Designations on the sea map decoding. Nautical charts and their symbols. how to use a sea map
| ® anomalous point of magnetic declination ( d); | |||||
| ® coastline is reliable; | |||||
| ® coastline is unreliable; | |||||
| ® mountain top; | |||||
| ® triangulation point; | |||||
| ® astronomical point; | |||||
| ® leveling mark, benchmark; | |||||
| ® church, cathedral, kirk, cathedral; | |||||
| ® chapel; | |||||
| ® monument, monument; | |||||
| ® drilling rig; | |||||
| ® beached ship; | |||||
| ® anchor place; | |||||
| ® deep-sea anchorage; | |||||
| ® anchoring is prohibited; | |||||
| ® depth unreliable or doubtful; | |||||
| ® depth above hazards; | |||||
| ® a wreck with a depth above it of 20 m or less; | |||||
| ® a sunken ship with a depth above it of more than 20 m; | |||||
 | ® sunken ship with masts above water; | ||||
 | ® a wreck with the depth above it indicated; | ||||
| ® danger, the position of which is approximate or doubtful; | |||||
| ® doubtful danger; | |||||
| ® danger caused by report; | |||||
| ® above-water rock (stone) indicating its height; | |||||
| ® underwater rock (stone) indicating the depth above it; | |||||
| ® breakers; | |||||
| ® sula; | |||||
 | ® constant flow indicating its speed; | ||||
 | ® variable flow indicating its speed; | ||||
 | ® tidal current indicating its speed (at syzygy); | ||||
 | ® tidal current indicating its speed (in quadrature); | ||||
| ® whirlpool; | |||||
| ® power submarine cable; | |||||
| ® inactive submarine cable; | |||||
| ® underwater oil pipeline; | |||||
 | ® recommended route indicating the direction of movement of vessels; | ||||
| ® recommended path indicating the minimum depth; | |||||
| ® recommended deep-sea route along the target; | |||||
| ® maximum permissible draft of vessels on recommended routes; | |||||
| ® established direction of vessel movement; | |||||
| ® recommended direction of movement of vessels; | |||||
| ® prohibited, dangerous or restricted navigation area; | |||||
| ® state border; | |||||
| ® demarcation line; | |||||
| ® boundary of territorial waters; | |||||
| ® border of the adjacent zone; | |||||
| ® lighthouse; | |||||
| ® luminous mark indicating the top figure and color of the mark; | |||||
| ® air beacon; | |||||
| êInfr Pr 8s 14M | ® infrared fire; | ||||
| Ztm | ® eclipsing fire; | ||||
| Gr Ztm | ® group eclipsing light; | ||||
| Gr Pr(2) | ® group flashing light; | ||||
| Dl Pr | ® long flashing light; | ||||
| ChPr | ® fast flashing light; | ||||
| Prer 04 | ® intermittent very frequent fire; | ||||
| Per Gr Pr (2) | ® variable group flashing light; | ||||
| Pr(3) 15s 22M T(s) (k) og DV RMk s.st. | ® group flashing light, 3 flashes in a group, light period 15 seconds, light visibility range 22 miles, sound signaling means - siren (primary) and bell (backup), visibility sensor light, radio beacon and signal station. | ||||
The degree of completeness and details of the content of maps is called card load, which depends on the purpose and scale of the map(the larger the scale of the map, the more detailed the situation is depicted).
One of requirements guidance documents to the navigator, and even more so to the watch mate is - the ability to “read” a map. This issue must be constantly addressed independently on a ship according to the “Conventional signs of sea charts and maps of inland waterways”(Adm. No. 9025 - ed. by GUNIO RF Ministry of Defense or Adm. No. 902 - ed. by the Ministry of Transport of Ukraine) .
conclusions
1. Navigational sea charts constitute the main subgroup of sea charts and directly ensure navigational safety of navigation in almost any area of the World Ocean.
2. To ensure safe navigation in a particular area, the largest scale map published for this area is used to graphically calculate the vessel’s path.
3. You should always remember that the larger the scale of the map, the more complete and detailed the information necessary for safe navigation is displayed.
4. For areas that are difficult to navigate, the marine navigation chart should be more visual and convenient, which is achieved by additionally “raising” it.
5. Blind trust in the map and its unreasonable overestimation on the part of the navigator can lead to a navigation error, sometimes leading to a serious accident and even the death of the vessel.
6. Competent and complete use of a marine navigation chart for navigation purposes is impossible without the ability of the navigator to “read” this map.
TOPIC 1.6. NAVIGATION AND SAILING GUIDELINES
General information.
The map is one of the main sources of information for the navigator. However, even the most detailed map cannot provide all the necessary information. The Main Directorate of Navigation and Oceanography of the Ministry of Defense publishes publications of a navigational nature, which are divided into marine navigation manuals (MNR) and marine navigation manuals (MNP).
MPR- official publications for seafarers containing rules, instructions, instructions or recommendations of a navigational or legal nature, failure to comply with which makes the seafarer responsible for possible consequences.
Guides for swimming are: driving directions and additions to them; description of lights and signs (lights); description of radio technical aids to navigation equipment (RTSNO) and radio navigation systems (RNS); schedule of radio broadcasts of navigation and hydrometeorological messages and fax hydrometeorological broadcasts; rules for navigation along canals, fairways, inland waterways, ports, etc.; instructions and instructions for swimming; printed proof documents.
The manuals should also include various publications containing information of an international legal nature.
These include: International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGS); International Code of Signals (ICS); collections of regional agreements and legislative acts on maritime issues; mandatory regulations on seaports, etc.
MNE- official publications for navigators, containing navigational-hydrographic, geophysical, astronomical and various kinds of reference data intended for solving navigation problems. They are divided into navigation aids, hydrometeorological, astronomical, reference and auxiliary aids.
The main requirements for manuals and manuals are as follows:
· They should not duplicate information on maps;
· Must not contradict the cards;
· Fully correspond to the actual situation;
Manuals and manuals typically contain the following information:
· Data on the physical and geographical conditions of the area;
· Navigational and geographical description of objects at sea and adjacent land;
· Information about the peculiarities of navigation in the area;
· Description of aids to navigation in the order of their use;
· Information for solving various navigation problems;
· International legal information;
· Information about the swimming mode;
· Brief description of the main manuals.
· 1.6.2 LINES
· Admiralty numbers of this type of publication of the State Budgetary Institution of National Research and Logistics of the Moscow Region begin with the number 1. The sailing directions contain information about navigation conditions in the given area. They can be divided into parts according to geographical principles. If a part is very voluminous in size, then it can be divided into issues. Each location is provided with a diagram of the area being described. The diagram indicates the boundaries and numbers of the chapters of the route describing individual sections. In some sailing directions, instead of a map of the area, a composite sheet of maps is placed on the area described by the sailing guide.
Each pilot contains:
Introductory documents;
General review;
Navigation description;
Instructions for sailing general courses;
Help Desk;
Alphabetical index.
B. Obtaining information using a navigation guide.
To obtain information about a geographic feature by its name, select the page number printed in bold from the alphabetical index and read the necessary information there.
To obtain general information about the navigational and geographical features of the navigation area and hydrometeorological conditions, it uses the relevant essays from the “General Review”. It also provides information about the rules of navigation in the waters of foreign countries.
A description of specific navigation conditions is given in the relevant chapters of the “Navigation Description”. Particular attention should be paid to the “instructions” (instructions) for swimming in this area.
If navigation is carried out in transit through the area described by the pilot, then it is necessary to use the information from the section “Instructions (instructions) for sailing on general courses.”
DESCRIPTIONS OF LIGHTS.
The Admiralty numbers of this type of publication of the State University of Universities and Organizations of the Moscow Region begin with the number 2. This manual is published under two titles: “Lights” and “Lights and Signs”. The structure and presentation of information in these manuals is the same, however, there are significant differences between them:
1. “Lights and Signs” are compiled for Russian waters (including the former USSR), and “Lights” - for foreign waters.
2. “Lights and signs” contain information about all regular aids to navigation, with the exception of milestones (standard aids to navigation - permanently located in the same places or removed annually for the winter period and displayed annually for the navigation period). They also include non-illuminated signs and buoys), and “Lights” contain information only about illuminated aids to navigation and sound signaling installations, with the exception of buoys and milestones, lights on drilling and oil rigs.
3. “Lights and Signs” provides the lesser of the standard and geographic range of visibility of lights, and in "Lights" - the nominal or optical range of visibility of the lights.
APPLICATIONS
CONVENTIONAL SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS ON THE MAP OF SEAS, RESERVOIRS, LAKES AND RIVERS
1. Conventional abbreviations for sea, lake and river maps
General terms
Active radar reflector |
Marina |
|||
Archipelago |
||||
Aerobeacon |
||||
Airborne radio beacon |
||||
Large proofreading |
Large corr. |
Beacon |
||
Big, big, big |
Direction finding station |
|||
Breaker |
Radio station |
|||
Great, oh, oh, oh |
||||
spinning |
||||
Water pump |
||||
Water pipes |
Fishing nets |
fish net |
||
Reservoir |
||||
Breakwater |
Light reflector |
|||
Eastern, -aya, -oe, -s |
Traffic light |
|||
Hydrometeorological station |
Notices to seafarers |
|||
Hydroelectric power plant |
||||
Cable |
||||
Pilot station |
||||
Small, s, s, s |
||||
Deviation target. |
||||
Shimmering |
||||
Forbidden |
||||
Sector |
||||
Signal mast |
||||
Navigation sign |
Navigation zn. |
Signal station |
||
Nautophone |
Rock, rocky |
|||
Maintenance free |
Doubtful |
|||
Zero card |
||||
Leading sign |
||||
Reference point |
||||
Passive radar reflector |
Telegraph |
|||
Fog signal |
||||
floating lighthouse |
||||
floating radio beacon |
Lost Anchor |
|||
Underwater bell. |
Fairway |
|||
Underwater Oscillator |
||||
Peninsula |
||||
Storm and signal station |
||||
Anchorage |
Priming
Name
Algae, grass |
||||
Pebbles, crushed stone |
||||
Sandy silt |
||||
Clayey silt |
||||
Gravel, debris |
||||
Rock, rocky |
||||
Silty sand |
Soil characteristics
Volcanic |
||||
Viscous, sticky |
Uneven |
|||
Separate |
||||
Bad (unclean) |
||||
Porous |
||||
Destroyed |
||||
Shredded |
||||
Large.... |
Ground color
Spotted, motley |
||||
Light.... |
||||
Brown |
Dark. ... |
|||
Orange |
II. Symbols for river maps and reservoir maps
Graphic image |
The meaning of symbols |
Coasts, isobaths, flood boundaries, fairways, navigational hazards, hydraulic structures |
|
Shoreline corresponding to survey water level Unreliable coastline The coast is steep: 1 - without beach; 2 - with the beach expressed in scale; 3 - with a beach not expressed to scale Coast with a planned slope: 1 - unfortified; 2 - fortified The coast is rocky The coast is dangerous, with pechinas Non-flooded coastal embankments and other ridges not expressed in scale 1 - surface; 2 - underwater |
|
|
Collapsible dams for passing ships Gateway with dam Gateway without dam Embankments: 1 - stone; 2 - wooden |
|
Navigational barriers, currents |
|
|
1 - left bank, 2 - right bank; 3 - places where the fairway splits 1 - white left bank; 2 - red right bank Flood limits in high water: 1 - at the highest level; 2 - at the average of the highest levels Fairways: 1 - main; 2 - bypass; 3 - spring |
|
|
1 - sandy; 2 - rocky Underwater obstacles: 1 - rocky soil; 2 - sandy soil Rifles Bushes of piles, fires Wreck with depth above it Sewer section of the river Signal masts River type signs of the left and right banks: 1 - running (clamping); 2 - pass Marine type pass signs: 1 - left bank; 2 - right bank Leading signs: 1 - river type; 2 - marine type |
|
Tees: 1 - river type; 2 - marine type Spring signs: 1 - left bank; 2 - right bank 1. Place of signal (whistle) 2. Beginning of the rocky river bed Place of shelter from bad weather Signal signs at structures: 1 - underwater; 2 - surface 1 - beacon keeper's post; 2 - technical section Flow direction: 1 - straight; 2 - reverse Dump current: 1 - right; |
|
1 - pier; 2 - landing stages Wood-burning pier Raft bridges Bridges on ships (H = 5 m - height above river level) Wooden bridges Stone and reinforced concrete bridges Metal bridges Drawbridges: 1 - wooden; 2 - stone and reinforced concrete; 3 - metal Bridge axis Ferries Transportation 1 - motor; 2 - oars Switching wires |
|
|
Anchorages Water metering posts Benchmark and his mark Selectors |
Examples of images of some elements on the water
III. Symbols for nautical charts
Graphic image |
The meaning of symbols |
Graphic image |
The meaning of symbols |
Fairways, boundaries of water areas |
|||
Fairway without depth indication Fairway with the least depth 6 m A channel fairway etched with a flexible trawl to a depth of 7.1 m A channel fairway etched with a rigid trawl to a depth of 10.1 m Sea channel: 1 - expressed in scale; 2 - not expressed in scale Border of danger, distinctive depths and coastal rocks |
Restricted zones, training areas, etc. Boundaries of clearing areas Fishing limit Ice boundary Magnetic anomaly boundary The boundary of the magnetic anomaly is unreliable Boundaries of poorly surveyed areas |
||
Isopaths (in meters) 1 ................... 10 ._._._._ 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 20 .._.._.._ 5 - - - - - - - - 50 .-.-.-.- |
|||
|
The coastline is reliable The coastline is unreliable |
|
The coast is rocky The coast is steep: 1 - with a beach expressed in scale; 2 - with a beach not expressed to scale |
|
The coast is steep without a beach The shore is sandy (or earthy) Shore with boulders The shore is clayey The coast is dangerous |
Dry muddy shore The shore is dry and sandy. Drying Dry shore, sandy and rocky Dry pebble-gravel shore Dry rocky coast |
|
Navigational hazards |
|||
Surface stone Underwater stone Drying stone The danger situation is doubtful Existence of danger is doubtful Small jars |
Underwater obstacles A sunken ship, part of which is above water The same, with a depth above it of less than 18 m The same, with a depth above it of more than 18 m Fishing nets and pins |
||
Depths, currents, hydraulic structures |
|||
|
Depth unreliable Depth at which the bottom was not reached (“swept away”) Depths are distinctive Depths above danger Trawling depth above danger Drying height above zero depth |
Bollards, string and pile underwater barriers Breakwater Granite, concrete and reinforced concrete embankments: 1 - not expressed in scale; 2 - expressed in scale Fortified coast: 1 - not expressed in scale, 2 - expressed in scale |
||
Floating barriers |
|||
Pole, ice pole Flag milestone North pole, left side pole, left turn |
South pole, right side pole, right turning Western milestone Eastern milestone |
||
Cross milestone Buoy, buoy, non-luminous Buoy, buoy with top figure Luminous buoy or buoy Buoy with light reflector |
Buoy with active or passive radar reflector Radio beacon with a glowing buoy A pole or buoy over a wreck Fire over a sunken ship floating lighthouse |
||
Lighthouses, lights, signs, stations, landmarks and other objects |
|||
|
Beacon Air fog stations |
Fog stations underwater Radar station Direction finding station |
||
Alignment of lights Alignment of signs Coastal radar reflector Navigation sign Water tower and water pump Controversial currents whirlpool Anchorage for large and small vessels, unequipped roadstead Magnetic declination value at an anomaly point |
Masts and flagpoles Objects noticeable from the sea Objects visible to radar Flow, constant flow Tidal current (with plumage - high tides, without plumage - low tides) Factory and factory pipes Oil and gas rigs Semaphores and traffic lights that have the meaning of landmarks |
Signaling in ports about high and low tides
Note. The cones used to produce signals No. 1 and 2 must have a base diameter of 0.5 m and a height of 1.5 m
Water height alarm
Note. The height and diameter of cones and cylinders, as well as the diameter of balls for producing signals No. 3-6 must be at least 1 m
Annex 1
Image on maps of the colors of lights glowing in aid of navigation
Appendix 2
1. Signs for the protection of navigational hazards on the sea and lake in relation to the cardinal points
Appendix 3
Ship lights and signs according to the “Rules for warning ships at sea”
1. Symbols of ship lights
13. Vessels engaged in fishing with trawl fishing gear on the move (rule 9, c)
Appendix 4
Visual ship horns according to
"Rules for navigation on inland waterways"
A. Signals raised on ships while moving (underway)
I. On steam ships when traveling without a vessel
B. Signals raised on ships during mooring (berthing signals)
Appendix 6
1 - buoy - floating pyramid
2 - ball buoy
3 - a red buoy protects the dangers of the navigation passage on the right side
4 - a white buoy protects the dangers of the navigation on the left side
5 - identification signs of the entrance to the canal with flashing light: red - right bank, green - left bank
A 6-slot gate is installed on the approaches to the canal bed from the side
reservoirs
7 - long-range traffic lights give a signal to approach the gateway, short-range traffic lights give a signal to enter and exit the gateway chamber
8 - signal mast of the left bank
9 - directional lights are installed on both banks of the canals. Lights right
banks - red, left - green
10 - dividing buoy indicates the division of the shipping channel 11 - pass sign of the right bank
12 - pass sign of the left bank
13 - twin buoys indicate the separation of the shipping channel
14 - running signs
15 - the spring sign of the left bank serves as a guide during the flood period
16 - alignment of two pyramidal signs
17 - spring sign of the right bank
18 - signs indicating places for laying underwater pipelines, telegraph and electrical cables
19 - alignment of the right bank of two simple signs
20 - diamond-shaped red shields indicate navigable spans of bridges
ships coming from above
21 - square red boards indicate navigable spans of bridges
ships coming from below
22 - signs indicating telegraph and electrical crossings over the river
wires
23 - semaphore mast
24 - dump buoy
25-signal mast installed on beaches
International system of navigation barriers.
Instructions for use.
To fence off navigational hazards and mark safe passages (fairways) and indicate special areas of the water area, most countries of the world use a generally accepted system of navigation signs. Standards for such signs have been developed and maintained by an international organization IALA – (International Association Lighthouses Authorities). They are marked on nautical charts and help guide the ship near various dangers. The world's oceans are conventionally divided into two large regions: the region A and region IN. To the region IN belong to areas of North and South America, Korea and the Philippines. Today we will look at the region A, in which we, in fact, find ourselves and which includes Europe, Asia and Africa.
All navigation situation signs have the following characteristics: shape, color, characteristics of lights and sound signals. Knowing these parameters, you can reliably identify any sign seen in the sea and on the sea map.
If the direction of the buoy is not obvious, then it is indicated on the map as follows - rice. 2. This means that if a ship is following the fairway in the direction indicated on the map, then the red buoys should be on its port side, and the green ones on the starboard side.
Lateral marks may be in the form of a pole, a broad-based pyramid, a cone or trapezoidal buoys. The lateral signs on the left side of the fairway, in addition to being red, have a truncated trapezoid as the top figure and, in conditions of limited visibility, a red flashing light.
Right fairway signs, painted green, are characterized by a triangular top shape and glow with a green flashing light in conditions of limited visibility. On rice. 3 You can see how the buoy's lateral marks and direction are shown on the charts.
II. Cardinal signs (cardinal marks) (Fig. 4)
Cardinal signs mark off a navigational hazard and indicate from which side it can be safely avoided. In this case, the danger is shallows, underwater or surface rocks, sunken ships at shallow depths, etc. Cardinal signs are associated with the main directions of the compass in parts of the world and differ from each other in color, shape of the upper figure and characteristics of the lights.
1. Northern cardinal stamp (north cardinal mark) (Fig. 5)
2. Eastern cardinal mark ( east cardinal mark) (Fig. 7)
This sign tells the sailor that he needs to go around it from the east. Coloring (top to bottom): black-yellow-black. The shape of the top figure is two black triangles with their vertices pointing away from each other. Fire Characteristics: Rapidly flashing white in groups of three flashes. The map shows how rice. 8.
Tells the sailor that he needs to go around it from the south. Coloring (top to bottom): yellow-black. The shape of the top figure is two black triangles with their vertices down. Light characteristics: fast flashing white in groups of six flashes plus one long flash. The map is shown as rice. 10.
This sign should be avoided from the west. Coloring (top to bottom): yellow-black-yellow. The shape of the top figure is two black triangles with their vertices directed towards each other. Fire Characteristics: Rapidly flashing white in groups of nine flashes. The map shows how rice. 12.
An isolated hazard sign is placed directly at the location of the hazard. It can warn of a single rock, a surface or underwater dangerous shoal, etc. Coloring (top to bottom): black-red-black. The shape of the top figure is two black balls. Light characteristic: group of two white flashes.
What an isolated hazard sign looks like on a map, see rice. 14.
Safe water mark (Fig. 15)
Special stamps (Special marks) (Fig. 17)
These marks usually designate some special areas in the water area - for example, areas where underwater cables run, submarine training grounds, as well as areas reserved for water skiers and jet skis. In any case, if on the map some zone is limited by special marks, then there, on the map, there is always an explanation of what exactly they are protecting ( rice. 18). Special stamps are painted yellow, the shape of the top figure is an oblique cross. Light characteristic: yellow flashes.
Lighthouses
In specialized literature, a lighthouse (lighthouse) is a navigational landmark in the form of a tower or building of a distinctive shape and color, installed on the mainland, island or directly in shallow water, equipped with a lighting device with a large optical visibility range. A floating lighthouse (lightship) is a vessel equipped with a lighthouse light and installed in an area of danger remote from the coast.
So, a lighthouse is a large structure equipped with a fire at the top point, with characteristics that are individual for each lighthouse. At least within a radius of hundreds of nautical miles, you will not find two lighthouses with the same light characteristics. Many lighthouses are equipped with sound signals (usually howlers), which can be used to identify the lighthouse in conditions of limited visibility, such as fog. Also, most lighthouses are equipped with a source of a characteristic radio signal, which allows ships to determine their location using radio navigation equipment in conditions of limited visibility.
Rules required for beacons:
the location of each lighthouse must be accurately mapped;
it should be clearly visible both day and night;
the light of the lighthouse should not be mistaken for any accidental fire on shore;
The beacon must have a reliable fog alarm. Depending on the location of installation, lighthouses are divided into coastal and sea.
Coastal lighthouses, as a rule, are built on high capes of the mainland protruding into the sea or on large islands, sea lighthouses - on natural or artificial islands located far from the coast or simply on an underwater rock. According to their purpose, coastal lighthouses are either identification (indicative) or guiding.
The former, as the name suggests, usually serve as welcome marks at the entrance to a port or channel, turning marks where passing vessels usually change their course, and caution marks indicating a particular navigational hazard. Beacons are placed to facilitate the passage of ships in narrow places or at the entrance to a roadstead, harbor or port.
So, lighthouses have a dual purpose: they help sailors determine their location at sea and warn against danger. To use a lighthouse as a navigational landmark at night, we must, firstly, see its light, and secondly, identify it. On navigation charts, beacons are indicated by a magenta (purple) exclamation point symbol and/or surrounded by a purple circle. The main identifying characteristics of a lighthouse light, such as color, period and phase, are plotted on a map near it.
The color of the lighthouse light can be white, green or red. The green light corresponds to the designation G (green), red – R(red), blue Bu (blue), purple - Vi (violet), yellow - Y (yellow). If none of these symbols are specified, we are dealing with white fire.
In order to learn how to identify different types of beacons, let's look at a few examples.
Example 1. On the sea map ( rice. 1) we see the lighthouse Berry Head, having the following designation – Fl (2) 15s 58m 14M. Let's figure out what we will see in the dark when we are close to it. Fl (2) denotes the phase characteristic of the lighthouse light and is deciphered as a group of flashes ( group flashing). The number 2 in brackets indicates the number of flashes in the group, and 15s (seconds) indicates the period. Thus, this beacon consistently gives 2 flashes and after a break - again 2 flashes, etc. To make sure that we see exactly the beacon that is indicated on the map and has the above characteristics, we need to take a stopwatch, start it as soon as we see the first flash in the group, track 2 flashes, take a break and stop the countdown at the moment of the first flash in the next group time. If this is indeed a lighthouse indicated at this location on the map, then the period counted by the stopwatch will be 15 seconds (15s).
What color flash do you think you will see? That's right, white, because the lighthouse designation does not contain the symbols G or R. The circle around the lighthouse and the magenta-colored letters RG indicate the type of radio signal that this lighthouse emits. The symbols following the period in the designation of the lighthouse - 58m - are its height above sea level, and the mysterious 14M tell us that in good weather at night, from the height of the captain's bridge of a medium ship, its light is visible from a distance of 14 nautical miles.
Example 2. Lighthouse on Eddystone Rocks (rice. 2) has the following designation: Fl (2) 10s 41m 20M & F.R. 28m 13M Horn (3) 60s. Fl (2) 10s – a group of two flashes with a period of 10 seconds. Since the color is not specified, it means it is white. 41m 20M – its height is 41 m, visibility in good weather is 20 nautical miles. The symbol “&” means “and”, followed by the following symbols: F.R. 28m 13M. This means that the lighthouse is equipped with an additional constantly burning red light ( F.R. – fixed red), installed at an altitude of 28 m, and visibility in good weather of 13 nautical miles (13 M). If we look closely at the map, we will see the designated sector of this fire (arc of visibility of F.R. lt). That is, if we follow a course such that we see a red light, then we are heading into danger (7-meter shallow). Symbols Horn(3) 60s tells us that the lighthouse is equipped with a howler that sounds 3 times at 60 second intervals. Symbols Racon(T) (3&10cm) refer to the radio signal emitted by this beacon.
Example 3. Notice the two identical lights located at the top Fig.3 and marked with the symbols F.G. 6M. Now you can easily decipher these lights as solid green (Fixed Green) and that their visibility in good weather is 6 nautical miles (6M). These lights are located on one straight line, the direction of which is indicated on the map as 352º45´ - naturally, this is the true bearing. The meaning of these lights is that if you enter at night Holcombe Bay to the anchorage, you will keep these two green lights “on target”, i.e. on one straight line, you will follow the true course of 352º45´ and enter the bay, avoiding danger. Such lights are called “leading”, or leading lights.
To identify the phase characteristics of the lights, use Admiralty Booklet 5011. Its full name is Symbols and abbreviations used on Admiralty charts 5011. You should also have a book on board List of lights for your region. Using it you can always correctly identify the lighthouses that you will meet along the way.
The main differences between Russian and foreign maps.
DATE OF THE BIG KOPPEKTURE.
Under the lower frame to the right of the mark on the first edition, below the date of reprint, the date of the major proofreading is indicated.
DATE OF SMALL COPPEKTURE
Marks on minor corrections made according to Notices to Mariners (with the exception of temporary and preliminary ones) are placed under the lower frame in the left corner.
Small Correction, 1990-903
Minor proofreading according to IM No.903 for 1990
Small Correction, 1990-
MAGNETIC DECLINATION
On small-scale Admiralty maps, isogons are plotted and under the heading it is indicated
Magnetic Curves are for the year 1992
Equal magnetic declination curves - for 1992
Most navigation charts have magnetic declination maps. In the center of the card is the declination value, the year to which it is reduced, and the annual change, such as:
Skl. 12"00"w. (1992), a decrease of 10" annually.
DIRECTIONS
Under the title of the card it is usually indicated
The Bearings are referred to the True Compass and when given Degrees are reckoned clockwise from 000" (North) to 359".
All Bearings are True and are given from Seaward
All bearings are true and given from the sea.
DEPTHS
Under the title of each English map, instructions are given about the depths
Anding in Fathoms.
Depths in six-foot fathoms.
Saunding in Fathoms (under Eleven in Fat horns and Feet). Depths in six-foot fathoms (less than eleven fathoms - in fathoms and feet).
Markings of shallow depths (less than 11 fathoms) consist of two numbers - fathoms and feet;
63 = 6 fathoms (6 feet each) and 3 feet = 39 feet
Some maps have the following depth indications.
Soundings in upright hairline figures are from a smaller scale chart.
SOIL
On new English maps, as well as on Soviet maps, the name of the soil is written with a capital (capital) letter, and adjective characteristics with a lowercase (small) letter, for example
fS – MP – fine sand
bkSh – bR – broken shell
syM – vi – viscous sludge
wCo – blkor – white coral
DANGERS
Obstacles that pose a danger to navigation are marked on English maps and a dotted dotted line is drawn around them - the danger line.
Particular care should be taken when swimming in areas near hazards marked as follows;
R.A. Position Approximate
R.D. Position DoubfuIl
E.D. Existence Doubfull
Insufficiently investigated hazards are marked on the map with an indication;
Rep.d Reported - According to report
Unexam.d Unexamined - Unexplored
ZERO DEPTH
On Admiralty charts of the British Isles and Ireland the title usually states;
The datum to which the soundings are redused is the level of Mean Low Water Springs.
Charts with this indication require special care, since in fact about half of the shallow waters will be below zero depth and, therefore, the actual depth will sometimes be less than indicated on the chart.
To avoid negative depth corrections, a new level has been adopted on some maps.
The Soundings are redused approximately to 3 feets below the level of Mean Low Water Springs
For English charts of foreign waters, local levels are taken as zero depths, an indication of this is given under the heading. It can be
Low Water Level - Low water level
The Level of lowest possible Low Water - Level of the smallest possible low water
For places where tides are not observed, the depth is taken as zero;
The Level of the Sea.
Sea level
TIDES
For areas where tidal phenomena are observed, maps and information necessary for navigators are provided. This may be general information.
There are no appreciable tides - No noticeable tidal phenomena are observed.
Spring Rise about 2 feet - Spring tide height is about 2 feet
For several more important points a table is given (Information on tides at zero depths).
LIGHTHOUSES
Information about lighthouses is given on maps using symbols and abbreviations. The full characteristics of the beacon look like this:
F1.4 sec.117 ft.15 M - White flashing light, period 4 seconds, height 117 feet, visibility 15 miles.
Gr.0cc.(3) R.8 sec.15 ft.6 M. - Light red group-eclipsing, 3 eclipsing in group: period 8 seconds, height 15 feet, visibility 6 miles.
F.Fl.G.3 sec.23 ft.8 M.Nauto - Constant fire with flashes, period 3 sec height 23 feet, visibility 8 miles, nautofon.
FORBIDDEN AND DANGEROUS AREAS
Where necessary, English charts contain warnings restricting freedom of navigation.
Prohibited Area - Forbidden Area
Anchorage Prohibited - Anchorage prohibited
No anchorage - No passage
Danger Area - Dangerous area
Mining Ground - Mine Bank
Mined Area - Mined area
Vessel are warned not to anchor or fish within area marked by pecked lines. - Vessels are cautioned against anchoring and fishing within the area delimited by dotted lines on the map.
Spo iI Ground - Soil dump
Ammuniti on Disused – Dump of unusable ammunition
The method of conventionally depicting the Earth's surface on a plane is called a cartographic projection, and the resulting image of meridians and parallels is called a cartographic grid. There are several types of map projections. All of them are divided into two groups - depending on the nature of the distortions and depending on the method of constructing the cartographic grid.CUT$
Based on the nature of distortion, projections are divided into equiangular, equal-area, equidistant and arbitrary projections.
On maps in a conformal projection, infinitesimal figures are depicted as similar corresponding figures on the earth's surface. The similarity of the figures makes it possible to maintain equality of angles. On maps in an equal-area projection, the proportionality of areas to the corresponding areas on the earth's surface is preserved, but the similarity of figures is not preserved. On maps in an equidistant projection, the scale remains constant in one of the main directions. Arbitrary projections do not preserve either the equality of angles or the proportionality of areas, but they have their own special properties.
Based on the type of meridians and parallels of the normal cartographic grid, projections are divided into: conical, cylindrical and azimuthal. With conical projections, the earth's surface is projected onto the lateral surface of a tangent or secant cone, followed by the development of this surface into a plane. With cylindrical projections, the earth's surface is projected onto the lateral surface of a tangent or secant cylinder. With azimuthal projections, the earth's surface is projected onto a plane tangent to the earth's surface at any point.
A flat, reduced image of the earth's surface, in which distortions are subject to a certain mathematical law, is called nautical map.
Flat images of small areas of the earth's surface, where distortions can be neglected, are called plans.
The main feature that distinguishes a map from a plan is that the scale of the map is not constant, but on a plan the scale remains constant over its entire surface.
The unit of linear scale for measuring distances and latitude differences on a Mercator map is taken to be the Mercator mile. The length of one minute of the arc of the meridian on a given map parallel in the Mercator projection, expressed in millimeters, is called the Mercator mile.
Since the meridians on the Mercator map are stretched proportionally at each point, the image of one minute of the meridian arc changes with changes in latitude and continuously increases as it moves away from the equator. Therefore, when measuring distance on a nautical chart, it is necessary to take the Mercator mile on the side frame of the map in the same latitude where the distance being measured is located.
Areas close to the Earth's poles are depicted on the Mercator projection with very large distortions, and the poles themselves are not projected onto the side surface of the cylinder. Therefore, Mercator maps are compiled for latitudes no more than 85°.
The degree of reduction in the actual dimensions of figures or lines of the earth's surface transferred to the map is called scale. Scale is characterized by the ratio of the length of a line on a map to the length of the same line on the Earth's surface. There are numerical and linear scales.
A numerical scale is a fraction whose numerator is one and whose denominator is a number indicating how many units of length on the ground are contained in a unit of length on the map.
A linear scale is a graphical representation of a numerical scale and shows how many larger distance units on the ground are contained in one smaller unit on a map.
As mentioned above, the scale is kept constant only on plans. On nautical charts, the scale is a variable value and is divided into main and partial.
The main scale is the scale indicated on the map itself in its title and preserved only along certain specific directions. Thus, for a sea map in the Mercator projection, the scale remains constant along the parallels and changes when moving from one parallel to another. The parallel along which the main scale indicated in the title of the map is maintained is called the main parallel.
As latitude increases, the scale on the Mercator projection increases, and vice versa, as latitude decreases it becomes smaller. At all points on the map, scale values are larger or smaller than the main scale and are therefore called partial.
The scale of the map determines the accuracy with which linear measurements can be made on it. The maximum scale accuracy is the linear distance on the ground, corresponding to 0.2 mm on the map (the maximum distance visible to the naked human eye on paper).
how to use a sea map
Before use nautical map it needs to be studied carefully. First of all, you need to read the map's title, notes and cautions, year of publication and proof dates. The title of the map indicates its name, that is, the region, and below the name the following data is given: scale and main parallel to which it is assigned; the year to which the magnetic declination is reduced; measures in which depths are expressed.
Depths on sea charts are reduced to a single level - zero depths. On Soviet maps in seas with tides, the lowest possible sea level is taken as zero depth, that is, the level of the lowest of the small spring waters, and for seas without tides - the average long-term level.
Depths on sea charts for domestic waters are indicated in meters as follows: up to 5 m with an accuracy of about 0.1 m; from 5 to 20 m with an accuracy of 0.2 m; from 20 to 50 m with an accuracy of 1 m.
The smallest depth is the shallowest depth on a bank, reef, bar and other elevations of the bottom, as well as on the fairway, in the channel.
Maintained depth - the lowest depth in a channel or fairway that can be maintained throughout navigation.
Distinctive depth is a depth that differs more or less from the surrounding depths (by at least 10% for a flat bottom and 20% for an uneven bottom topography).
For greater clarity, the images of the seabed relief are shown on maps, in addition to depths, with isobaths (lines of equal depths). They are carried out through depths of 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 m, and in deep-sea areas - sometimes through depths of 500, 1000 and 2000 m.
Soils on maps are indicated in abbreviations, for example: I-silt, Gbk-sponge, Gl-clay, Cor-corals, P-sand, R-shell, Gr-gravel, K-stone, etc. The color and nature of the soil are indicated in abbreviations in lowercase letters, for example: zlichI - green unclean silt, blmp - white fine sand, plgl - dense clay.
Markings of heights, heights of islands, above-water rocks and stones are given in meters from the sea level adopted on maps of the given area for measuring heights. Elevation marks that are mixed relative to their position and the height of structures are enclosed in brackets.
Navigation hazards and their barriers are indicated on maps by symbols. If the position of the danger is not precisely established, then conditional abbreviations are placed next to it - PS (position is doubtful) or SS (existence is doubtful).
Navigation equipment for determining the vessel's position is also indicated by conventional signs; and those that do not have a sign are indicated on the map with a circle with a dot in the center and an explanatory abbreviated inscription. For example: RPS - radio direction-finding station, pam - monument, RLO - radar landmark.
Lights of lighting aids to navigation equipment on maps of scale 1:500000 and larger are shown by their actual color. White, yellow and orange lights are shown with orange paint; The abbreviation “zh” is placed before the character of the yellow and orange lights.
The radii of circles and arcs indicating the color of the lights do not correspond to the visibility range of the fire. The visibility range of the fire is given in nautical miles.
On nautical charts of a scale smaller than 1:500,000, all lights of luminous aids to navigation equipment, regardless of the type (circular or sector) and color of the fire, are depicted as purple “horns”.
On nautical charts at a scale of 1:500000, intended for use as general ones (inland or marginal seas), all lights, regardless of type and color, are depicted as purple “horns”. The color of the fire is indicated by abbreviations before the nature of the fire.
Direct and reverse directions (true azimuths) are indicated on the alignments; the first direction is given from the shore, the second from the sea. If the map is heavily loaded, the alignments may indicate one direction from the shore. The running part of the navigation lines is shown as a continuous line, the non-running part - as a dotted line.
If due to small scale nautical charts two leading luminous signs are not expressed separately and are shown at one point, then first the characteristic of the fire of the front sign is given, and then the rear one.
Buoys on nautical charts are depicted according to their type. Without specifying the shape, buoys are depicted whose shape is unknown or does not comply with the IALA Buoyage System.
Topmarks are shown at buoys, milestones and signs and their colors are indicated using accepted abbreviations. In the area of the IALA Buoyancy System, on charts with heavy traffic, markings for floating aids to navigation and non-illuminated marks may be omitted if they have topmarks.
Due to the fact that in areas where the IALA Fence System is in effect, radar reflectors are installed on all floating aids to navigation located in navigationally important locations, radar reflectors on floating aids to navigation equipment are generally not shown on charts.
On charts of inland waterways, the color of buoys, buoys and shore markers corresponds to their actual color, with the exception of white, which is given in orange.
For lighthouses and luminous signs, the characteristics of the lights and other explanations are given in conventional abbreviations. For example: GrPr (4) 20s 22MT(n) ARMkROT, that is, a group flashing light with four flashes and a period of 20 seconds, visibility range 22 miles fog signal nautofon, aerial radio beacon, fog detector radio station.
Current on nautical charts indicated by arrows: the current speed is written above the arrow with an accuracy of 0.25 knots. Information about tidal currents is placed in tables in the empty spaces of the map.
Magnetic declination for a given area is indicated on sea charts with an accuracy of 0˚.1. The annual change in declination for the Epoch to which it relates is placed in the title of the map. The area of magnetic anomaly is shown with a contour outlined by a solid black line.
classification of nautical charts
All nautical charts are divided into navigational, reference and auxiliary maps. Navigation maps are designed to solve various navigation problems and are a mandatory official document. Navigational marine Charts are divided into general and special.
Depending on the scale, general navigation maps are divided into general, travel, private maps and plans.
General cards are compiled on a scale of 1:500000 - 1:5000000 and are used for dead reckoning of a ship's path when sailing on the high seas, preliminary laying and general navigation calculations.
Travel maps are intended to ensure navigation near the shore and at some distance from it. Such maps are compiled on scales from 1:100000 to 1:500000 along the main parallel.
Private cards designed to provide navigation when sailing in close proximity to the coast and in cramped navigation conditions, they are compiled on a scale from 1:75000 to 1:25000.
Plans are intended to provide entry to ports, harbours, bays, roadsteads, anchorages and for navigation within their water area. Plans are drawn up on a scale of 1:1000 - 1:25000.
Special navigation maps differ from general navigation maps in that they have additional load for solving individual navigation and other tasks. Special navigation charts include: radio navigation charts, designed to determine the location of the vessel using RNS; navigation and fishing maps with detailed soil characteristics of the seabed, etc.
Reference and auxiliary maps different in content and purpose. Typically, auxiliary maps are a cartographic grid without special elements of the marine environment. These include grid maps, blank maps, maps for calculating navigation along an arc of a larger circle, etc. Reference maps are intended for studying the physical-geographical and other elements of the navigation area that cannot be shown on navigation maps. Reference maps include maps of radio beacons and radio stations, maps of recommended paths, maps of hydrometeorological elements, maps of the elements of terrestrial magnetism, collection sheets, atlases (physical and geographical data, tidal currents, surface currents, waves, wind, etc.).