Ancient roads and tracts of Kazan. Antediluvian Tataria Topographic maps of the volosts of the Kazan province

Economic map of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

The creation of statehood of the Tatar people took place in short term in several stages. At first it was planned to create the “Idel-Ural” republic, then the “Kazan Republic”, “Tatar-Bashkir Republic”. However, the most realistic step was the formation of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which most fully reflected the demands of the Bolshevik Party and partially satisfied the demands of the Tatar people. Its formation was proclaimed on June 25, 1920. The republic was created as a multinational state, part of the RSFSR. In 1920, 2851.9 thousand people lived on its territory, of which: Tatars - 49.5%, Russians - 41.2%, Chuvash - 5.9%, Mari - 0.8%. In the period 1920-1940 years TASSR became an industrial-agrarian republic. Collectivization was carried out. New industrial enterprises were created, illiteracy of the bulk of the population was eliminated.

During the years of Soviet power, industrial enterprises in the mechanical engineering, chemical, oil, energy, light and food industries were re-created in the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. A number of enterprises have been restored and reconstructed. In the first five-year plan (1929-1932), 22 large industrial enterprises were put into operation. Factories of typewriters, dental instruments, chemical-pharmaceutical, Kazan fur plant, Volga plywood plant, silicate brick plant, Kazan, Chistopol and Bugulminsky meat-packing plants, Kazan bakery, etc. have become operational.

During the second five-year plan (1933-1937), 24 large industrial enterprises were built and put into operation. These include CHPP No. 1, the Kirov plant, a film factory, a sleeper impregnation plant, the Vasilyevsky timber plant, the Kazan fulling and felt plant, the Kazan garment factory No. 4, bakeries No. 2 and No. 4, a confectionery factory. Mikoyan, a saddlery factory, etc. During three and a half years of the third five-year plan (1938 - the first half of 1941), 12 large industrial enterprises were built. Thermal power plant No. 2, artificial leather factories, a photogelatin plant, a tire repair plant, a brick plant K-14, and the Kazan disinfection equipment plant came into operation. One of the country's first synthetic rubber factories and aircraft plant No. 124 named after were built. Ordzhonikidze.

The head of the spiritual administration of Muslims of the European part of the USSR and Siberia, Riza Fakhrutdinov, in a letter addressed to the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR M.I. Kalinina wrote in 1932 that out of 12 thousand mosques, 10 thousand were closed by the beginning of the 30s. The mufti asked the “all-union elder” to assist in stopping such a campaign. However, the next wave of demolition of minarets, mosques, their closure, transformation of mosques into clubs, schools, and hostels took place at the end of the same 30s. A similar fate befell the churches. Thus, as of January 1944, only 2 churches were operating in Tatarstan - in Kazan and Menzelinsk. Of the 70 districts of the republic, 69 no longer had functioning churches.

Even in early childhood, I was interested in archaeological maps of my native Tatarstan. Their careful study led to an amazing historical discovery: during the entire pre-Russian era, only a few settlements arose on the “Mountain Side” between the Volga and Sulitsa rivers from Kazan to the Kama estuary.

Recently I dug up in my father’s library the post-Stalin “History of the Tatar ASSR”, Vol. 1 (from ancient times to the Great October Socialist Revolution). Kazan Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. IYALI. Tatknigoizdat. Kazan, 1955, 550 p. A wonderful work, especially a lot of attention is paid to the struggle of peoples against their oppressors - tsars, landowners, and then capitalists (I recommend that those who go to Bolotnaya Square read it before going out).
This, I emphasize once again, wonderful book contains, among other things, three maps of the pre-Bulgar era, the Bulgar period and the period of the Kazan Khanate. If you look at them carefully again, the surprise increases many times over.
Map of the pre-Bulgarian period.

Map of the Bulgarian era:

Map of the Kazan Khanate period:

From the maps it follows that from the antiquities of the 1st millennium BC and the 1st millennium AD, only one burial ground of the Ananyin culture was found on the territory of the Mountain Side in Pustye Morkvashi.
During the Bulgar period, there was only one undated settlement in this territory in the Kuralovo area of ​​the Verkhneuslonsky region, and during the period of the Kazan Khanate - villages on the site of modern Pusty Morkvash of the Verkhneuslonsky region and Tenki of the Kama-Ustinsky region, and a Bulgar cemetery of the early 16th century was found. near the village of Seitovo, Verkhneuslonsky district.
The question arises: why was it so reluctant to master local population Mountain side. At first I thought that this was due to the problem of water delivery - after all, it was easier to go down to water (rivers, springs) in the lowlands, but lowlands (ravines, depressions in the relief) also exist between the Volga and Sulitsa rivers. In addition, the territory south of the Kama Ustye is even more “mountainous”, however, many settlements arose there both in pre-Bulgar and, especially, in Bulgar times. The influence of the warlike Cheremis? However, this did not prevent the development of the left bank of the Volga, Kazanka and Mesha, and many Bulgar settlements and settlements arose along Sviyaga and along the right bank of the Volga in Chuvashia.
In general, no matter how you look at it, until Ivan the Terrible conquered the Kazan Khanate, the area between the Volga and Sulitsa rivers remained an incomprehensible, uninhabited blank spot on the archaeological maps of Tatarstan. What is especially interesting is that it was not particularly populated during the era of the Kazan Khanate, when the capital city was right next door, and the left side of the Volga was actively “built up”.
In general, only one option comes to mind - in ancient times they experienced an incomprehensible fear of the territory of the Mountain Side or there was some kind of prohibition to settle associated with ancient beliefs.
Therefore, the idea arose to figure out on the spot what attracted people to those three points on the map of the Mountain Side, where people actually settled in pre-Russian times, in order to then try to draw some conclusions. Let me note in advance that I haven’t made any conclusions yet.
I’ve been to Pustye Morkvashi more than once at a friend’s dacha, I know these places like the back of my hand (I’ve traveled them on foot, on skis, and in a friend’s Niva), and in Tenki I have my own house and, naturally, I’ve explored surrounding area along and across (on foot and by car). All that remains is to visit Seitovo. This is what my wife and I decided to do on March 10, 2012.

The winter landscape around Seitovo, although beautiful, is still monotonous:

Seitovo is located in the valley of the small river Shish, which flows into the Sulitsa:

“We have gas in our village, what about you?” The houses, of course, are old, but clearly not from the times of the Kazan Khanate:

Scattered around the village are strange sheds of unknown functional purpose (another mystery):

Strange ruins in the floodplain of the Shish River:

Or maybe this tree in the Shisha floodplain remembers the Kazan Khanate?

Surprisingly, the times of the Kazan Khanate are long gone, but people still go to the Shish River for water and take water from an ordinary pit located next to the river bed. Only the path to the source is cleaned in winter with tractors. And a touching bridge across the Shish River leads to the pit itself:

Shish:

The pit where buckets and bottles are filled with drinking water is about half a meter deep.

There are many reprints from the Efron and Brockhaus dictionary on the Internet and, in principle, it’s easy to find information from it using any search engine. I’ll do it a little differently.

27th half. The articles in it are located from the concept of “Kalaka” to “Kardam”, but the first thing offered is “Map of the Kazan province”...

The first page of the 27th semi-volume of the XIV volume of the "Encyclopedic Dictionary" of Brockhaus and Efron"

Map of Kazan province as of 1890

For comparison, I will offer map of modern Tatarstan:

Of course, more than a century has passed since the creation of such a grand reference manual as the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron. Much has changed, including the Kazan province. Next, I offer some materials on the history of the Kazan province (materials taken from the sources indicated at the end of the post)

Kazan province- administrative-territorial unit Russian Empire and the RSFSR, which existed in 1725-1920. Provincial city - Kazan.

The Kazan province was formed in 1708 during the administrative-territorial reform of the Russian Empire, begun by Peter I. The basis of the province was the territory of the Kazan kingdom, which formally existed after the capture of the Kazan Khanate in 1552, was headed by the Tsar of the Moscow State on the rights of a personal union and was administratively governed by t n. by order of the Kazan Palace in Moscow.

The first Kazan governor was Pyotr Matveevich Apraksin.

Initially, the Kazan province covered territories from Nizhny Novgorod to Astrakhan and was divided into voivodeships, since 1719 - into provinces, since 1775 - into counties.

The Kazan province initially covered the territory along the right and left banks of the Volga from Nizhny Novgorod to Astrakhan. It consisted of Kazan, Sviyazhsk, Penza, Simbirsk, Ufa, Astrakhan and other voivodeships, which from 1719 began to be called provinces.

In the 18th century different time Simbirsk (1780), Nizhny Novgorod (1718), Penza, Astrakhan (1717) and other provinces were separated from the Kazan province into independent administrative units.

In 1709, the Kazan province was divided into 4 provinces, in 1725 - into 6 provinces: Kazan, Sviyazhsk, Penza, Ufa, Vyatka and Solikamsk. Kazan was considered a province of the highest category, and all the others were assigned to it. Subsequently, the territory of the province was repeatedly reduced; Astrakhan, Nizhny Novgorod, Simbirsk, Saratov, Orenburg provinces, parts of Vyatka, Perm, Tambov, Penza, Kostroma, Vladimir, Samara provinces were separated from its composition. However, the Kazan province did not lose its leading position.

IN In 1781, the Kazan province was transformed into a governorate (since 1796 - again a province), which included 13 counties. In the same year, the coats of arms of the province and district cities were approved.

At the end of the 18th century, there were 13 cities in the province: Kazan, Arsk, Kozmodemyansk, Laishevo, Mamadysh, Sviyazhsk, Spassk, Tetyushi, Tsarevokokshaisk (Yoshkar-Ola), Tsivilsk, Cheboksary, Chistopol, Yadrin, a total of 7272 settlements.

In the 19th century, the importance of Kazan as an administrative center increased even more. The capital of the province became the center of the educational (1805) and military (1826) districts.

IN 1920 , after unsuccessful attempts by the leaders of the Tatar national democratic movement to form on the territory of K.g. and the adjacent regions, first the Ural-Volga State, then the Tatar-Bashkir Soviet Socialist Republic, the creation of the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed. Kazansky, Laishevsky, Mamadyshsky, Sviyazhsky, Spassky (except some volosts that were transferred to Simbirsk province), Tetyushsky, Chistopol districts and a number of volosts of other districts of K.g. became part of Tatarstan (see Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR "On the Autonomous Tatar Socialist Soviet Republic"), its other districts - Cheboksary, Tsivilsky, Yadrinsky - were later included in the Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Kozmodemyansky and Tsarevokokshaysky (from 1918 - Krasnokokshaysky) - in Mari ASSR.

Governors K.g.: P.M.Apraksin (1708-13), P.S.Saltykov (1713-19), A.P.Saltykov (1719-24), I.A. von Mengden (1725), A.P. Volynsky (1725-27, 1728-30), V.N. Zotov (1727-28), M.V. Dolgorukov (1730-31), P.I. Musin-Pushkin (1731-35), A.I. Rumyantsev (1735-36), S.D. Golitsyn (1736-39), A.G. Zagryazhsky (1741-48), S.T. Grekov (1748-55), F.I.Golovin (1755-58), V.B.Tenishev (1758-64), A.N.Kvashnin-Samarin (1764-70), J.I.von() Brandt (1770-74), P .S.Meshchersky (1774-80), I.B.Bibikov (1780-81); governors general (viceroys): P.I.Panin (1774-75), P.S.Meshchersky (1780-92), M.I.Kutuzov (1793-96), S.I.Mavrin (1796), V.Yu.Soimonov (1822 -25), A.N.Bakhmetev (1825-28), A.E.Timashev (1864-65); viceroyal rulers: I.B. Bibikov (1781-83), I.A. Tatishchev (1783-89), S.M. Barataev (1789-96); military governors: P.S.Meshchersky (1796-97), B.P.deLassi (1797-98), P.P.Pushchin (1798-1801); citizen governors: S.M.Barataev (1796-97), D.S.Kazinsky (1797-99), A.I.Mukhanov (1799-1801), A.A.Aplecheev (1801-02), N.I.Katsarev (1802-03), B.A. Mansurov(1803-14), I.A. Tolstoy (1815-20), P.A. Nilov (1820-23), A.Ya. Zhmakin (1823-26), O.F. Rosen (1826-28), I.G.Zhevanov (1829-30), A.K.Pirkh (1830-31); military governors with civil administration. part: S.S. Strekalov (1831-41), S.P. Shipov (1841-46), I.A. Boratynsky (1846-50, 1851-57), E.P. Tolstoy (1850), P.F. .Kozlyaninov (1857-63), M.K.Naryshkin (1863-66); governors: N.Ya.Skaryatin (1866-80), A.K.Gaines (1880-82), L.I.Cherkasov (1882-84), N.E.Andreevsky (1884-89), P.A. Poltoratsky (1889-1904), P.F. Khomutov (1904-05), A.A. Reinbot (1905-06), M.V. Strizhevsky (1906-13), P.M. Boyarsky (1913-17).

Sources:

http://slovari.yandex.ru/~%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0 %B3%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B7%20%D0%B8%20%D0%95%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD/%D0%9A%D0% B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1% 80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F/ Contents of the article "Kazan Province" from the Brockhaus and Efron dictionary

http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0 %BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1 %81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD&rpt=simage&p=2&img_url=kartoman.ru%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F04%2Fkarta_tatarstana.jpg&noreask=1&lr=5 Map of Tataria (Republic of Tatarstan)

http://www.ite.antat.ru/articles/kazanskaya_guberniya.html Institute of Tatar Encyclopedia

How do cities grow and form? Almost the same. Some starting point has appeared that you need to get to - there is only one way to get to it. But the point that is gaining momentum is looking for more connections with the outside world. And where - like ours - there are no geographical intricacies, this point opens up several more roads for itself in the directions it needs.

Ancient roads are always naturally curved. They avoid hills, ponds, swamps and other inconveniences. They, like river beds, fidget over the years and centuries until they find the optimal position. Of the many directions needed by the point, the most important are highlighted. Finally, they receive names, most often from the area or objects to which they lead.

KAZAN MAIN POST OFFICE - ALL ROADS AND TRACKS IN THE PROVINCE WAS RECORDED FROM HERE

Over time, spin-offs from the initial settlement or simply new settlements are attached to these most important directions. Developed ancient systems of human settlement, including the Kazan system - a type of multi-legged creature. The spaces between the paws became meadows, arable lands, pastures, or remained nothing. Gradually, new settlements were formed in them, but the main ones clung to the paths to the main settlement - the city. Over time, some settlement on these roads flourished, became a local center and also gave its name to the road on which it grew.

Let's return to Kazan. We do not know the pattern of ancient roads or ancient settlements. The earliest reliable cartography came to us only from the 18th century. I emphasize - reliable - since previously there were world and regional maps, compiled, as a rule, by travelers, as well as local “drawings of lands”. The language of both is conventional in topographical terms. And of the acceptable and early ones, the most visual, in line with the topic under discussion, was the “Geometric map ... of the large roads lying along the Kazan district” of the late 18th century. [ill.1]

The 8 “big roads” identified on it have retained their dominance to this day, although over time the gaps have all been built up, and they have their own new street grid. At that time these roads were called (from west and clockwise):

- The big postal road from the city of Sviyazhsk, also known as Moscow(now - approximately along 1st May Street and south of the Powder Plant, Arakchinskoye Highway, etc.);

- The road to the pilgrimage, i.e. - to the Raifa desert(approximately from 1st May Street to Gorkovskoe Highway, then this road turned into ZAVOLZHSKY KOKSHAY TRACT);

• 20493 views

The Kazan province was formed in 1708 during the first provincial reform of Peter the Great. The core of the new province was the territory of the former Kazan kingdom, which existed since 1552 as part of the Moscow state as a personal union of the Moscow sovereigns (the administration of these lands and the lands adjacent to the former Kazan kingdom and the lands of the former Astrakhan Khanate was carried out by order of the Kazan palace). Initially, that is, from 1709, the vast Kazan province was divided into four provinces, and from 1725 - into six provinces, of which the Kazan province had the highest rank. Subsequently, the Kazan province was repeatedly fragmented, and territories were separated from it, in which new provinces were established: Astrakhan, Nizhny Novgorod, Simbirsk, etc. During the administrative reform of Catherine the Second in 1781, the Kazan province was transformed into the viceroyalty of the same name from 13 counties: Kazan , Arsky, Kozmodemyansky, etc.

In the Kazan province in whole or in part
there are the following cards and sources:
(except for those indicated on the main page of the general
All-Russian atlases, which may also include this province)

1st and 2nd layout of land surveying of the 18th century. (1780-90s)
Plans (maps) of general surveying - non-topographic (without latitudes and longitudes), hand-drawn maps of the late 18th century (after changing the boundaries of the provinces in 1775-79) on a scale of 1 inch 1 verst or in 1 cm 420 m and in 1 inch there are 2 versts or in 1 cm 840 m. In terms of time, land survey maps for the Kazan province are of two types - Catherine the Second and Paul the First and differ in the boundaries of the counties.

Lists of populated places in the Kazan province in 1866
This is a universal reference publication containing the following information:
- status of a settlement (village, hamlet, hamlet - proprietary or state-owned, i.e. state);
- location of the settlement (in relation to the nearest highway, camp, well, pond, stream, river or river);
- number of yards in locality and its population;
- distance from county town and the camp apartment (the center of the camp) in versts;
- presence of a church, chapel, mill, fairs, etc.
The book contains 237 pages.

With the accession of Paul the First in 1796, as a result of the reverse reorganization of Russian governorships in the province, the Kazan governorship turned into the province of the same name consisting of 10 counties (at this time the counties of Arsky, Spassky, and Tetyushsky were abolished). Since the time of Alexander the First (since 1801), when the last two districts were restored, the Kazan province consisted of 12 districts, more or less equal in size to the territories. The largest district of the Kazan province at that time was Chistopol district, and the smallest was Sviyazhsky.