Kolomenskoye Museum Reserve Spassky Gate. Kolomensky stream flowing in Golosovo ravine

1672-73 Ensemble of the Kolomenskoye estate. Front gate ensemble. The front gate, located on the territory of the Sovereign's courtyard of the royal estate Kolomenskoye, was built during the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1673. This was the main gate of the royal summer residence, since the main entrance to Kolomenskoye at that time was carried out from the Moscow River along the “embassy” road,

and it was through them that distinguished guests entered the Tsar’s courtyard. Here, distinguished guests were greeted with the “cunning idea” that Russian sovereigns loved to arrange in their palaces. The role of “curiosity” was assigned to large mechanical lions made by the “foreign master” Pyotr Vysotsky, who greeted guests with a menacing roar: “Behind the gate stood four lions made of wood and dressed in fur similar to that of a lion. Inside the lions there were clock mechanisms, the spring of which made the lions roll their eyes and at times emit a terrible roar. Inside the gate there were four similar lions.” The central part of the Front Gate ensemble is the complex four-tier rectangular building of the Front Gate, standing on a white stone plinth. In the lower tier it is cut through by two vaulted openings of different heights, intended for travel and “walking”. In the second tier there is a large Organ Chamber, in which the “lion’s roar” mechanism was installed, which powered the huge figures of lions.

The third tier housed the clock mechanism. Above him, in the openings of the tower, the clock's bells hung. At the top of the blind octagonal tent, a wooden royal double-headed eagle with a crown was installed, sealed with white iron.

Adjacent to the Front Gate on the north side are the stone one-story chambers of the Prikaznaya Izba, in which the administrative management of the huge household of the royal estate was concentrated.

Adjacent to the south side were the Colonel's Chambers and a glacier room with a unique white-stone drainage system, which served to drain water from the ice that melted in the cellars.

Fryazhsky cellar

In 2002-2003, after full-scale comprehensive scientific and research restoration work was carried out, the roof was replaced to recreate the white stone plinth, thanks to which the historical, original appearance of the Gate was revealed. As a result of the restoration work, previously lost stoves appeared like in a fairy tale, medieval windows and doorways were recreated, an 18th-century clock mechanism connected to bells on the ringing tier was discovered, interior staircases were restored, and unique work was carried out on the injection of floor beams. As a result, the original structures of the beams of the 17th century were preserved, the white stone floors and historical interiors of the Order and Colonel's Chambers were recreated, the tent was painted for the period of the 17th century, and the historical dimensions of the stoves were revealed. And now, having arrived in Kolomenskoye, visitors can see the very Gates that in the 17th century greeted foreign ambassadors arriving to receive Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. In the first half of 2004, the exhibition “Milestones in the History of Kolomenskoye” opened in the Front Gate ensemble.

Nourishing yard

Now you can get acquainted not only with the architectural monument of the 16th century, but also with the exhibition “Milestones in the History of Kolomenskoye” located in it.

Spassky Gate

From the western side, visitors can enter the territory of the modern Sovereign's Court in Kolomenskoye through the Rear or Spassky Gates. The gate historically served as a commercial entrance to the palace estate (the main entrance to the Sovereign's courtyard was through the Front Gate) - carriages and carriages, carts and carriages with various luggage entered through them.

The first mention of the Rear Gate is contained in a 17th-century drawing from the Order of Secret Affairs - the Gate in the drawing is drawn opposite the Front Gate along the east-west axis. From the original inscription above the image of the gate in this drawing, it is known that it is called “rear.” The gate is depicted with crossed barrels, as was customary. The Spassky Gate has two passages: one wide for carts and horsemen and the other for pedestrians. The doors of the Rear Gate, according to references, as well as the Front Gate, were blind. In the drawing made by the team of Prince P.V. Merkulov in 1767, the Rear Gate is depicted together with the lost Streletsky guardhouses.

In 1813, two stone walls were added to the western façade of the Rear Gate, creating a small courtyard in front of the gate. These two stone walls limited the servants' and gardeners' lands adjacent to the Sovereign's courtyard.

Garden gate.

Garden (Voznesensky) gate (XIX century)
The surviving fragments were the gates to the Ascension Garden. The wall and gate were built at the beginning of the 19th century from bricks from dismantled buildings of the 17th century.
In 2006-2007 The Ascension Gate, along with part of the fence of the Sovereign's courtyard, was recreated.

At the beginning of the 21st century, a comprehensive architectural and archaeological study of the territory was carried out. The foundations of outbuildings, cellars and the adjacent Streltsy guardhouses were uncovered and museumized.

By the way, it was here that the wooden palace of Alexei Mikhailovich was located, which was dismantled in the 18th century due to its disrepair. Large trees have grown in its place over more than 200 years. Trying to preserve the resulting garden, the builders recreated the palace in another place.

Wooden palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. (new)

Recreated according to old drawings in 2007-2008. in a new location - at the intersection of Andropov Avenue and 1st Street Dyakovo Gorodishche. The “original” palace of the Romanov dynasty was built in the 17th century (1667) and was located near the Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God until 1767. It consisted of separate choirs, interconnected by passages and the Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God itself. Only fragments of the foundation of the “original” palace have survived to this day.
Work began in the summer of 2007 and completed in November 2008.

The Kolomna Palace had an asymmetrical layout and consisted of independent and different-sized cells, the size and design of which corresponded to the hierarchical traditions of the family way of life. The cages were connected by vestibules and passages. The complex was divided into two halves: the male half, which included the tower of the king and princes and the front entrance, and the female half, consisting of the tower of the queen and princesses. In total, the palace had 26 towers of different heights - from two to four floors. The main living quarters were rooms on the second floor. In total, there were 270 chambers in the palace, which were illuminated by 3000 windows.

When decorating the Kolomna Palace, for the first time in Russian wooden architecture, carved platbands and planking imitating stone were used. The principle of symmetry was actively used in the design of facades and interiors. As a result of large-scale work in Kolomenskoye, a complex complex was created that shocked the imagination of both contemporaries and people of the “enlightened” 18th century. The palace was distinguished by its great decorativeness: the facades were decorated with intricate platbands, multi-colored carved details, figured compositions and had an elegant appearance.

Kolomenskoye Gardens

Historical gardens occupy a significant part of the museum-reserve.
By the beginning of the 18th century, the surviving lists of gardens include:
Krasny, Kazansky, Novy, Voznesensky, Bolshoi and Dyakovsky.
Thousands of apples, hundreds of pears, raspberry and currant bushes grew in them,
gooseberries, white and red cherries, rare trees - cedars, fir,
walnuts.
Vegetables and medicinal herbs were planted in the gardens.
The harvest was used for “sovereign use,” that is, for the royal family.
Three gardens have survived to this day: Kazansky, Dyakovsky and
Voznesensky.

Petition pillar

Directions: metro station "Kolomenskoye"
Architectural monument. XVII century The pillar was located at the main facade of the unpreserved palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. According to legend, petitions were placed on the pillar - requests and complaints to the king. Royal decrees were placed on it. Later, a sundial was installed on the pole. The petition pillar is a cylindrical brick structure, made of large bricks measuring 31x14.5x8.5 cm, height 103 cm, diameter of the middle part 75 cm; has a base height of 23 cm.
The structure was originally known as the Petition Pillar. The name indicates its function - the place for submitting petitions - requests and complaints - to the great sovereign, as well as the public announcement of royal sentences and commands. In the Soviet era, the pillar had a name - the Clock Pillar.
Usually the appearance of the pillar is associated with the construction in Kolomenskoye in 1667-1670. the new palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov. It is believed that during this period, closer to the south-eastern corner of the palace, a Petition Pillar was erected.
For the first time, the existence of the Petition Pillar was recorded on the plan of the sovereign's courtyard, made by the chamberlain F. Berkholtz, who was in the retinue of the Duke of Holstein, presumably in the 1740s. In the explication to the plan translated into Russian, it is designated as “a pillar on which orders and announcements are nailed.” Taking into account certain translation errors, we can state the correct semantic transfer of the preservation of the functions of this building.
On the archival plan that has come down to us from the 2nd half of the 18th century. noted
location of the Petition Pillar. In the statement of the palace village of Kolomenskoye in the 1760s, quoted by I.V. According to an archival source, Makovetsky, along with other buildings, also mentioned the Petition Pillar; this is the only written evidence of its existence available today.
The image of the Petition Pillar, made by the German theater decorator Friedrich Hilferding, who worked in Russia, dates back to this time period. The engraving that has survived to this day (in 2 versions) is the only authentic image of the Palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, made from life and shortly before its dismantling. At the south-eastern corner of the mansion, in front of the windows of the royal tower, on a grassy area, Hilferding shows the Petition Pillar - a low flowerpot-shaped structure “with bouts” and a two-part round top, surrounded by a fence of poles. It must be assumed that in those years it was hardly used for its intended purpose, being, rather, a monument to a bygone era.
During the Patriotic War of 1812, the French troops stationed in Kolomenskoye caused significant damage to the estate buildings. It is possible that it was then that the Petition Pillar was practically lost.
From the mid-1820s. The revival of the Kolomna Ensemble began. Simultaneously with construction, extensive work was carried out to improve the estate area. During this period, the Petition Pillar was erected, but in a different material and a different configuration.
A watercolor from the middle of the 19th century stored in the Kolomenskoye State Museum of Art, doubtfully attributed to F. Solntsev, and an anonymous drawing of the same time from the RGADA funds, depicting a palace of the 17th century, apparently reproduce the modern, existing Petition Pillar, noticeably different from the one shown on engraving by Hilferding. This is a cylindrical brick structure, ending in a round slab with a slight offset, and placed on a multi-stage pedestal. In 1872 I.E. Zabelin, working on the monumental work “The Home Life of the Russian Tsars in the 17th and 18th Centuries” and often visiting Kolomenskoye, suggested that this monument in the 17th century. It was built not for petitions, but for a sundial, since it was located in the Sovereign’s courtyard itself, where outsiders were not allowed, and there was a rifle guard at the Front Gate. This assumption was repeated in 1928 by the famous art critic V. Zgura.
This hypothesis turned out to be in demand during the Soviet period. At the end of the 1920s. under the leadership of P.D. Baranovsky, comprehensive work on the study and restoration of ancient monuments of the estate begins. When starting to restore the pillar, Baranovsky relied on its surviving images. In particular, in the photograph of 1905 taken by a resident of the village of Kolomenskoye I. Medvedev, which indicates the abandonment of the monument, the loss of its completion and the significant destruction of its brickwork, made with oversized bricks.
Early 1930s he brought to life the idea of ​​a sundial, previously expressed by Zabelin. Unfortunately, no photographic documents from this period have been found. A photograph from 1956 indicates that the restoration was carried out, but it can be assumed that the Clock Pillar did not undergo any major changes in the appearance that Baranovsky gave it.
During the restoration work of the 2000s. The front surface of the brickwork was completed and restored, and a blind area made of artificial white stone was built around the perimeter of the pillar. The brickwork is plastered. This is how the Petition Pillar has been preserved to this day.

House of Peter I, XVIII century.

Moscow, ensemble of the Kolomenskoye estate
Directions: metro station "Kolomenskoye"

The House of Peter I in Kolomenskoye is the only memorial museum in Moscow dedicated to the reformer tsar. It was built in 1702 on Markov Island at the mouth of the Northern Dvina, near its confluence with the White Sea. The tsar lived in this house specially built for him for two months, overseeing the construction of the Novodvinsk fortress, which was supposed to protect the city of Arkhangelsk, the only Russian seaport at that time, from the expected attack of the Swedish fleet. A simple wooden house has three warm living rooms with cold hallways between them. The peculiarity of the house is the large number of windows, which gave contemporaries the reason to call the royal dwelling “the sovereign's light rooms.” In the 19th century, Peter’s house was moved to Arkhangelsk. To ensure safety, a wooden “case” was erected over the monument, which was later replaced by a brick “case-pavilion”. In the post-revolutionary years, there was a threat of destruction of the historical monument, so in 1934 P.D. Baranovsky brought him to Kolomenskoye. In 2008, a full-scale scientific restoration of the monument was carried out. Repair and restoration work included strengthening and replacing lost structural elements, installation of floors and rafter systems, prosthetics of logs, replacement of the upper rims of the log house, and reconstruction of the porch elements. The exhibition in the House of Peter I recreates the interior of the house during the life of Peter I, tells about the initial stage of Peter's transformations and introduces the diverse interests of the Tsar-Transformer.

Peter the Great in Kolomenskoye

A new open air exhibition project, “Masters of Outdoor Sculpture in Kolomenskoye,” has begun at the Moscow United Museum-Reserve. A copy of the famous sculpture of Peter I was installed here. The original is located in the center of Antwerp (Netherlands). This piece is the work of the world famous master Georgy Frangulyan. It was not by chance that the model of the monument to the Russian Emperor was installed in the museum-reserve. It was here, on the ancient Kolomna land, that Peter I spent his childhood. The sculpture appeared near the Sovereign's courtyard, near the house of Peter I.
The original has stood in the center of Antwerp (Netherlands) since 1998. Then the sculpture was presented by the Russian delegation that came to the Netherlands for the “Days of Peter the Great” festival.

The author of the sculpture is Academician of the Russian Academy of Arts G. Frangulyan. Among the famous works is the sculpture “The Crucifixion”, installed in the Cathedral of St. Francis, monuments to B. Okudzhava and I. Brodsky in Moscow, A. Pushkin in Brussels, the sculptural composition “Dante’s Boat” in Venice. His works are kept in the Tretyakov Gallery, the Museum. A. Pushkin and private collections in various countries of the world.
A lot is connected with the name of the first Russian Emperor in Kolomenskoye. After the Azov campaign of 1696, it was here that he gathered an army before solemnly entering Moscow. In December 1709, the Swedes captured near Poltava were brought here, and later the victorious Tsar entered the capital in triumph.
The memory of the Emperor is also preserved by the walls of the House of Peter I. It was built in 1702 at the mouth of the Northern Dvina River by shipwrights especially for the arrival of the sovereign. The Tsar lived there for more than two months and supervised the construction of the Novodvinsk fortress. To save the House of Peter I, it was dismantled, transported to Moscow, restored, and in 1936 opened to visitors. Opposite the porch of the house on the platform there are galley anchors. They were found near Kolomenskoye in the Moscow River. According to museum legend, they sank and have been lying here since the time when ships for the flotilla of Peter I were built on the river.
Peter I developed a special relationship with the Netherlands. The Russian Tsar stayed there in 1717 in order to establish trade relations with the Western state. The bronze emperor stands with his hands on his hips. Underfoot is Peter's wax seal. To make the monument more dynamic, one arm of the emperor is 20 cm longer than the other. According to UNESCO, the monument to Peter I in Antwerp is one of the ten best street sculptures in Europe.

Outbuilding 17-18 century

Outbuilding (Mead Factory), 17th century, ensemble of the Kolomenskoye estate. Moscow, metro station "Kolomenskoye"
In 1927, the Mead Factory, one of the first monuments of wooden architecture from the museum’s collection, was transported to Kolomenskoye from the territory of the former village of Preobrazhenskoye. The meadery is an outbuilding of the former St. Nicholas Monastery of Edinoverie, which served as a kitchen for preparing honey-based drinks.
The building is wooden, chopped, rectangular in plan, covered with a gable roof.

The meadery, a rare monument of wooden architecture of the Moscow region of this period, amazes with its monumentality. The huge trunks of larches from which it is composed reach 40-50 cm in size.
This rare monument of wooden architecture in Moscow from this period is striking in its monumentality.
In 2001, emergency repair and restoration work was carried out. Currently, excursion and artistic programs are held on the premises of the Meadery, introducing visitors to the museum-reserve to ancient folk rituals, customs and holidays.

Water tower

Moscow, metro station "Kolomenskoye"
Vodovzvodnaya tower, XVII century. - the water cocking tower was built in the second half of the 17th century. In 1675, master Bogdan Puchin installed a water cocking mechanism in the tower, supplying water to the Sovereign's courtyard. The second purpose of the tower is as a passage gate to the Voznesensky Garden and the village of Dyakovo.
in Kolomenskoye

Not far from the Church of the Ascension, the Vodovzvodnaya Tower stands apart from other monuments. It was probably built in the 70s. XVII century The exact date has not been established. According to a legend published in the 19th century, cages with falcons for Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich's falconry were kept in this tower. Therefore, the second name of the tower is Sokolinaya. In 1675, master Bogdan Puchin installed a water-cocking mechanism in the tower, supplying water to the Sovereign's courtyard. The upper part of the structure is completed by a roof - a “barrel” with a metal coating, exactly repeating the original shape of the roof. Under the eastern side of the building there is a narrow white stone well with a vault. Two ceramic pipes emerge from it towards the St. George's Bell Tower and towards the village. Dyakovo. The well may have reached the aquifer. The mechanism for raising water has not been preserved, but the tower was used precisely for this purpose.

In the 70s of the 17th century, a special building, the Vodovzvodnaya Tower, was built to provide water to the Palace complex of the royal residence in Kolomenskoye. In it, with the help of mechanisms, water rose from the well into reservoirs and was distributed to consumers through pipes.

In the eastern wing, only part of the lost water-pressure mechanism has survived to this day - a white-stone vaulted pool with wells and two pipes.
Simultaneously with the above-mentioned purpose, the Tower was also used as a passage gate leading to the Ascension Garden and the palace village of Dyakovo. In the first half of the 18th century, with the transfer of the capital to St. Petersburg, the country residence of Russian rulers lost its functions. The water pumping mechanism, like some of the other structures of the Sovereign's Court, is not in use.

Church of the Ascension of the Lord in Kolomenskoye

Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye
Moscow, Andropova Avenue, 39
Directions: metro Kolomenskaya, metro Kashirskaya
Year of construction: Between 1529 and 1532.
Church. Valid.
Thrones: Ascension
The Church of the Ascension is the first of the surviving and most perfect stone tented temples, which laid the foundation for a new type of temple, which became widespread in Rus' in the 16th century, interrupting the Byzantine tradition of the cross-domed church (in the middle of the 17th century, under Patriarch Nikon, tented churches were were recognized as not corresponding to church rites, and a ban was imposed on their construction). The building has a distinctly centric character - all four facades of its pillars are processed in the same way (there is no altar apse). It is believed that the temple was founded at the behest of Vasily III either in 1529 as a prayer for the granting of a son - the heir to the throne, or in 1530 in honor of the birth of this son - the future Tsar Ivan the Terrible, and was consecrated in 1532. The cross-shaped quadrangle, installed on a high basement, it turns into an octagon, which ends with a tent topped with a small dome. The pillar of the temple is surrounded by a gallery on arcades with staircases, thanks to which the vertical of the main volume organically fits into the relief of the bank of the Moscow River (initially the gallery was open). The use of the order and the Italianizing nature of a number of decorative details, not previously found in monuments of Russian architecture, gives reason to assume the participation of an Italian architect in the construction of the temple. There is an opinion that he was Peter the Maly, who arrived in Moscow in 1528. There is a throne on the eastern side of the walkway gallery. Inside, the temple tent is open, which is why in the small church room (8.5 X 8.5) one gets the impression of vast space and a general upward direction of all forms (the height of the pillar here is 41 m). It is possible that the tent had ornamental paintings. Iconostasis of the church - XVII century.

Kolomenskoye is one of the most popular recreation parks in Moscow. Located at the metro station of the same name. But this is not only a park, but also an estate and a museum-reserve. That is why thousands of people visit it every day. On weekends, especially in the late afternoon, from the Kolomenskaya metro station there is one continuous stream of people along the narrow sidewalk heading towards the park-estate.

Scheme of Kolomenskoye Park. The park is quite large, you can see this by clicking on the picture below (will open in a new tab):

I visited Kolomenskoye more often than other parks in Moscow. In 3 years of living in the capital, this is the only park where I have been more than three times. There are many interesting places in Moscow where you can go, but time and weekends are short. There are even fewer weekends with good weather. Therefore, visiting the same places constantly is, in my opinion, an irrational use of time. I want to see something new, get new impressions.

Accordingly, the question arises: “What did Kolomenskoye deserve such close attention?”

The answer is simple: it’s beautiful here and there’s a lot to see.

It’s beautiful here in the spring, when the apple trees bloom in the Resurrection Garden, and sweet aromas float through the park. And no less, and perhaps even more beautiful in the fall, when all the trees turn yellow and red, fallen colorful leaves rustle under your feet, in which children love to swarm. In spring and autumn, on a nice sunny day, there are especially many vacationers with cameras. The backdrop of blossoming apple trees in spring and yellow-red foliage in autumn makes for great photos.

In the summer, this is a beautiful park where you can have a good rest, breathe in fresh air, no matter how trivial it may sound, take a walk along the Moskva River embankment, ride a boat or a motor ship (several routes pass through Kolomenskoye). Exhibitions of sand sculptures are traditionally held here annually, which for some reason I never had the chance to attend.

On holidays, Kolomenskoye becomes one of the venues for concerts and celebrations. In winter there are fewer people in Kolomenskoye than in the warm season. I, too, was here only once in winter - for Maslenitsa. Still, in the cold you don’t really want to walk in parks; you prefer some warm indoor spaces.

From the history of Kolomenskoye

The history of Kolomenskoye begins in the 14th century. It was from this time that the first written mentions of him date back. According to legend, the village of Kolomenskoye was founded by residents of the city of Kolomna, who fled from the troops of Batu Khan, who burned their city. Kolomenskoye was the country residence of the Russian tsars. By their order, churches and temples were built here. In 1528-1532 By decree of Vasily III, the Church of the Ascension of the Lord was built, which became the summer house church of the Russian rulers. In 1547-1554. Ivan the Terrible erects the Church of the Beheading of John the Baptist - a prototype on Red Square.

Church of the Ascension of the Lord.

The Kolomenskoye estate was the favorite residence of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. During his reign it reached its peak. Alexey Mikhailovich is building a huge palace here with 270 rooms. contemporaries called it the eighth wonder of the world. But this miracle stood for only 100 years. After the transfer of the capital of Russia from Moscow to St. Petersburg, the palace gradually deteriorated and in 1767 it was ordered to be dismantled, making detailed measurements and drawings. Based on these drawings, the palace was recreated in our time and is now accessible to everyone.

Voznesensky Garden. Its area is 5 hectares. This is one of the oldest gardens in Moscow. It is part of the Big “Old” Tsar’s Garden in Kolomenskoye. There are about 880 trees in the garden, mostly apple trees.

On the territory of the Voznesensky Garden there are the oldest Kolomna oaks. They are almost 400 years old. According to one legend, Tsarevich Peter Alekseevich, the future Emperor Peter I, learned to read and write under the shade of these oak trees.

Palace pavilion 1825- the only building remaining from the Alexander Palace. The Alexander Palace was built to replace the dilapidated and completely destroyed by the French army during the war of 1812, the Catherine Palace. The new palace became a kind of monument to Russia's victory in the war with Napoleon. But Alexander I was never able to live in his new palace. The palace was built in 1825, and on November 19, 1825 the Tsar died in Taganrog. Subsequently, the Alexander Palace in Kolomenskoye fell into disrepair and was dismantled. All that remained of it was this pavilion, which was probably used as a tea house or home theater.

House of Tsar Peter Alekseevich in Kolomensky Park. Built in 1702 by Russian and Dutch craftsmen at the mouth of the Northern Dvina on Markov Island. In documents of the 18th-19th centuries. it was called a palace. Peter I lived in it for two and a half months in the summer of 1702 during the construction of the Novodvinsk fortress, which was supposed to protect the approaches to Arkhangelsk. In 1864, the fortress lost its military significance, and it, together with the house, was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Arkhangelsk diocesan department. In 1877, the house was moved to the center of Ankhangelsk for better preservation. And in 1930, the house was dismantled and moved to Moscow, the interior from the time Peter the Great lived there was restored, and now everyone can see it, both outside and inside.

In the twenties of the last century, the famous Russian architect P.D. Baranovsky. begins to create an open-air museum of wooden architecture on the territory of the estate. Wooden architectural monuments began to be brought from all over Russia to Kolomenskoye. This is how we ended up here: the tower of the Bratsk fortress, the Mokhovaya tower of the Sumsk fortress and the Holy Gate of the Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery.

Tower of the Bratsk prison- one of the four corner towers of the Bratsk fort, built by the Cossacks on the Angara River, a monument to defensive architecture of the 17th century. Archpriest Avvakum was once imprisoned in one of these four towers. When the Bratsk hydroelectric power station was built, the place where the fort was located fell into a flood zone and one of the towers was transported to Kolomenskoye and restored.

Moss Tower- part of the Sumy fortress-fortress, which defended the northern possessions of Russia in the 17th century. By the 20th century, only two of its 6 towers had survived. In 1931, everything that remained of the Mokhovaya Tower was dismantled and transported to Kolomenskoye, where it was kept in the museum’s storerooms for almost 80 years. In 2003, restorers took over the work and managed to restore the monument to the way it was in 1680.

Holy (Traveling) Gate of the Nikolo-Karelian Monastery were part of the Nikolo-Karelian monastery, located at the confluence of the Northern Dvina into the White Sea. The gates were built in 1662. And in 1932 they were transported to Kolomenskoye.

IN beekeeper's estate you will be able to get acquainted with the life and activities of a Russian beekeeper at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. There is a wooden house with living rooms and utility rooms, a personal plot with an apiary itself. I just don’t know if there really are bees in the hives or if they’re just some kind of mock-ups.

There are excursions around Kolomenskoye, where you will be told in detail about the sights mentioned here and its other attractions. Tour desk phone number: 8-499-615-27-68 (71).

“Bad Notes” by Dmitry Krylov in Kolomenskoye:

In contact with

The gate is located at the western border of the Sovereign's courtyard and from the end of the 18th century served as the main entrance to the economic courtyard of the royal residence.

Story

The exact date of construction of the gate is unknown. Perhaps they appeared during the reconstruction of the estate in the 70s of the 17th century (presumably in 1671–1672). The gate owes its name to the icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands, which was previously located in the icon case above the passage arches.

The Western Spassky Gate is located opposite the eastern Front Gate, built in 1673. The latter initially served as the main gate of the summer royal residence, which was entered from the side. Adjoining the Spassky Gate on the south side were two premises of the Streletsky guardhouses, built in the 1680s and used to guard the royal estate.

In the 18th century, the gate was repaired several times - in 1735, 1742 and later. At the end of the 18th century, the Spassky Gate became the main entrance to the estate. Probably for this reason, in the 19th century, the monograms of Peter I and double-headed eagles were mounted into the keel-shaped kokoshniks at the end of the gate.

In 1814, during the construction of the palace of Emperor Alexander I, the Streletsky guardhouses were dismantled.

In 1838, E. D. Tyurin developed a project for the restoration of the gate, designed to prevent the gradual destruction of the wooden top of the structure. The project required several renovations, the most significant of which was in 1868. The result of these measures was the replacement of the dilapidated wooden covering with a hip roof. The current completion of the “crossed barrel” appeared during the restoration work of 1977-1978, carried out based on the results of research of historical documents, including the 1740 inventory.

In 2001-2003, a full-scale restoration of the Spassky Gate was carried out, and in 2007 the Streletsky guardhouses were restored.

Photo gallery

Helpful information

Rear

Cost of visit

Entrance to the park is free, for exhibitions there is a fee; single ticket to the Alexei Mikhailovich Palace 400 rubles.
boat trip: adult ticket 400 rubles, children's ticket 150 rubles.

Opening hours

• territory, daily
• 1 Apr–31 Oct: 7:00-22:00
• 1 Nov–31 March, 8:00-21:00
• museum expositions
• daily: 10:00–18:00, except Monday

Park location

Located south of the center of Moscow, occupies an area of ​​390 hectares; is part of the Moscow State United Museum-Reserve “Kolomenskoye - Lefortovo - Lyublino - Izmailovo”.

Restrictions

It is forbidden to enter the park, or rather ride on rollerblades or bicycles. With such a large area this is a significant drawback.

Architecture

The smaller Spassky Gate was initially no less representative than the front Front Gate. Made of brick, the gate has two spans: the wide one was intended for the passage of convoys and carriages, and the narrower “wicket” was used by pedestrians.

The facades of the gates are decorated in a manner similar to the Tuscan order. The arched spans are flanked by three-quarter columns and framed by profiled archivolts, which gives the volume of the gate a plastic richness.

The plasticity of the facades is complemented by a frieze made from crackers and icon cases placed above the gate openings. The Spassky Gate has a “crossed barrel” covering, which is rare for gates. The roof ridge was decorated with a slotted metal ridge.

The next estate that I decided to visit one day in May was Kolomenskoye, a former royal estate and a village near Moscow. Now it is a state art, historical, architectural and natural landscape museum-reserve, which is located south of the center of Moscow and occupies an area of ​​390 hectares.

As usual, for starters, a little information, thanks to which you can trace the entire history of Kolomenskoye and have a good understanding of where I was heading:

1336 - the first written mention of Kolomenskoye in the spiritual letter (will) of Ivan Kalita
1528-1532 - construction of the famous hipped Church of the Ascension of the Lord
1651 - construction of the Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God
1667-1668 - construction of the Terem Palace of Alexei Mikhailovich (was dismantled under Catherine II)
1923 - foundation of the museum-reserve
1994 - The Church of the Ascension of the Lord in Kolomenskoye is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List
2001-2007 - restoration work was carried out

The closest to the entrance to the museum-reserve is the Kolomenskaya metro station on the Zamoskvoretskaya line. There is also a railway station of the same name, which is located to the west, but judging by the map, you will have to make your way along not very good roads through industrial enterprises and garages, and it will take more time. So I took the metro to the Kolomenskaya station and, leaving the first car, found myself right next to the exit. From the station we had to walk about 700 meters south along Andropov Avenue before ending up near the fences of the museum-reserve.

In general, there are several passages (checkpoints) to Kolomenskoye. The most noticeable, it seemed to me, are two of them:
— at the intersection of Andropov Avenue and Kolomensky Proezd. You can get through it if you walk from the Kolomenskaya station to the south for about 1 km.
— at the intersection of Kashirskoye Highway and Andropov Avenue. I just left through it and got almost immediately to the Kashirskaya metro station.


I didn’t bother to get to any of them and entered the reserve through one of the open gates, which was the first one I came across while I was walking from the Kolomenskaya metro station. Then I headed down the alley.


Along it there are such cut trees.

Behind them is excursion bureau of the museum-reserve.


Nearby there is a stand with a plan of the reserve. Therefore, before going further, I had to carefully study the map and choose the optimal route that would allow me to see as many sights as possible.


Near the large stand with the map there are Spassky Gate. They were built in the 1670s along with the walls of the Sovereign's courtyard and served as the entrance to the economic part of the palace estate.


The name of the gate comes from one of the icons above the passage arches - the image of the Savior. Another ancient name for them is also known - “Back”. The gate has two passages: a wide one for convoys with cargo and a narrow one for pedestrians. In 2001-2003, employees of the Moscow State United Museum-Reserve carried out full-scale restoration work on the Rear Gate.

Having passed through the gate, to my left there is a white wall - the former fence of the Sovereign's courtyard, which adjoins the Spassky Gate from the north-west and continues towards the Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. On the other side of me was the Wall of the Feed Yard, which represents fragments of the 17th-century city of the Sovereign's Court that have survived to this day. The fence, partly built in stone and partly in wooden structures, seemed to enclose the buildings of the Sovereign's courtyard in its rectangle, thereby ensuring the security of the royal residence. During its existence, it was repeatedly repaired and rebuilt, and to this day has survived only in fragments.


Behind the Spassky Gate there is a restored layout of the territory of the Sovereign's Feeding Yard for the period of the 17th century. It was a complex of stone structures erected simultaneously with the wooden palace of Alexei Mikhailovich in 1667-1668. Here they baked bread, prepared a variety of dishes from meat, game, fish, cereals and vegetables, and stored supplies. The wall and outbuildings fell into disrepair by the middle of the 18th century, and in 1815 the main part of the buildings was dismantled, and the wall was preserved.


At the beginning of the 21st century, a comprehensive architectural and archaeological study of the territory was carried out. The foundations of outbuildings, cellars and the adjacent Streltsy guardhouses were uncovered and museumized.


By the way, it was here that the wooden palace of Alexei Mikhailovich was located, which was dismantled in the 18th century due to its disrepair. Large trees have grown in its place over more than 200 years. Trying to preserve the resulting garden, the builders are recreating the palace in another place.


Lost among the trees monument to Alexander II. It was discovered and transported to Kolomenskoye from the village of Shaidorovo in the early 1970s. The monument was erected by the peasants of the village of Shaidorovo in gratitude to Emperor Alexander II for the abolition of serfdom on a street or intersection, as it was designed to be viewed from different points of view. By the time of its discovery, the monument was devoid of icons, which were placed in icon cases along the four sides of the pillar, as well as text inscriptions. In 2005, restoration of the monument was carried out by specialist restorers.

But most of all in the area up to the Front Gate stands out Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God.


It was originally made of wood and was built under Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich in the 1630s. In 1651, the current brick church building was built to replace the wooden one.


Located in the center of the Sovereign's courtyard, the church served as a home, family church for the royal persons who lived here.

The temple was connected to the large wooden palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, built in 1667, by a closed passage gallery. With the transfer of the royal palace to a new location in the 60s of the 18th century, the church became the parish church of Kolomenskoye.


Currently, services are held year-round in the Church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. You can go inside freely, which is what I did.

Opposite the Spassky Gate, on the other side of the former Sovereign's courtyard, there is a complex Front gate with several attached buildings. They were also built during the reign of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1673. This was the main gate of the royal summer residence, since the main entrance to Kolomenskoye at that time was from the Moscow River along the “embassy” road, and it was through them that distinguished guests entered the Sovereign’s courtyard.

The central part of the Front Gate ensemble is the complex four-tier rectangular building of the Front Gate, standing on a white stone plinth. In the lower tier it is cut through by two vaulted openings of different heights, intended for passage and for pedestrians. In the second tier there is a large Organ Chamber, in which the “lion's roar” mechanism was installed, which powered the huge figures of lions. The third tier housed the clock mechanism. Above him, in the openings of the tower, the clock's bells hung.


At the top of the blind octagonal tent, a wooden royal double-headed eagle with a crown was installed, sealed with white iron.

On the north side, stone one-story chambers adjoin the Front Gate Prikaznaya hut, in which the administrative management of the huge farm of the royal estate was concentrated.


Adjoined on the south side Colonel's Chambers and Glacier Room with a unique white stone drainage system, which served to drain water from the ice that melted in the cellars.


In 2002-2003, after full-scale comprehensive scientific and research restoration work was carried out, the roof was replaced to recreate the white stone plinth, thanks to which the historical, original appearance of the Gate was revealed.


A general view of the ensemble of buildings near the Front Gate opens from the Church of the Ascension of the Lord.


Not far from the Front Gate there is an outbuilding from the 17th century - meadery. In 1927, one of the first monuments of wooden architecture was transported to Kolomenskoye from the territory of the former village of Preobrazhenskoye. In 2001, emergency repair and restoration work was carried out. I was amazed by the huge trunks of larch trees, up to half a meter in diameter, that make up the meadery.


But the main attraction of Kolomenskoye is Church of the Ascension. She appears before the eye immediately after passing through the Front Gate.


The Church of the Ascension of the Lord was built in 1532 by decree of the Great Moscow Prince Vasily III according to a vow in honor of the birth of the long-awaited heir Ivan, in the future - the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible.

Consecrated in honor of the Feast of the Ascension of the Lord, the temple became the first example of a stone tent-roofed building in Rus': its cruciform volume in plan is covered by a high octagonal cone-tent.

The Church of the Ascension of the Lord for a long time remained the tallest building in Rus' (62 meters). In 1994 the church was included in UNESCO World Heritage List .


At the beginning of the 21st century, employees of the Moscow State United Museum-Reserve carried out a full-scale restoration of the church, recreated the iconostasis, and opened a museum exhibition in the basement - the lower floor of the church. In 2007, the restoration of the temple was completed and the grand opening of the monument took place. Despite its venerable age, the temple has not undergone significant alterations or reconstructions, which was one of the reasons for including the monument on the UNESCO World Heritage List.


Between the Front Gate and the Church of the Ascension there is a building Refectory Church of St. George(building of the mid-19th century), which together with the adjacent St. George's Bell Tower 16th century single complex St. George's Church. The bell tower served as a belfry for the Church of the Ascension of the Lord.

The 19th-century building was erected on the site of an earlier 17th-century extension to the western side of the bell tower by the architect E.D. Tyurin. In 2004, restoration work was carried out. After restoration, the external architectural appearance of the Refectory was recreated according to the design of E.D. Tyurin.


Next to the bell tower and refectory there is Vodovzvodnaya Tower. It was built in the 70s of the 17th century to provide water to the palace complex of the royal residence in Kolomenskoye. At the same time, the tower was also used as a passage gate leading to the Ascension Garden and the palace village of Dyakovo. In the first half of the 18th century, with the transfer of the capital to St. Petersburg, the country residence of Russian rulers lost its functions. The water pumping mechanism, like some of the other structures of the Sovereign's Court, is not in use. Since then, the tower has been repaired and restored several times. The last scientific restoration was carried out in 2007.

Considering that the Church of the Ascension of the Lord is located on a hill, it offers a panoramic view of the Moscow River and the city as a whole.


To the north of the Church of the Ascension is the only surviving building from the palace of Emperor Alexander I that was located here in the early 19th century. In 1825, according to the design of E.D. Tyurin, a palace was built here for Alexander I on the site of the dilapidated Catherine Palace. But the sovereign died that same year and did not have time to visit it. In the 1870s, the abandoned palace was dismantled, and all that remained was pavilion, which served as a tea house or home theater. In 2005-2006, the Moscow State United Museum-Reserve carried out a full-scale restoration of the pavilion, returning it to its original appearance.


The main façade, facing the river, is decorated with a modest Doric portico.


The wide staircase leading to the portico is decorated with sculptures of seated lionesses.


Between the pavilion of 1825 and the Church of the Ascension are 2 cannons from the 17th century.

They are directed towards the Moscow River.


This completed my inspection of the sights located in the central part of the museum-reserve. I headed to the southern part of Kolomenskoye. To do this, I had to go down a rather steep descent, which took me straight to the Moscow River.


This is also where Nizhny Kolomna Pond.


In one direction there is a view of the embankment.


Here you can see swimming ducks and feed them.


On the other side through the mouth Golosova ravine thrown over a stone bridge.


Near it there is a small waterfall - Kolomna Stream, flowing along the Golosov ravine.


The Moscow River embankment also extends to the south of the bridge. But since nothing interesting was visible there, I headed along the old road (unpaved and unpaved). But now it was quite a steep climb.


In general, in the southern part of the museum-reserve there are a large number of ravines, both quite large and deep (from the top of some there are wonderful views), and small ones.


If on my left side is the Moscow River, then on the other side there is a very overgrown ancient cemetery.


Here I could only see the base Church of the Beheading of John the Baptist in Dyakovo.


I decided to get closer to the church. It’s good that soon the road led me to the entrance to the ancient cemetery. By the way, other visitors to the museum-reserve also walked there. The Church of the Beheading of John the Baptist in Dyakovo is the only surviving multi-pillar church built in the mid-16th century, besides the Cathedral of the Intercession on the Moat. It was closed in 1924, however, being an outstanding architectural monument, it was not destroyed and remained abandoned for a long time.

The village of Dyakovo became part of Moscow in 1960 and practically ceased to exist in the 1980s (the few houses currently available were built in the 1990s). The cemetery at the church operated until 1980, then it was closed. The church was re-consecrated in 1992 and currently holds regular services. A major restoration was recently completed.

Then my path lay through Dyakovsky apple orchard, where you can find quite old trees.


Some of them have an interesting shape.

On the territory of the garden there is pond.


You can also get to the apple orchard from the central part of the museum-reserve through Golosov Ravine. Staircases were built for this purpose.


The apple orchard smoothly turns into The Cherry Orchard the former village of Dyakovo.


If you walk along the garden, you can already leave the territory of the reserve. Although almost at the very exit there is a recreated wooden palace of Alexei MikhailovichA.


The idea of ​​recreating the palace arose in the museum-reserve back in the 1990s, and was eventually supported by the Moscow Government. Archaeological work was carried out and the surviving foundations were examined. The current building is a life-size model of Alexei Mikhailovich's palace.


Construction takes place according to drawings made at the behest of Catherine II. The new building is not entirely wooden: all structures are monolithic, reinforced concrete, then covered with logs.

According to city officials, construction should be completed in 2010.


Externally, the palace is already ready. But you can see workers who are most likely still finishing a large number of interior spaces.


Young trees are planted around the palace.


There are also interesting design solutions.


This concludes my walk around Kolomenskoye. I hope to repeat it someday in order to visit places I have never seen before.

The Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve is located in the southeast of Moscow. On a vast territory of 390 hectares there are many historical and architectural objects, there is also a new building, such as the palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. And the Church of the Ascension of the Lord in Kolomenskoye is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. In addition to all this, Kolomenskoye is a beautiful landscape park where not only Muscovites stroll, but also city guests who come to Moscow every year from all over the world.

How to get to the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve

The park occupies a truly huge territory, so you can get here from two metro stations at once. Kashirskaya metro station and Kolomenskoye metro station. There is a difference where to get off, but to decide on a metro station, you need to decide what you want to visit first. From Kashirskaya station you can easily and quickly walk to the palace of Alexei Mikhailovich, and from Kolomenskoye station to the Church of the Resurrection of the Lord. Only this can serve as criteria for choosing a station, because both of these stations are located on the same metro line.

The road to Kolomenskoye Park from the metro is easier and more convenient in the first option, that is, from Kashirskaya station. Here we need to cross the square and take the underground passage to checkpoint No. 5 of the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve. Entrance to the territory is free, but since this is a protected area, dogs are not allowed here.

We entered the park from the Kashirskoye Highway, a little to the south, through checkpoint No. 6. In general, the park has quite a few entrances and exits, and next to each there is a map of the park, so it will be difficult to get lost. The whole walk is unlikely to take you more than 4-5 hours.

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Palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich

There are several wide asphalt roads in the park; they even have names like real streets. The one we went along is called 1st Street Dyakovo Gorodishche.

Along it on both sides there is a temporary exhibition of modern sculpture.

After walking no more than a hundred meters, we turn left and find ourselves at the palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. This particular palace was built in 2010, and it was recreated according to plans and images of the real palace of Alexei Mikhailovich, built in 1672. The palace served the Romanov dynasty for a hundred years and in 1767, already dilapidated, it was dismantled by order of Empress Catherine II.

The palace is beautiful and majestic. The interior spaces house many exhibitions. The main excursion, which can be purchased at the palace ticket office, is a tour of the chambers of the king and princes with access to the observation deck of the palace. Expositions of the Alexei Mikhailovich Palace include the male and female halves of the palace and an exhibition of treasures of Russian art of the 17th century. In addition to permanent exhibitions, the palace also houses imported exhibitions, which can be found on the official website of the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve. When going to exhibitions and expositions in the palace of Alexei Mikhailovich, keep in mind that almost all museums in our country are not open on Mondays, this one is no exception.

Newlyweds like to conduct photo sessions on the palace grounds; by the way, wedding photo sessions, as well as amateur photography in the palace, are paid additionally.

At the other entrance to the palace, where another asphalt road leads directly from the entrance to which you can approach from the Kashirskaya metro station, there is a miniature monument to Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. Yes, this is the Empress, on horseback and in the uniform of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. The same monument was installed in Baltiysk, the only difference is that the height of the monument in Baltiysk is 6.3 meters.

Kolomenskoye Park

From here we have a long walk ahead to the next attraction, but for now we can take a leisurely stroll past the clover fields and apple orchard. Not far from the garden there is an observation deck with a panorama of the Moscow River.

Further the road passes by the Temple of the Beheading of John the Baptist in Dyakovo. We did not enter the temple territory.

After this, we will descend and ascend to Golosov Ravine along the red wooden stairs. In the ravine on the right there are two ponds, Verkhny and Nizhny Kolomenskoye. They went unnoticed by us.

Rising from the ravine we saw the top of the main attraction of the Kolomna Nature Reserve. By the way, there is a stand with a map of the walking health route. So, if you wish, a health path awaits you in Kolomenskoye. Here you are free to choose your further route. You can turn right and go to the Church of the Ascension of the Lord from below, or you can continue moving straight, so we will come to the house of Peter I. In any case, all the main attractions are located on the right hand along our route, so we need to move to the right.

This is the house of Peter I. It was here that Peter lived in 1702, although not for long, only two months, observing the construction of warships and the fortifications of Arkhangelsk. Peter’s house moved to Kolomenskoye only in 1934, as part of the preservation of historical values. Inside the house, the interior of the light rooms from the time of Peter I has been recreated. And in front of the house itself there is a monument to the Russian Tsar and the first All-Russian Emperor.

Further, through the preserved fragments of the wall, we find ourselves in the very place where the palace of Alexei Mikhailovich in Kolomenskoye used to be. The Petition Pillar, an architectural monument of the 17th century, is also located here. This was the place for submitting requests and complaints to the sovereign, as well as for the public announcement of royal decrees. The petition pillar, like most of the buildings of the royal estate, was destroyed during the Patriotic War of 1812 and was subsequently restored.

We find ourselves at the Front Gate. It was through them that the entrance to the king's residence was carried out. This may seem surprising, but the central entrance was precisely from the Moskva River.

Church of the Ascension of the Lord in Kolomenskoye

Behind the wall there is an entire ensemble of buildings from the 17th century. This is the refectory, Vodovzvodnaya tower, church belfry, Palace pavilion and of course the main object not only of this ensemble, but of the entire museum-reserve in Kolomenskoye - the Temple of the Ascension of the Lord.

The territory of the complex is decorated not only with flower beds with beautiful flowers and an evenly trimmed lawn, but also with real cannons from the 17th century.

The Church of the Ascension of the Lord in Kolomenskoye is the oldest building in Kolomenskoye and its age dates back to 1528. It was built on steep slopes at the base of a spring flowing here. The temple is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The temple was built as a place of worship. They prayed in it for the childbearing of the grand-ducal family.

From the Temple you can go down to the embankment and return to the ravine from where we came here by another road.

Well, we leave the same way as we came, but we walk from the temple strictly straight along Lipovaya Alley, so that on our right is the Temple of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God in Kolomenskoye. The temple was built in the 50s of the 17th century and dedicated to the birth of the heir Alexei Mikhailovich, son Dmitry.

Linden Alley ends with the Spassky Gate, which is called “rear” in 17th-century drawings. As befits a gate of that era, it has two spans for convoys and pedestrians. All excursions around the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve usually gather and start here.

Museum of Wooden Architecture

Along the embankment we move to the left past Peter’s Dutch house and soon find ourselves in the territory of wooden buildings. They are modern, but built in the style of ancient Russian architecture.

And this is the Tower of the Brotherly Fortress, from here there is a beautiful view of the Church of the Ascension of the Lord.

From here you can see another temple. This is the Wooden Church of St. George the Victorious in Kolomenskoye.

From this part of the museum-reserve you can go to the Kolomenskoye metro station. From this place to the Kolomenskoye metro station is no more than 1 km, and if you count from the exit from the museum-reserve to the Kolomenskoye metro station, the distance will be only 600 meters.

The walk turned out to be long. If you count from the entrance to the exit, it’s a little less than 6 km. If you add visiting exhibitions and expositions to the walk, you will get much more. On a hot summer day, only benches in the shade of trees and a supply of drinking water will help you cope with such a route. And if the museum-reserve in Kolomenskoye will provide you with the first, then the second is entirely up to you - don’t make a mistake. To sum it up, we can say that the park in Kolomenskoye is an excellent place for walking. It's clean and fresh here. Here you can admire not only nature, but what was created by man, both our contemporary and the man who lived five hundred years ago.