWL) from the bow. The position of the mast and the number of headsails determined the type of bowsprit used. Tenders often had a retractable bowsprit, sloops only had a permanent one.

Further, these insignificant differences between the tender and the sloop began to disappear. First, the retractable bowsprit went out of fashion, and by the 30s of the 20th century, bowsprits on single-mast yachts were generally used less and less. The spread of glued spars led to an increase in the height of the masts, and the need to compensate for the insufficient height of the mast with a large number of developed headsails on the bowsprit disappeared. Tenders with three headsails have since become almost a museum rarity.

The tender is, first of all, one of the types of gaff weapons. Bermuda tenders were very short-lived, and they appeared due to the preservation of traditional headsails during the transition from hafel rigging to Bermuda rigging. The tacking qualities of the tender are somewhat lower than those of a sloop. When, while improving the spars and standing rigging, it was found possible to securely hold the mast in the longitudinal direction with just one stay from the bow, the Bermuda tenders practically disappeared.

In the era of the sailing fleet, a tender was called a single-masted auxiliary vessel, with a displacement of 50–60 tons, armed with 10–12 small-caliber guns.

Modern tenders often have Bermuda sailing rigging: instead of a trisail and topsail, one large triangular sail is used - the Bermuda mainsail.

see also

  • List of sailing tenders of the Russian Imperial Navy

Write a review on the article "Tender (sailing vessel)"

Literature

  • Epov G.S. Sailing armament of ships. - St. Petersburg: "Elmor", 2005.

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A single-masted sailing vessel about 70 feet in length. and 200 tons. displacement. The mast does not have a slope, and a long horizontal bowsprit protrudes from the bow, which can be pushed inside the vessel in a fresh wind. Sailing: slanting mainsail, brief, topsail and several jibs. Now T. in military fleets are not used.

  • - 1) trailer part of the locomotive, intended. to store a supply of water, fuel, and sometimes to accommodate auxiliary facilities. devices. Represents a 3-, 4- or 6-axle railway. wagon...

    Big encyclopedic polytechnic dictionary

  • - part of a steam locomotive in the form of a separate wagon, attached to a steam locomotive and serving to place water and fuel supplies on it, as well as auxiliary devices necessary for the operation of a steam locomotive ...

    Technical railway dictionary

  • - 1) open-type competitive bidding or closed, for a limited number of participants, a competitive form of placing an order ...

    Economic dictionary

  • - 1. written proposal, application, offer; 2. application for subscription to securities, trades; 3. notification of the intention to deliver goods under a fixed-term contract; 4...

    Big accounting dictionary

  • - Written proposal, application, offer. Application for subscription to securities, trades. Notice of intent to deliver goods under a fixed-term contract...

    Terminological dictionary of a librarian on socio-economic topics

  • - 1) bidding. At an auction, contracts are usually concluded by those persons from whom the offer of the highest price was received. At the competition, the contract is concluded with the winner who offered the most favorable conditions ...

    Law Encyclopedia

  • - 1. A small sports single-masted sailing vessel with or without a topmast, with one mainsail, and sometimes with a haf topsail and fore staysail, which are attached to the post by means of stays ...

    Marine vocabulary

  • - - offer received during the auction. - notice for the delivery of goods on the futures exchange...

    Financial vocabulary

  • - 1) application, offer, notification of goods, equipment, services, trade for the right to request the possibility and conditions of ship repair, sent to ship repair companies ...

    Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law

  • - a single-masted sailing vessel about 70 feet long. and 200 tons. displacement. The mast does not have a slope, and a long horizontal bowsprit protrudes from the bow, which can be pushed inside the vessel in a fresh wind ...

    Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

  • - 1) a three-, four-, six-axle wagon usually attached to the Steam Locomotive with supplies of water and fuel. Sometimes assistive devices are placed on T. 2) A small single-masted sailing ship...

    Great Soviet Encyclopedia

  • - Loans. in the 19th century from English. lang., where tender - from attender "accompanying" - from attend "accompany" ...

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  • - TENDER, tender, husband. . 1. A special arrangement of a wagon with a supply of fuel, water, and other materials, attached directly to a steam locomotive. 2...

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