How to argue for equipment. The best equipment that improves attack for a Mercenary in the game rules of war. Lifespan of Petzl equipment

Almost all modern equipment that hits store shelves is good. However, it is worth considering that there are very few universal things. In the process of creation, engineers keep specific people, specific mountains and specific tasks in mind. And these thoughts are not always reflected in the instructions for a particular product.

If you buy a Petzl Reverso 4 descender, and if you use it with thin ropes, for example, Beal Joker, then the combination of these elements of equipment will delight you. And when you try to thread a thicker rope into the Petzl Reverso 4 descender, you will be disappointed - you will have to make a noticeable effort to push the rope through the washer. For such ropes, it is better to use a descender with a slightly larger gap size - for example, ATC-guide.

The opposite example also occurs - an attempt to use a large washer in half (a rope marked 1/2) for rappelling will cause discomfort bordering on horror - the force on the hands under the washer is so great that it seems as if there is no brake at all. The Petzl Reverso 4 descender will provide noticeably more comfort in this situation.

In general, the elements of equipment must fit together. And if people tend to carefully select their equipment, then when trying to get together in a group for a trip to the mountains, the issue of correlating their equipment with the equipment of their comrades is not always worked out, to put it mildly.

Everyone is different, with different arms and legs, different head shapes, and different equipment required. If, when choosing things like boots and gloves, there is no doubt that you should rely primarily on your own impressions, then you often want to purchase hardware based on articles and stories from comrades.

However, what determines ease of use is not always clear.

For example, the handle of the Kong Lift jumar evokes completely different sensations in different people, from delight to complete rejection. It’s impossible to guess how it will be for you, you have to try.

For me, the most pressing issue is the helmet: I wear one that I can’t feel on my head. Sometimes traffic cops stop me in my car and ask why I’m wearing a helmet - I forget to take it off. For me, this is a guarantee that at the right moment my head will be protected; I always want to remove anything even slightly that interferes. Finding such a helmet is not easy, and the habit of manufacturers to change the design of their products makes you look for “your” helmet again and again, because traveling in luggage and the scorching sun make the life of this piece of equipment stormy and short-lived.

Try to test the hardware before purchasing. Taking a ride from a friend is the best option, but, unfortunately, not always possible.

Mountains are also different, some mountains are unique (and at the same time popular), and attempts to transfer specific equipment and techniques to another terrain sometimes lead to bewilderment.

El Capitan

An example is the small Black Diamond C3 camalots, affectionately called “syringes” by the people. In Yosemite, “at home,” these are the best of the best, absolutely irreplaceable equipment. Attempts to use them in other mountains composed of different rocks do not lead to anything good - they either work extremely unreliably or do not work at all. In the same way, it is not always possible to pull out your favorite technique from Yosemite - pulling a trunk, howling. Californian walls slightly overhang or stand, ours almost always lie slightly, Americans pull out a trunk hanging in the air, in our conditions it has to be dragged along the terrain, to which it constantly clings and tends to get stuck. So we usually carry a load under us.

There is a point that is worth paying attention to: some functionality may not be available without training and training. For example, all jumars have the following property: if you press the cam opening lever in one place, the cam will fold and open access to the rope; when pressed in another place, it will move away from the rope, but will not allow it to jump out of the frame. This was done to be able to move the clamp down and to reduce friction - when you start moving along the railing, the lower clamp strives for the first three meters not to slide, but to lift the rope behind itself, to combat this phenomenon, at the moment the clamp moves, the cam is moved away from the rope.


We share our experience of using rock climbing equipment:

    If you come up with the idea of ​​marking your equipment, use nail polish (preferably 2 colors). You need to paint in the hollows, slits, along the mark - where it won’t rub off. Mark the loops and lines with a marker according to the label (just do not paint on the line itself). By the way, Petzl uses a color indicator of the open coupling; it is very easy to create the same varnish.


    Wrapping a sling, rope or harness with something sticky (duct tape or tape) is a bad idea; no one knows what reactions the chemical compounds of glue and polymers of materials undergo, but sometimes this leads to their (polymers) destruction. Also, if you want to put a mark on the rope or sling, you should use a special marker.

    Some equipment, such as camalots, bookmarks, etc., are used in the form of kits. If you suddenly want to buy something exotic for our market, you should think about how you will purchase lost or broken items. The best solution is to use the immortal classics, which, for example, are the Black Diamond C4 Camalots or their twin brothers DMM-Dragon. It is very convenient to use colored carabiners with camalots. When you pick up the right Camalot while climbing, you often only see a carabiner. If the previous point does not convince you, and you are looking for a set of offset mastercams on Amazon, do not forget to buy a set of carabiners for them. Anything sewn with a Moebius loop hints at the need to tie it in with a half-grip; the loop will straighten out.


    If you have purchased a set of new anchors, friends, pitons or tricams, be prepared to practice installing them before climbing. Your eyes will not begin to see places for new equipment right away, and only after targeted training. To lubricate friends and camalots, use silicone lubricant. If you want to carry out the maintenance procedure quickly and carefully, use a medical syringe with a needle. If you do buy Metolius friends, lubricate them before your trip to the mountains. When climbing, it is very good to have with you several carabiners with a thin beak, which fit into the ears of old bolts and deeply driven pitons. People used to buy up the predecessor of this carbine - Kong Helium, they were specifically hunting for them. On self-belays, it’s great to have identical carabiners; when you forget the belay device at the station, you’ll have something to assemble the Garda knot from.

    On pear-shaped carabiners it is often written H.M.S., which means HalbMastwurfSicherung. This terrible word is translated as a safety half-stirrup, or, in Russian, a Munter knot. It is worth noting that the literal translation perfectly reflects the essence and method of tying this knot. This knot is a way out of the difficult situation of losing the trigger device; you need to carry a pear-shaped carabiner with you and you should learn how to use this knot, which is also called UIAA. Please note that an improperly tied UIAA can easily kill you.


    Puck-shaped belay devices (Petzl Reverso, Black Diamond ATC-Guide, Kong Chuy, etc.) tend to be sharpened by the rope, and the resulting sharp edge begins to damage the rope.
    When rappelling, if there is a defect in the rope braid, you can cut off the braid and end up in an extremely difficult situation. I recommend regularly treating the resulting sharp edge with sandpaper rolled into a tube (a round file or a screwdriver attachment will also work great)


    Carbines that were found or fell from a height, that is, carbines whose integrity you are not sure of, should not go with you on the climb in any form. Often you really want to use them as a lanyard for your backpack, and you always end up hanging from them. The same goes for small and light carabiners that can withstand 600 kg, leave them at home to ensure your own safety. Attach the ladder or pedal to the jumar with a carabiner and coupling. A carabiner without a coupling in this place always snaps to something. Some people like to put a small rapid in the small hole of the jumar, and attach a lanyard to the large one. If you purchased a daisy chain, you should know that there are two ways to attach it to the gazebo. One - half-grab the central ring, as recommended by gazebo manufacturers. The second, behind the upper and lower rings of the arbor with a non-tightening (!) loop - is usually described in the instructions for the daisy chain. The first method wears out the gazebo, the second takes up a lot of space. Both methods are valid.


    with or without coupling. If you want to carry a pulley kit with you, add a block with a Petzl Micro Traxion lock, a cord and a piece of cord to the carabiner. While no one needs to be rescued, it can be used to adjust the sag of the rope. Sometimes the terrain allows the belayer to throw the rope down, but a long loop weighs a lot and pulls the hand down. Threading the rope into the Petzl Micro Traxion unit will solve this problem, and it is very easy to select the rope as needed. Micro Traxion locking block, clamps like Kong Duck and Petzl Tiblock, top hole in jumar, Petzl Spatha knife love oval carabiners.
    If you have a habit of tugging on bookmarks during installation to force them deeper into the gap and check them at the same time, carry them on a carabiner that fits the palm of your hand. Usually the most convenient option is an oval carabiner without a coupling with a keylock latch (the tooth will collect all the cables from the bookmarks, driving you crazy). On a climbing route it is vital to use extension loops, otherwise it can be difficult (and sometimes impossible) to stretch the rope. 60 cm loops are convenient to wear over the shoulder, and if this place is occupied, then on the belt, tying it with a self-unfolding knot (make sure that nothing reaches your knees, otherwise you may stumble). The loops are 120cm, if you like to carry them over your shoulder, it is better not to fold them in half, but to connect them with a carabiner.
    If you've ever wondered why they make loops 80 cm long, then I have the answer: folded in three - a climbing guy, straightened out to its full length - good climbing extension cord. Always remember that the beautiful letters and numbers 22kN are relevant at the moment when the equipment leaves the sewing workshop. Time does not spare anyone, nylon, polyamide and polyethylene are constantly losing strength, even lying on a dark mezzanine. If a ten-year-old carbine can be trusted (if, of course, you know for sure that it has not been dropped, hit with a hammer, etc.), then it is better to cut a ten-year-old sling and use it as a hanger for a pot in the camp.

Topic: Group equipment for tourists

1.Educational:

  • Provide knowledge about group special equipment for tourism
  • Develop skills to work with it to ensure the safety of tourists.

2. Developmental:

  • Develop the ability to work independently in a group, argue your point of view;
  • Develop thinking (logical, imaginative when working with text);
  • Develop communication functions

3. Educational:

  • To foster an active life position and a sense of patriotism.
  • Fostering a sense of collectivism and responsibility.

Equipment: A set of group equipment for tourists (separate elements), a laptop (for presentation of material).

Progress of the lesson:

  1. Organizing time

The teacher notes those who are absent and checks the group’s readiness for the lesson.

  1. Checking the assimilation of previously acquired knowledge

How will you choose a backpack?

How to assemble it correctly?

  1. Formation of new knowledge

Bivvy group equipment.

First of all - tents. Gable canvas tents are a thing of the past. Now everyone uses hemispheres, half-barrels, etc. made of nylon, with support arches made of duralumin or carbon fiber. Carbon fiber is lighter, cheaper, but breaks easily. It is strictly not recommended to take it. A good tent consists of two parts - an inner tent and an awning. The awning is larger than the inner chamber, so the tent has a vestibule - a place where backpacks, jackets, and boots do not get wet and are not in the tent. You can cook in the vestibule. It’s good when there are two vestibules. There are many types of tents, and each model has its own pros and cons.

Cana . A mountain pan is a kettle, or kan. They come in the shape of a rectangle - for greater convenience when carrying, or cylindrical, like ordinary pans. We take one large pan to the mountains to prepare tea for the whole group.

Cutting board. For dividing sausage, cheese, lard, onions, etc.
Khoznabor . A brush for washing dishes, a cutting board, a mitt for handling a hot pan.

Tent. At a rest stop for protection from the sun. Life is very brightened up - it’s stuffy and hot in the tent, and under the awning there is a breeze and shade. Yes, and put it on - 5 minutes.

Group equipment includes:

No.

Name

Boilers.

Axe.

Knife.

Mechanical hand watch.

Stearic candles.

Dry alcohol.

Water flask 1.5-2 l.

3-5 person tent with waterproof awning.

Notepad, pen, ruler.

Main rope with a diameter of 10mm, 40m.

Main rope d-10mm, 50 - 60m.

Main rope d-10mm, 20-25m.

Main rope d-10mm, 30 m.

Auxiliary rope (rep cord) d-6mm, 40m.

Carabiner with coupling.

System for transporting a victim.

Block rollers.

Double loops, d-10mm, 3-5m.

Fabric for making stretchers.

First aid kit.

Repair kit.

Fire accessories (rope, etc.) made of metal.

Digital camera.

Cartographic material.

Odometer.

Gas-burner.

Shant.

Double clamp

Climbing aids on vertical railings (Pantin, petzl).

Double-handed or chain saw.
  1. Consolidation of new knowledge

Divide into groups and we will learn how to set up a tent.

Each group sets up a tent for a while.

  1. Reflection

Tell us what you liked about the lesson and what you didn’t like. What new things have you learned?

  1. Summing up the lesson.To summarize the lesson, let's remember what should be in the group equipment of tourists.

1. Close the food package

Most durable food packaging is not designed to be resealed. Use tape to extend the shelf life of such food.

2. Make a rope

If you're trapped in a tall house, roll the tape into a spiral. Such a cable (multilayered if necessary) will help you survive.

3. Use as a bandage

Medical use: Apply sterile cotton wool or cloth to the wound and apply tape over the wound.

4. Make a spear

If you are in the wilderness in a survival situation, simply attach your knife to a straight shaft, the result will be a spear, dart, arrow, harpoon.

5. Use as kindling

Scotch tape cut into strips makes excellent waterproof kindling.

6.Save glass from breaking

Apply duct tape to windows and glassware, especially important in areas of armed conflict and before natural disasters.

7. Get your shoes repaired

If your shoes have a hole from a multi-day trek, place a cloth inside the hole and seal it with tape from the inside.

8. Signal for help

If you're lost and have multiple rolls of different colors, use contrasting shapes over a large surface area to increase visibility.

9. Fix your glasses

Adhesive tape will return your glasses if you need prescriptions or sun protection, but the temples or lenses have become unusable (broken, broken).

10. Repair water containers

The adhesive tape will seal the bottle and other containers.

11. Make shoelaces

To do this, roll the tape into a tube. If necessary, half it lengthwise so that the improvised laces pass through the eyelet of the shoe.

12. Close the car hood

If the hood lock is broken, use tape to get to the service station.

13. Fix your car mirror

This is done in the same way as fixing glasses or a water bottle.

14. Make animal traps

Scotch tape is suitable as a binding material or as weaving for a cage and net (like laces).

15. Support your ankles

Simply wrap your ankles with tape over your bare body in several layers.

16. Make handcuffs

Scotch tape is a durable material for binding the enemy and game.

17. Make a belt out of duct tape

Fold the tape in half and pass it through the loops of your trousers.

18. Use tape for dropsy on your feet

Wrap the soles of your feet in advance if you think you might get chafing during a long hike.

19. Keep your tools together

Tools can be tied with tape.

20. Scotch tape as a tag

Use tape to attach to the desired places or parts with a description of the mark.

21. Adhesive tape for waterproofing documents

If you have a card, put some tape on it. This way you will ensure its water resistance in the event of an emergency (fall into water, sweat, rain).

22. Insulate your shoes

Use duct tape inside your shoes for extra insulation.

23. If you have a flat tire

If there is no way out, duct tape will help you get to the service station. This is true for a bicycle, a motorcycle or a car.

24. Boat tape

The tape will help localize the breakdown of the rubber boat.

25. Use camouflage

Camouflage tape will help reduce the visibility of your tent or equipment. To do this, use available materials - branches, grass, etc.

26. Mark your route

To do this, attach tape to trees and bushes (small pieces of adhesive tape).

27. Remove the splinter

If the splinter is raised above the skin, attach tape to it and give it a sharp tug.

28. Fix your hand

The damaged limb can be fixed with tape.

29. Mend your clothes

Scotch tape allows you to patch holes in clothing and equipment.

30. Make a cup

You can use duct tape to make a cup for water.

31. Protect your elbows and knees

If you have to crawl, tape can serve as a protector instead of elbow and knee pads.

32. Make a bag

You can use duct tape to make a bag. You can use it to make a bag out of cloth or large leaves.

33. Protect your knife

Just apply the tape to the blade.

Of course, these are just some of the methods for using duct tape. In fact, its use in camping, at home and during survival amounts to hundreds and, probably, thousands of options. As always, all that remains is to add that our capabilities are limited only by our knowledge, skills, ingenuity and level of imaginative thinking.

Tips and instructions

You can extend the life of your Petzl equipment by following simple rules of use and storage. Take care of your equipment and, if necessary, follow simple recommendations for its maintenance. The frequency of maintenance depends on the intensity of use, external factors, storage and transportation conditions, etc.

Here we provide a list of care measures for your Petzl equipment.

Basic principles

Keep track of your equipment. Do not leave equipment unattended. Do not throw equipment on the ground.

Please read and understand the operating instructions before use. Instructions for all Petzl products are available on the website www.petzl.ru.

All personal protective equipment (PPE) is divided into three categories:

  • Category 1 - Protection from minor hazards, solar radiation (glasses, gloves).
  • Category 2 - Protection from serious hazards (ventilated helmets, crampons, etc.).
  • Category 3 - Protection from lethal hazards (harnesses, carabiners, descenders, ice tools, etc.).

Lifespan of Petzl equipment

  • The maximum service life of plastic and textile products is 10 years from the date of manufacture.
  • The service life of metal products is not limited.
  • CAUTION: In extreme cases, the service life of the product may be reduced down to a single use, for example, when working with aggressive chemicals, at extreme temperatures, in contact with sharp edges, after strong jerks or heavy loads, etc.

How can I find out the age of my Petzl equipment?

All Petzl personal protective equipment (PPE) has a serial number. The serial number can be applied in various ways: laser, textile mark, engraving, etc. The serial number allows you to identify the equipment.

Transportation

  • Petzl recommends storing and transporting equipment in special protective bags.
  • When carrying in a backpack or trunk, make sure that ropes, loops, straps and other textile elements are protected from contact with sharp edges of ice screws, crampons, etc.
  • When transported on trains, planes and automobiles, equipment may be exposed to high temperatures. Do not leave textiles or hard hats under a car window or in a closed container where temperatures may exceed 80°C.
  • When transporting in the trunk of a car, keep an eye on your equipment. Avoid contact with car batteries (contain acid), gasoline and oil cans, cleaning agents, etc. Any chemical exposure reduces the strength of PPE. Discard equipment if you suspect your equipment has been exposed to harsh chemicals.

Storage

  • Store your equipment in a well-ventilated area, away from direct sunlight.
  • Designate a separate place to store equipment. WARNING: Avoid any contact with aggressive substances (acids). Discard equipment if you suspect your equipment has been exposed to harsh chemicals.
  • When storing PPE, avoid damp places where mold can form (basements, damp closets, plastic bags with moisture inside, etc.).

Repair

Any modifications to the product, additions or repairs not authorized by Petzl are not permitted, as there is a risk of reducing the safety level of the equipment. Only replacement of those elements that are supplied as spare parts for equipment is allowed. A list of spare parts can be found on the website or from your Petzl dealer.

Wash

Drying

  • Dry your equipment after use. Do not store wet equipment in storage bags.
  • Dry your equipment outdoors or in a well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight.
  • Avoid contact of equipment with direct heat sources (central heating radiator, fire, gas burner, etc.). High temperatures may reduce the strength of products.

Service

When used in recreational sports, Petzl equipment (except metal equipment) does not require special maintenance other than cleaning. Maintenance of metal products is described in the sections Safety and descending devices, Carbines, Blocks, Clamps, Ice tools, crampons, ice screws.

Service

  • You can put information about yourself on the helmet (full name, address, blood type, etc.).
  • Markings can only be applied to those parts of the helmet that do not affect safety (comfort elements, lining). You can use tape or attach the tag with a zip tie. Do not use paint! For further information, please consult your manual or your Petzl dealer.
  • Some helmets have a special area for clear or reflective stickers. Use only decals provided by Petzl. They are supplied as spare parts.
  • In hot conditions or when sweating heavily, it is recommended to wear a bandana to protect the inside of the helmet.
  • Do not compress the helmet when transporting it in a backpack.
  • Don't sit on the helmet.

Helmet care

  • Rinse the helmet in clean running water after use in salty conditions (for example, on the seashore).
  • To clean the helmet, use a neutral detergent and warm water (up to 30°C).
  • Do not use aggressive detergents, solvents, stain removers, degreasers, etc. for cleaning. All of these products are not compatible with polycarbonate, polyester and nylon, which are used in the production of helmets. The use of aggressive detergents will reduce the strength of the helmet.
  • The shell of ABS helmets can be cleaned using a soft cloth lightly dampened with alcohol. ATTENTION! Do not immerse the helmet in a container of alcohol or spray alcohol onto the helmet.

Repair

You can replace the headlamp clips and belt buckles yourself. Removable soft pads are supplied as spare parts.


Straps

Protect your harness from paints, solvents, acids, oils and other aggressive substances. Protect the harness during
the time of painting and other work using aggressive substances. Use capes or
protective overalls worn over a harness. It is necessary to cut a hole in the overalls or
cape for attaching a lanyard.

Service

Loops, lanyards and shock absorbers

When marking hinges and lanyards, remember that the chemical components found in tape, tape, markers and paints may not be compatible with nylon. Such markings can reduce the strength of loops and lanyards. For your safety, do not use felt-tip pens, markers, tape, etc. for marking. Marking may only be applied to a label sewn into the loop.
On shock absorbers, markings can be applied to the protective shell or a tag with information can be placed inside.

Some elements can be replaced on GRILLON type lanyards. The rope has a shorter service life than the metal elements of the lanyard. Rope is possible
Replace when worn. For more complete information, please refer to the instructions for use.

Ropes


Static ropes:

Before first use, soak the static rope in cold water for 24 hours. Wetting improves the bond between the braid and the core of the rope and helps wash away any remaining lubricant used in making the rope.

Dry the rope in a dark room. After drying, the rope will lose about 5% of its length (5 meters per 100 meters) / Take into account the drying of the rope when purchasing and calculating the required length. The rope can stretch 5% during use.

Rope care

  • Rinse the rope in clean running water after use in salty conditions (eg on the seashore).
  • To wash the rope, use a neutral detergent and warm running water (up to 30°C).
  • The rope can be washed in a washing machine. Use a delicate wash cycle at 30°C without spinning.
  • Do not use aggressive detergents, solvents, stain removers, degreasers, etc. for cleaning. All of these products are not compatible with nylon and can reduce the strength of the rope.
  • Do not use a high pressure washer.

Metal equipment

Marking

Petzl equipment made of metal is marked with a laser engraving, label or stamp. When marking, the model, serial number and other information are indicated.

Usage

Marking of metal equipment:

  • Petzl does not recommend custom engraving because... mechanical stress can reduce the strength of the carabiner. It is prohibited to apply seals and impressions by impact. Impact greatly reduces the strength of the carbine.
  • It is allowed to engrave with an electric tool on the body of the product next to the serial number. The engraving depth should not exceed 0.1 mm.
  • It is allowed to mark metal products with a small amount of paint. Do not immerse equipment in paint! Apply paint using a thin brush or paint marker.
  • It is prohibited to apply paint to the working surface of the equipment (clamp cams, rollers, area of ​​contact with the rope, etc.). Individual markings must not overlap with the manufacturer's markings (serial number, standards information, etc.).
  • It is prohibited to apply markings to plastic parts of equipment (or textile loops of quickdraws, etc.).
  • The chemical components of the paint can damage the plastic parts of the equipment.
  • Petzl recommends using metal paint for marking. We cannot test all paints available for sale.
  • Electrical tape or adhesive tape should only be used on those metal pieces of equipment that do not come into contact with the rope during use.

Service

Descenders and belay devices

Maintenance

In the process of using belay and descending devices, the rope rubs the body of the device. This is normal wear and tear on the equipment. We recommend writing off all devices whose wear has reached 1 mm. Equipment must be written off if sharp edges, deformations or signs of severe wear appear on the body.
You can hand sand the sharp edges with fine sandpaper to extend the life of your descenders and belay devices. It is prohibited to grind off more than 1 mm of metal.

Spare rollers are available for STOP and SIMPLE descenders. Rollers can be replaced as they wear out.

Carbines

Maintenance

  • Regularly lubricate the spring in the carabiner latch.
  • Wipe off excess grease with a soft cloth to avoid getting grease on the rope.
  • To clean dirt from carabiners, use a small, soft brush.
  • Do not use WD-40 based fluids.
  • Do not use high pressure washers.

Blocks

Maintenance

  • The units do not require special maintenance during normal use. In case of intensive use of the blocks (for example, in rope parks) or after exposure to water, use liquid lubricant (machine oil) to lubricate the bushings.
  • Do not use WD-40 based fluids as they will dissolve the lubricant. This can lead to increased bearing wear and block failure.
  • Do not use high pressure washers. High pressure water penetrates the bearing and washes away the lubricant. This increases wear and causes premature aging of the roller.

Clamps

Maintenance

Use a brush to remove dirt. The teeth on the cam must be clean for the device to operate properly.

Ice axes, crampons, ice screws

Recommendations

  • After use, wipe ice tools and crampons with a soft cloth.
  • Dry the crampon lines after use.
  • Remove the protective caps from the ice screws. Dry the ice screws completely.
  • To protect the threads and cutting edge, use an ice drill boot (ICEFLUTE).

Maintenance

Traces of rust

Service

Sharpening ice axes and crampons

Ice drill sharpening

  • Use a small flat file and a round file with a diameter of no more than 3 mm. When using a large file, there is a high risk of damage to the teeth of the ice auger.
  • Secure the ice auger in a vice with soft jaws.
  • Carefully sharpen the cutting edges of the ice drill.

Spare parts for ice tools and crampons


Lanterns

Please read the operating instructions before use. Always check the compatibility of the flashlight and the type of batteries or accumulators for it.

Usage

  • To protect flashlight lenses from scratches, use special containers for storing and carrying flashlights.
  • Some lights have a locking feature to prevent accidental activation. Always use this feature to protect against accidental switching on and premature battery discharge.

Rechargeable flashlights

  • Fully charge the battery before first use.
  • Do not immerse the battery in water.
  • Remove and dry the battery in fresh air after use in wet conditions. Do not leave the battery in direct sunlight. Avoid
  • contact of the battery with heat sources (fire, radiator, gas burner, etc.).
  • If you do not plan to use the flashlight for a long time, remove the battery and store it separately. Store batteries in a dry, well-ventilated area, away from direct sunlight.


Lithium ion batteries

  • Petzl guarantees lithium-ion batteries for one year or 300 charging cycles. After 300 recharge cycles, the batteries retain about 70% of their original capacity.
  • Lithium-ion batteries lose 10% of their capacity every year. These losses are independent of battery usage.
  • The battery must be charged at temperatures between 0°C and +40°C.
  • Do not charge the battery in closed places where the temperature may exceed +40°C (for example, under a car window, in closed boxes, etc.).
  • Lithium-ion batteries should be stored and used at temperatures between -30°C and +50°C.
  • ATEX explosion-proof flashlights must be stored and used at temperatures between -30°C and +40°C.
  • The ideal temperature for charging, storing and using lithium-ion batteries is around 20°C.
  • Battery life decreases in sub-zero temperatures. This is a temporary phenomenon. The battery restores its properties when heated to normal temperature.
  • Frequent use of the battery at elevated temperatures (above 50°C) will damage the battery. Do not leave your battery-powered flashlight under a car window or in other places where temperatures may exceed 50°C.


Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) and nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) batteries

  • Petzl Ni-MH batteries can withstand up to 500 charging cycles.
  • ATTENTION! Completely discharging Ni-MH batteries can cause the battery to fail and release toxic waste. Charge batteries in a timely manner, avoiding their complete discharge. Charge batteries if they have not been used for two weeks.
  • Nickel-based batteries will discharge during storage. They lose about 10% of capacity in the first day of storage and about 20% of capacity per month if not used.
  • Nickel-based batteries must be charged at temperatures between 10°C and 40°C.
  • Nickel-based batteries can be used at temperatures from -20°C to +60°C.
  • Nickel-based batteries must be stored at temperatures between -20°C and +35°C.

Maintenance

  • Rinse the flashlight body in clean running water after use in salty conditions (for example, on the seashore).
  • Remove the battery from the battery compartment to dry.
  • Dry the flashlight with the battery compartment open.
  • Never close the battery cover with moisture inside.
  • Wash the flashlight body using neutral cleaning agents and warm water (up to 30°C).
  • Wipe the flashlight lenses with a soft cloth. Do not use abrasives to avoid damaging the lens.
  • Avoid prolonged contact of the flashlight lens with greasy greases and oils. If dirty, wipe the lens with a dry soft cloth and rinse with water.
  • The elastic strap of the flashlight can be washed in a washing machine. Use delicate mode at temperatures no higher than 30°C. Do not use the spin and dry mode. Elastic straps and some other items are available as spare parts. They can be easily replaced if necessary.

Maintenance and repair

Do not disassemble the lantern! Only replacement of spare parts that fit the flashlight is allowed (a list of spare parts can be found in the instructions for use or on the website). Any other change in the design of the flashlight is not allowed.

Disposal of lanterns

For your safety, discard flashlights in the following cases:

  • The lantern was produced more than 10 years ago and is made of textile and/or plastic.
  • The lantern has been subjected to serious falls and/or impacts.
  • If defects are identified during regular inspection of the lantern.
  • The flashlight is not stable.
  • You do not know the origin of the lantern and the history of its use (you found a lantern, bought a used lantern).
  • The flashlight is outdated and does not comply with new safety standards or legislation.

Disposal

Immediately discard any equipment if:

  • The equipment did not meet the inspection requirements (inspection carried out before or during use and thorough periodic inspection).
  • The equipment was subjected to a strong jerk or heavy load.
  • You don't know the full history of its use.
  • The equipment is more than 10 years old and is made of plastic or textile.
  • You have doubts about its integrity.
  • The equipment is obsolete and no longer meets modern standards and/or laws.

To avoid the use of discarded equipment, it should be destroyed. ATTENTION! Destroy the equipment you've written off. Do not transfer decommissioned equipment to third parties, do not allow further use of decommissioned equipment. Recycle metal products. Use separate garbage collection.

Based on materials from the website www.petzl.com.

Test on the discipline “Psychology of Business Communication”

on the topic: Argumentation technique

Introduction

Often in everyday life a person faces various difficulties. In many cases, for example, at a lecture, in a report, during a debate, at the defense of a dissertation and in many others, you have to prove, justify and argue for the opinions expressed, your own point of view.

The word is a great instrument of human communication and limitless influence on people. Leaders care about the content of verbal influence, and at the same time are carefree about its form, which is no less important. What, for example, is meant when we talk about the technique of verbal persuasion? This is diction (clear pronunciation of sounds), expressive pronunciation (in particular, correct handling of logical stresses), volume (depending on the audience), the ability to control one’s gestures and facial expressions, a clear logical structure of speech, the presence of pauses and short breaks. It should be noted that it is not only words that convince, but also deeds, so you should not rely on words alone for a persuasive effect, even if they are spoken correctly and intelligibly, but not confirmed by specific deeds.

Methods of persuasion are leading among methods of organizational influence. Conviction is, first of all, an explanation and proof of the correctness and necessity of certain behavior or the inadmissibility of some offense.

The process of persuasion is perhaps the most difficult among other methods of organizational influence. The leading place in this process is occupied by arguing one’s position and the desire to make it become the position and conviction of each participant in collective activity. Therefore, we will take a closer look at argumentation as the most important basis for persuasion.

All this determined the relevance of the topic of this work. The purpose of this work is to consider the theoretical aspects of argumentation.

Concept of argumentation

Argumentation is the process of presenting arguments (arguments, evidence) in favor of a statement during a business conversation. It is the most difficult and responsible part of the conversation, as it requires the concentration of attention of the interlocutors, extensive and deep knowledge on the topic of the conversation, self-control, determination and at the same time tact, restraint, correctness of statements, the ability to accurately formulate one’s thoughts and correctly respond to the arguments of the interlocutor.

Argumentation can be represented as the organization of thoughts, their ordering, bringing them into a logical system that has a high degree of conclusiveness and persuasiveness;

The purpose of argumentation is to change the point of view and initially occupied positions of the interlocutors. In this case, several cases are possible:

A complete change in the interlocutor’s position, which, firstly, requires very strong arguments, and secondly, is not guaranteed, since there may be a complete discrepancy between these arguments and the interests of the interlocutor;

A partial change in the interests of the interlocutor, which allows you to quickly find a compromise solution that suits both parties;

Minor concessions in the interlocutor’s position, making it possible to partially solve the problem;

A complete change in one’s own position under the influence of the interlocutor’s arguments, which is tantamount to recognizing the impossibility of solving the problem through negotiation;

Partial change in one’s own position and agreement to a compromise solution based on a partial solution to the problem;

Minor concessions to the interlocutor that have virtually no impact on achieving the goal of the conversation.

Judgments of different content can be used as arguments:

1) Theoretical generalizations not only serve the purpose of explaining known or predicting new phenomena, but also serve as arguments in argumentation. Empirical generalizations can also serve as arguments.

2) The role of arguments is performed by judgments about facts.

Facts or factual data are single events or phenomena that are characterized by a specific time, place and specific conditions of their occurrence and existence.

When we talk about facts as arguments in the process of persuasion, we mean judgments about facts that express information about individual events and phenomena

3) Arguments can also be axioms, i.e. obvious and therefore unprovable provisions in this area.

4) In addition, arguments can be definitions of basic concepts in a particular field of knowledge.

To carry out the argumentation stage at a high level, you need to carefully prepare for it. In particular, when preparing for a conversation you need to:

Check the reliability and accuracy of facts, figures and other materials that are supposed to be used as part of the arguments;

Establish the consistency and logic of conclusions and comments;

Assess the argument for entertainingness, and, if necessary, support it with live examples;

Predict the content of the interlocutor’s possible counterarguments, evaluate them, and find convincing refutations.

There are many ways to argue. They can be reduced to the following four techniques

1. Technique for relieving tension - requires establishing emotional contact with the interlocutor. A few words are enough for this. A joke, told at the right time and at the right place, also greatly helps to defuse tension and create a positive psychological environment for discussion.

2. The “hook” technique allows you to briefly outline the situation and, linking it with the content of the conversation, use it as a starting point for discussing the problem. For these purposes, you can successfully use some events, comparisons, personal impressions, an anecdotal incident or an unusual question.

3. The technique of stimulating the imagination involves asking at the beginning of the conversation many questions about the content of the problems that should be considered. This method gives good results when the performer has a sober view of the problem being solved.

4. The direct approach involves going directly to the point without any introduction or preamble. Schematically, it looks like this: briefly state the reasons why the meeting is being convened and proceed to discuss them.

Argumentation technique

There are rules of evidential reasoning. Failure to comply with them leads to errors in relation to the thesis being justified, arguments and the entire form of the proof process.

The logical consistency and evidentiary value of the argument largely depend on the quality of the original factual and theoretical material - the persuasive power of the arguments.

The argumentation process always involves a preliminary analysis of available factual material, statistical generalizations, eyewitness accounts, scientific data, etc.

Preliminary work is carried out taking into account special techniques and tactics of argumentation. Tactics means the search and selection of arguments that will be the most convincing for a given audience, taking into account age, professional, cultural, educational, social and other characteristics.

The solution to the strategic problem of argumentation is determined by fulfilling the following requirements, or rules regarding arguments:

· Reliability of arguments;

· Justification independent from the thesis;

· Consistency;

· Sufficiency.

Let's take a closer look at these rules.

1) The requirement for reliability, that is, the truth and evidence of arguments is determined by the fact that they act as logical foundations, based on which a thesis is derived. No matter how plausible the arguments may be, they may lead to a plausible but not reliable thesis.

Arguments serve as the foundation on which the argument is built. If unverified or dubious facts are placed in the foundation of an argument, then the entire course of the argument can be jeopardized.

2) The requirement of sufficiency of arguments.

In their totality, the arguments must be such that, according to the rules of logic, a proven thesis necessarily follows from them.

The rule of sufficiency of arguments manifests itself in different ways, depending on the various types of inferences used in the process of justification. Thus, the lack of argumentation when resorting to analogy is manifested in a small number of similar features for the phenomena being compared.

Deviations from the requirements of sufficiency of arguments are inappropriate in either direction. The proof is untenable when they try to substantiate a broad thesis with individual facts - a generalization in this case will be “too broad or hasty.” The reason for the appearance of such unconvincing generalizations is explained, as a rule, by insufficient analysis of the factual material in order to select from the multitude of facts only those that are reliably established, undoubted and most convincingly confirm the thesis.

The principle “the more arguments, the better” does not always give positive results. It is difficult to recognize reasoning as convincing when, in an effort to prove the thesis at all costs, they increase the number of arguments, believing that they thereby more reliably confirm it. In doing so, it is easy to commit the logical fallacy of “over-evidence,” which is when you unknowingly take on arguments that clearly contradict each other. Argumentation in this case will always be illogical or excessive, according to the principle “he who proves a lot proves nothing.”