Black Sea, flora of the Black Sea. Black Sea

Echinoderms of the Black Sea

The mirror of the Black Sea has an area 422 thousand square kilometers.

Maximum depth - 2210 m.

Bowl of the sea holds 527 cubic kilometers of water.

Shape of the Black Sea resembles an oval with the longest axis being 1150 kilometers. The greatest length from north to south is 580 kilometers, and the shortest is 265 kilometers.

Average depth of the Black Sea - 1240 m.

The Black Sea is located o in middle latitudes: 41 – 46 degrees north latitude.

In the Black Sea water salinity on average - 18, in the Azov Sea - 4, in the Mediterranean Sea - oceanic water salinity - 37 grams per 1 liter of water.

It is connected by the Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits with the Sea of Marmara and the Mediterranean, the Kerch Strait with the Sea of Azov.

The only large peninsula in the Black Sea - Crimean.

Largest bays: Yagorlytsky, Tendrovsky, Dzharylgachsky, Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky, Feodosia, Varna, Burgas, Sinop, Samsun.

Total coastline length - 3400 kilometers.

Islands in the Black Sea: the largest island is Dzharylgach - an area of 62 square kilometers. Other islands are smaller, the most significant: Berezan and Zmeiny - both less than 1 square kilometer in area.

Features of the Black Sea is that at a depth of over 150-200 meters, the habitat of anaerobic bacteria begins, the result of whose vital activity is the release of hydrogen sulfide. Organisms that require oxygen cannot live there. Life develops only in the upper layer of the sea. This layer makes up 12 - 13 percent of the total volume of the sea, while containing 80 percent of the entire fauna of the Black Sea. These are marine species that entered here through the Bosphorus and brackish-water organisms common in similar bodies of water throughout the planet. And fresh species appear from rivers flowing into the Black Sea.

The Black Sea is poorer in species of living creatures than the Mediterranean. But this is due to the special conditions of this reservoir.
Inhabit:
1. species that tolerate a wide range of water salinity.
2. types of this temperature regime - moderately cold water.
3. species that do not need great depths at any period of development.

All types of living beings can be divided into two large groups:
permanent and temporary.

The Black Sea is home to 2.5 thousand species of animals:
- 500 species - unicellular.
- 160 species - vertebrates (fish and mammals).
- 500 species - crustaceans.
- 200 species - mollusks.
- other invertebrates of different groups.

In the Mediterranean Sea, for comparison, there are about 9 thousand species of animals, and in the Azov Sea there are about 600 species.
Large mobile animals enter the Black Sea from the Mediterranean of their own free will. But a large number of species are constantly introduced here, regardless of their desire, through the straits.

There are two constant currents in the Bosphorus Strait:
1. Upper- carries desalinated water from the Black Sea to the Marmara Sea and further to the Mediterranean Sea.
2. Lower- delivers saltier and warmer water to the Black Sea. With it (the flow thickness is 2-8 meters), planktonic organisms are carried into the sea. Live starfish, brittle stars, and sea urchins were found here.

The flora of the Black Sea includes:
- 270 species of green, brown, red bottom algae.
- 350 species of microscopic plankton.
- a lot of different bacteria.

Most planktonic algae build themselves from simple compounds using solar energy. Some algae, like animals, can only feed on ready-made organic substances. The noctiluca algae (nightflower) is a predator.

Material used for this article:
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
Agbunov M.V. Antique pilotage of the Black Sea. Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Science, Moscow, 1987.
Kuzminskaya G. Black Sea. Krasnodar 1977.
Beasts of the Black Sea. Simferopol: Tavria, 1996.
Wikipedia

Black Sea is located in the middle latitudes, approximately between 41 and 47 degrees northern latitude and 28 and 42 degrees east longitude. The northern shores belong to Ukraine, the eastern to Russia, Georgia and Abkhazia, the southern to Turkey, and the western to Romania and Bulgaria. For almost 400 km, the Black Sea washes the Krasnodar region, beneficially influencing its climate. Through the Straits Bosphorus, Dardanelles and through Sea of Marmara the Black Sea waters merge with the Mediterranean, and through Kerch Strait With Sea of Azov.

Black Sea known to mankind since ancient times! Over the course of thousands of years and centuries, it has changed several names. The first Greek navigators called it Pont Aksinsky, that is, inhospitable. However, later the ancient Greeks changed their minds and began to call it Pont Aksinsky, that is, a hospitable sea. In Rus' in the old days Black Sea called Pontic, and Russian by sea.

Scientists explain the modern name in different ways. Some called the Turks Karadeniz, that is, the inhospitable “Black” Sea, because all the conquerors who came to its shores received decisive rebuff from the tribes that inhabited it. According to another hypothesis, the name is associated with storms and the fact that the water in it darkens during a storm. And there is a third version, which is related to the fact that metal objects lowered to great depths of the Black Sea turn black under the influence of hydrogen sulfide.

The ancient Greeks, sailing along the Black Sea shores, saw here the settlements of the Scythians, Taurians, and in the east - the Colchians. The Greeks named the Black Sea coast of Kavakaz after the names of these tribes Colchis, Crimea - Tavrida, and the Northern Seaside region - Scythia.

Bays of the Black Sea

There are few bays in the Black Sea, the largest of which are Odessa, Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky, Feodosia, Tamansky and Sinopsky. The most convenient bays for receiving ships are Tsemesskaya and Gelendzhikskaya.

The Black Sea is poor in islands, the largest - Serpentine(0.17 sq. km). The most significant of the peninsulas are Crimean, Kerch and Taman.

Characteristics of the Black Sea

The total area of the Black Sea is 413,488 sq km. Water volume 537,000 cubic meters. km. The sea is a deep, oblong-shaped depression with a fairly flat bottom and steep slopes (from 6 to 20 degrees). The greatest depth is 2245 m, the average is 1271 m.

They flow into the Black Sea Danube, Dniester, Southern Bug, Dnieper, Rioni, Chorokh, and within the Krasnodar Territory - over 80 small rivers. Half of the river flow comes from the Danube. The annual runoff from land into the Black Sea is 400 cubic meters. km, the same amount evaporates from the surface of the sea. The Black Sea receives 175 cubic meters per year. km of salty Mediterranean water and 66 cu. km of Azov water of low salinity.

Most of all, Black Sea water contains sodium chloride (77.8% of the total salt content), magnesium chloride (10.9%), calcium sulfate (3.6%). In addition, Black Sea water contains about 60 more chemical elements: iodine, bromine, silver, radium etc.

The Black Sea is the warmest in our country. The winter temperature in the open part is + 6..7 degrees Celsius, in the southern part + 8..10, in the northwestern part it often drops to -1 and ice fast ice forms there. In summer, the water temperature averages +24 degrees; near Sochi it can warm up to +28 degrees Celsius. At a depth of 50-70 meters the temperature is stable at +6-7 degrees.

Surface currents in the Black Sea are weak, their speed usually does not exceed 0.5 m/s. The main causes of surface currents are river runoff and wind.

The ebb and flow of the tides in the Black and Azov Seas are very weak. Their amplitude is 3-10 cm. Secular changes in sea level - an increase of 20-50 cm per hundred years.

During storms in the Black Sea, waves up to 10 m high and 150 m long develop. Usually the wave sizes are much smaller.

The force of the waves hitting the shore is enormous. In the Sochi area it reaches 20 tons per 1 sq. m.

Flora of the Black Sea quite rich and varied. In coastal waters there are thickets of brown algae - cystorhiza. On sandy and muddy shallows there are entire underwater fields of sea grass - zosters. Deeper there are extensive thickets of red algae - phyllophores.

The fauna of the Black Sea is very diverse, but due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide it is concentrated mainly in the upper 200-meter layer of water.

Based on books: Korovin V.I. Nature of the Krasnodar region. Krasnodar: Book publishing house, 1979

Is the Black Sea coastline indented or not, what is it like, what features does it have? This question is often asked by students. Let's try together to understand the features of this reservoir and, of course, find answers to the questions posed.

Briefly about the sea

It is more than 420 thousand sq. m. km. In its outline, it is similar to an oval with a length of 580 km in width and 1,150 km in length. The depth is 2210 m in the deepest part of the occupied territory. The Black Sea is one of the inland seas. The connection with the ocean occurs thanks to the Marmara, Mediterranean, and Azov seas. The threads connecting all four water territories are the Bosphorus, Dardanelles and Kerch Straits.

The ruggedness of the Black Sea coastline is weakly expressed. The size of the area occupied by this reservoir is equal to twice the area of Great Britain. Seven countries are washed by the waters of the Black Sea: in the north - Ukraine, in the northeast - Russia and Abkhazia, in the southeast - Georgia, in the south - Turkey, in the northwest - Romania and Bulgaria.

Signs of life are present in it only at a distance of 150-200 m from the surface. Further, the water is saturated with hydrogen sulfide, because of this the development of living organisms is simply impossible. The exception is anaerobic bacteria.

What is the coastline of the Black Sea?

Most of the coastline is more or less flat. Only on the northern side is there a slight ruggedness. The length of the Black Sea coastline is 3,400 km. Crimea is the largest peninsula. On the opposite side, the coast of Anatolia protrudes strongly.

There are many bays in the north; they are somewhat less common in the south and northwest. Also, the Black Sea coastline is represented by estuaries. They are mainly found on the northern and northwestern coasts. On the side of the Crimean peninsula, mountainous terrain is observed.

Bays

The largest bays are in the north. This territory belongs to the state of Ukraine. This position is quite advantageous, and it is determined by the presence of the following bays: Yagorlytsky, Dzharylgachsky, Kalamitsky, etc. But in the southwest there are fewer of them, the largest are: Varna and Burgas (the state of Bulgaria). The Black Sea coastline in the south is also not represented by many bays. The main ones: Sinop and Samsun - belong to Turkey.

Crimea can freely be proud of Sevastopol and which are located between the rocks. The Taman Peninsula is characterized by many small bays where reeds and reeds have found a place to live. The result of this was the formation of floodplains.

Coastline relief

From the north and northwest, due to the inflow of rivers, estuaries are formed. In this part the banks are low. Sometimes you can see cliffs. But the coastline of the Black Sea near the Crimean Peninsula is mountainous. This especially applies to the southern and eastern shores. Here you can already see. Also in this part of the coast are the Caucasus Mountains, which reach right down to the water.

The Great Outcropping of Anatolia is characterized by three small islands. Bafra and Charshamba have a low-lying surface, while Injeburun is mountainous. This also includes Sinop Bay. It received its name in honor of the memory of the victory of the Russian fleet in the Crimean War in 1853. The commander then was P.S. Nakhimov.
Once upon a time, at the entry point of one of the largest rivers, Rion, there was a large bay. Over time, the Colchis Lowland appeared in its place.

On the Turkish side, the Black Sea coastline receives several rivers. These are the Yeshil-Irmak, Choroh, and Kyzyl-Irmak watercourses. On the European side of Turkey is the Thracian Peninsula. Very little time passed when a wide bridge was built to connect it with Anatolia. This allows large ships to easily navigate the Bosphorus Strait. To the west of it they come very close. There are several large ports. One of them is Burgas, the other is Varna. It is from here that the sea roads of Bulgaria originate.

Islands

The Black Sea is deprived of the opportunity to boast of a large number of islands. The largest of them is Dzharylgach with an area of 62 square meters. km. The rest are very small - no more than 1 square. km. This includes the islands of Berezan and Zmeiny. The latter is located farthest from land. The distance from the Danube Delta to the island is 40 km.

Let's sum it up

Each section of the coastal zone received its own name. In Crimea, the coast is called the Southern coast, in Russia in the Caucasus - the Black Sea coast, in Turkey - the Rumelian and Anatolian coasts.

The most convenient bay is located in Romania - the port of Constanta. On the northern side is the large Danube Delta. The Lower Danube Lowland also passes here. It contains a string of salt lakes.

So, we tried to answer whether the Black Sea coastline is indented or not, and described the features of its relief.

Length of the Black Sea from west to east - 1167 km, from north to south - 624 km. The greatest depth is 2,212 m, and the average is 1,271 m. The length of the coast along the perimeter is 4,090 km, the length of the coastline reaches 4,340 km. The area of the Black Sea is 423,000 square meters. km.

Due to the excess inflow of fresh water from the rivers Danube, Dniester, Dnieper, Southern Bug, Mzymta, Bzybi, Kodor, Inguri and others. (more than 300 rivers) above evaporation it has less salinity than the Mediterranean Sea. Rivers contribute 346 cubic meters to the sea. km of fresh water and 340 cubic meters. km of salt water flows from the Black Sea through the Bosporus.

Depth of the Black Sea

Black Sea is one of the deepest sedimentary basins in the world. The thickness of sedimentary deposits on the seabed is 14 km. The bottom relief is a deep basin with steep slopes, its maximum depth is up to 2211 m. The area of the Black Sea is 413,488 square meters. km. The maximum length is 1148 km, the maximum width is 615 km, the length of the Black Sea coastline is 4077 km.

The Black Sea washes the shores of Russia, Abkhazia, Georgia, Turkey, Bulgaria, and Ukraine.

There are few bays, bays and peninsulas in the Black Sea and almost no islands. This is due to the constant rise in sea level.

Composition of Black Sea water

Salty taste Sodium chloride gives sea water, and magnesium chloride and magnesium sulfate give it a bitter taste. Water contains 60 different elements. But it is assumed that it contains all the elements found on Earth. Sea water has a number of healing properties. Water salinity is about 18%.

About 87% of the Black Sea water volume is deprived of oxygen and is contaminated with hydrogen sulfide. At a depth of over 150 m, the water contains hydrogen sulfide, and therefore the sea is devoid of living organisms at great depths. The source of hydrogen sulfide is the decomposition of the remains of aquatic organisms; at a depth of 150-200 m, the hydrogen sulfide content reaches 7.5 cubic meters. cm per liter of water, and its total amount is a billion tons. The uniqueness of the Black Sea is that in the deep layers of its water there are no algae, invertebrate animals and fish, there are no living creatures except sulfur bacteria.

Determined that age of the Black Sea about 8 thousand years.

Straits, Bosphorus and Dardanelles, located in the Marmara region of northwestern Turkey. The Sea of Marmara and its surroundings located between them are often included in the Straits zone.

Description

The Black Sea straits successively connect the Black Sea with the Marmara Sea, and the Marmara Sea with the Aegean Sea, which is part of the Mediterranean. They also separate Europe (Thrace) from Asia Minor (Anatolia). The straits provide access to the Mediterranean Sea and the world's oceans across much of Russia, Ukraine, the Transcaucasus, and countries of southeastern Europe. In addition to agricultural and industrial goods, a significant share of exports through the Straits is oil from Russia and other Caspian countries.

Bosphorus

The banks of the strait are connected by two bridges: the 1074-meter-long Bosphorus Bridge (completed in 1973) and the 1090-meter-long Sultan Mehmed Fatih Bridge (built in 1988) 5 km north of the first bridge. A third road bridge is planned, but the Turkish government is keeping the construction location secret for now to avoid rising land prices. In 2013, the Marmaray railway tunnel was opened, which united Istanbul's transport systems located in the European and Asian parts of the city.

Dardanelles

During the decline of the Ottoman Empire, at the London Conference in 1841, it was decided to close the Straits to the passage of any military ships in peacetime. Under a secret agreement in 1915, the straits were transferred to the Russian Empire. From the point of view of modern international law, the Straits area is a “high sea” and since 1936 has been governed in accordance with the provisions of the Montreux Convention on the Status of the Straits, while maintaining the sovereignty of the Turkish Republic over the latter.

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Notes

Literature

Black Sea Straits- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
in the Geographical Encyclopedia.
in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Economics and Law.
Evmenenko, S. Black Sea Straits: myths and reality. - seanews.ru, July 13, 2006.
Shemyakin, A. Black Sea Straits: history and modern problems. //Transport law. - 2003, No. 4.
Rozakis, Christos L.. - Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987.
Luneva Yu.V.. - M.: Quadriga, 2010. - 256 p.

An excerpt characterizing the Black Sea straits

“I’m not joking,” continued Bilibin, “there is nothing fairer and sadder.” These gentlemen come to the bridge alone and raise white scarves; They assure that there is a truce, and that they, the marshals, are going to negotiate with Prince Auersperg. The officer on duty lets them into the tete de pont. [bridge fortification.] They tell him a thousand Gascon nonsense: they say that the war is over, that Emperor Franz has appointed a meeting with Bonaparte, that they want to see Prince Auersperg, and a thousand Gasconades, etc. The officer sends for Auersperg; These gentlemen hug the officers, joke, sit on the cannons, and meanwhile the French battalion enters the bridge unnoticed, throws bags of flammable substances into the water and approaches the tete de pont. Finally, the Lieutenant General himself appears, our dear Prince Auersperg von Mautern. “Dear enemy! The flower of the Austrian army, the hero of the Turkish wars! The enmity is over, we can give each other a hand... Emperor Napoleon is burning with the desire to recognize Prince Auersperg.” In a word, these gentlemen, not for nothing Gascons, shower Auersperg with beautiful words, he is so seduced by his so quickly established intimacy with the French marshals, so blinded by the sight of Murat’s mantle and ostrich feathers, qu"il n"y voit que du feu, et oubl celui qu"il devait faire faire sur l"ennemi. [That he sees only their fire and forgets about his own, which he was obliged to open against the enemy.] (Despite the liveliness of his speech, Bilibin did not forget to pause after this mot to give time to evaluate it.) The French battalion runs into tete de pont, the guns are nailed down, and the bridge is taken. No, but what’s best,” he continued, calming down in his excitement by the charm of his own story, “is that the sergeant assigned to that cannon, at the signal of which the mines were supposed to be lit and the bridge blown up, this sergeant, seeing that the French troops running to the bridge, he was about to shoot, but Lann pulled his hand away. The sergeant, who was apparently smarter than his general, comes up to Auersperg and says: “Prince, you are being deceived, these are the French!” Murat sees that the matter is lost if the sergeant is allowed to speak. He turns to Auersperg with surprise (a real Gascon): “I don’t recognize the Austrian discipline so vaunted in the world,” he says, “and you allow a lower rank to talk to you like that!” C "est genial. Le prince d" Auersperg se pique d "honneur et fait mettre le sergent aux arrets. Non, mais avouez que c" est charmant toute cette histoire du pont de Thabor. Ce n"est ni betise, ni lachete... [This is brilliant. Prince Auersperg is offended and orders the arrest of the sergeant. No, admit it, it’s lovely, this whole story with the bridge. This is not just stupidity, not just meanness...]
“C”est trahison peut etre, [Perhaps treason,] said Prince Andrei, vividly imagining the gray greatcoats, wounds, gunpowder smoke, the sounds of gunfire and the glory that awaits him.
– Non plus. “Cela met la cour dans de trop mauvais draps,” continued Bilibin. - Ce n"est ni trahison, ni lachete, ni betise; c"est comme a Ulm... - He seemed to think, looking for an expression: - c"est... c"est du Mack. Nous sommes mackes, [Also no. This puts the court in the most absurd position; this is neither treason, nor meanness, nor stupidity; it’s like at Ulm, it’s... it’s Makovshchina. We dipped ourselves. ] - he concluded, feeling that he had said un mot, and a fresh mot, such a mot that will be repeated.
The folds on his forehead that had been gathered until then quickly dissolved as a sign of pleasure, and he, smiling slightly, began to examine his nails.
- Where are you going? - he said suddenly, turning to Prince Andrei, who stood up and headed to his room.
- I'm going.
- Where?
- To Army.
- Yes, you wanted to stay two more days?
- And now I’m going now.
And Prince Andrei, having given the order to leave, went to his room.
“You know what, my dear,” said Bilibin, entering his room. - I thought about you. Why are you going?
And to prove the irrefutability of this argument, all the folds disappeared from the face.
Prince Andrei looked questioningly at his interlocutor and did not answer.
- Why are you going? I know you think it is your duty to join the army now that the army is in danger. I understand that, mon cher, c"est de l"heroisme. [my dear, this is heroism.]
“Not at all,” said Prince Andrei.
- But you are un philoSophiee, [a philosopher,] be one completely, look at things from the other side, and you will see that your duty, on the contrary, is to take care of yourself. Leave it to others who are no longer fit for anything... You were not ordered to come back, and you were not released from here; therefore, you can stay and go with us, wherever our unfortunate fate takes us. They say they are going to Olmutz. And Olmutz is a very nice city. And you and I will ride together calmly in my stroller.
“Stop joking, Bilibin,” said Bolkonsky.
– I tell you sincerely and in a friendly manner. Judge. Where and why will you go now that you can stay here? One of two things awaits you (he gathered the skin above his left temple): either you don’t reach the army and peace will be concluded, or defeat and disgrace with the entire Kutuzov army.
And Bilibin loosened his skin, feeling that his dilemma was irrefutable.
“I can’t judge this,” Prince Andrei said coldly, but he thought: “I’m going in order to save the army.”
“Mon cher, vous etes un heros, [My dear, you are a hero,” said Bilibin.

That same night, having bowed to the Minister of War, Bolkonsky went to the army, not knowing where he would find it, and fearing on the way to Krems to be intercepted by the French.
In Brünn, the entire court population packed up, and the burdens were already sent to Olmütz. Near Etzelsdorf, Prince Andrei drove out onto the road along which the Russian army was moving with the greatest haste and in the greatest disorder. The road was so crowded with carts that it was impossible to travel in a carriage. Having taken a horse and a Cossack from the Cossack commander, Prince Andrei, hungry and tired, overtaking the carts, rode to find the commander-in-chief and his cart. The most ominous rumors about the position of the army reached him on the way, and the sight of the army randomly running confirmed these rumors.
“Cette armee russe que l"or de l"Angleterre a transportee, des extremites de l"univers, nous allons lui faire eprouver le meme sort (le sort de l"armee d"Ulm)", ["This Russian army, which English gold was brought here from the end of the world, will experience the same fate (the fate of the Ulm army).”] he recalled the words of Bonaparte’s order to his army before the start of the campaign, and these words equally aroused in him surprise at the brilliant hero, a feeling of offended pride and hope of glory. "What if there is nothing left but to die? he thought. Well, if necessary! I will do it no worse than others."
Prince Andrei looked with contempt at these endless, interfering teams, carts, parks, artillery and again carts, carts and carts of all possible types, overtaking one another and jamming the dirt road in three or four rows. From all sides, behind and in front, as long as one could hear one could hear the sounds of wheels, the rumble of bodies, carts and carriages, the clatter of horses, blows of a whip, shouts of urging, curses of soldiers, orderlies and officers. Along the edges of the road one could constantly see either fallen, skinned and unkempt horses, or broken carts, in which lonely soldiers were sitting, waiting for something, or soldiers separated from their teams, who were heading in crowds to neighboring villages or dragging chickens, sheep, hay or hay from the villages. bags filled with something.
On the descents and ascents the crowds became thicker, and there was a continuous groan of shouts. The soldiers, sinking knee-deep in mud, picked up guns and wagons in their hands; whips beat, hooves slid, lines burst and chests burst with screams. The officers in charge of the movement drove forward and backward between the convoys. Their voices were faintly audible amid the general roar, and it was clear from their faces that they despaired of being able to stop this disorder. “Voila le cher [“Here is the dear] Orthodox army,” thought Bolkonsky, remembering the words of Bilibin.