Another lie of official historians or not the last day of Pompeii. Pompeii - a city buried alive Ashes from the Pompeii volcano, hot or cold

Throughout the history of its existence, humanity has experienced many disasters. But the most tragic of them is the death of Pompeii. Some information about this catastrophe that occurred in Italy in 79 has reached our time. Then, in the middle of the country, a huge mass of lava rushed towards the city from the mouth of the Vesuvius volcano. The townspeople, who had previously believed in the steadfastness of their power, fled in fear. Lava warmed the blooming Pompeii.

Features of Pompeii

It was a beautiful ancient city. Thanks to him, our contemporaries can more accurately determine the life of the Romans in ancient times. Curious artifacts are found during excavations at the site of the city. They claim how huge and rich the city was. Buildings, frescoes, amphorae, furniture, household items, covered with ashes, have survived to this day. Archaeologists are eager to visit the excavation site of an ancient city. You too can visit the ruins of the city with the Cheerful Tourist Travel Agency.

The city was formed in the 4th century BC. Then its first inhabitants settled near Naples. Subsequently, five small settlements merged together, forming one administrative center. The owners were the Etruscans, an ancient tribe whose culture was borrowed by the Romans.

History of Pompeii

At the end of the fifth century BC the Samnites took possession of the city. A hundred years later, Pompeii entered into an alliance with the Roman Republic, although this was only formal. Residents of Pompeii were drafted into the army, but they were not entitled to any material benefits. The protests of the inhabitants of Pompeii were pacified by the Romans in 89 BC by troops. The majestic city was declared a colony of Rome, although the life of the inhabitants did not change. They also continued to live carefree and freely on fertile soil, close to the sea and with a warm climate. Pompeii developed rapidly before the eruption of Vulcan.

Suburbs of Pompeii

Near Pompeii was the city of Herculaneum. Legionnaires who retired and former slaves who bought their freedom lived there. The city of Stabia was also nearby. The rich people of Rome lived there. They built villas in the city, furnished them luxuriously, and planted many plants nearby. Poor citizens lived nearby in smaller houses and served the wealthy nouveau riche.

During the volcanic eruption, Pompeii, Herculaneum and Stabia were buried under ash. The only survivors were those who left their belongings and left the city at the beginning of the eruption.

City infrastructure

Construction was active in Pompeii and many buildings were built.

1. A large amphitheater was erected there, where 20 thousand spectators could fit.

2. They built the Bolshoi and Maly theaters, which accommodated five thousand and one and a half thousand spectators, respectively.

3. In the city, many temples dedicated to different gods were built for believers.

4. A huge square decorated the central part of the city. Around the square there were public buildings where people traded and politicians met.

5. In the baths, people not only washed themselves, but also talked about commerce and discussed news.

City streets intersected at right angles. An aqueduct was built in the city, supplying residents with water from mountain rivers. From the aqueduct, moisture flowed into a huge reservoir and flowed through pipes into the houses of wealthy residents. Poor residents took water from the fountain. The city baked bread and produced textiles.

The last day of Pompeii

Volcanic eruptions have occurred before. But before the disaster in 79, the volcano did not cause concern for 1,500 years. A day before the eruption, the city felt several tremors of the earth's crust, which caused the temperature in the Bay of Naples to rise, even to a boil. All reservoirs have dried up. From the depths of the earth came sounds like groans.

The history of the last day of the city can be found out from the records of Pliny the Younger. The eruption began at 2 o'clock on August 24. A white cloud with gray spots rose above the volcano. The cloud expanded quickly.

The shaking of the soil could even be heard as far as Miseno, which was 30 km away, where Pliny the Younger lived. Jets of gas and large amounts of pumice fragments began to burst out of the crater, rising to a height of about 20 km. This went on for 11 hours.

Death of people

According to statistics, about 20 thousand residents died in the city, that is, approximately every tenth resident was covered with ash. Experts found this out from Pliny’s sources. These are the citizens of not only Pompeii, but also Herculaneum and Stabia.

The townspeople acted like this.

1. People rushed to the harbor in panic. They wanted to leave the dangerous city by sea. This became known when archaeologists unearthed many human remains on the shore of the bay. But the ships could not save all the residents who ran to the shore.

2. Some residents hid in closed houses and cellars. Then they wanted to get out, but they were too late.

3. There were time intervals between explosions in the volcano crater. Therefore, many citizens were able to escape to a safe distance, leaving slaves in the city to guard things.

4. Some residents who did not have slaves to guard their household did not leave the city.

At night, flames erupted from the crater. The next morning, hot lava poured out of the crater. It caused the death of the people remaining in the city. At 6 o'clock, ash and pumice balls fell from the sky. They covered Pompeii and Stabia with a thick layer. This nightmare continued for 3 hours.

5. The residents who remained in the city rushed around the city. Hoping to find salvation, they soon weakened and fell, covering their heads with their hands.

Water heated to 700 degrees flowed onto the city. It mixed with the ashes and enveloped everything that came in its way, including people who had fallen from powerlessness and were suffocating from the ashes. Excavations show how, before death, people clasped their hands and opened their mouths and eyes wide in horror.

In 79, the awakening volcano Vesuvius instantly covered the city with a cloud of ash, under the weight of which the roofs of buildings collapsed. The city was destroyed in the blink of an eye, turning into stone for many centuries. Almost two millennia later, the city was discovered and gradually began to be dug up, revealing the typical life of an ancient Roman city.

Two cities bear the name. The first is a very lively small town, the second is the same famous Pompeii, destroyed in a matter of hours by the eruption of the formidable Vesuvius. The living city of Pompeii has existed for only 150 years. It grew up during the beginning of the excavations of Pompeii, becoming, in fact, a hotel city for millions of tourists who came to see the dead city.

Unlike the lesser known city, Pompeii is home to crowds of tourists, especially before lunch. So be prepared to encounter long queues to enter. In addition, Pompeii is much larger than Herculaneum, so it will take a long time to walk here. In the summer heat, don't forget comfortable shoes, sunscreen, a hat and water, as there is very little shade.

Pompeii weather:

Getting to Pompeii:

• Train timetable Naples - Pompeii(direction )
• Train timetable Pompeii - Naples(direction )
• Train timetable Naples - Pompeii(direction Poggiomarino)
• Train timetable Pompeii - Naples(direction Poggiomarino)

Buses to Pompeii:

Trains to Pompeii: approx. 50 minutes on the way

Practical information:

Ticket to Pompeii:

• Entrance to the archaeological area of ​​Pompeii: 11 €, preferential - 5.5 €
• Combo ticket(5 archaeological zones: Pompeii, (Ercolano), Oplontis, Stabia and Boscoreale) - 20 € , discounted 10 €.
• EU citizens under 18 years old - free.
• The entrance to Pompeii is covered

Entrance to the ruins: Porta Marina Superiore - Piazza Anfiteatro - Viale delle Ginestre (Piazza Esedra)

Working hours:

• from November 1 to March 31: from 8:30 to 17:00 (last entry at 15:30)
• from April 1 to October 31: from 8:30 to 19:30 (last entry at 18:00)

History of Pompeii

Unlike most cities in southern Italy, Pompeii was not founded by the Greeks - the first inhabitants of these places were Italic tribes. It is believed that in the 9th-8th centuries BC. They built a city on solidified lava, not knowing either the origin of this “foundation” or the reason for the exceptional fertility of the lands of the Sarno Valley fertilized with volcanic ash - at that time Vesuvius “slept”. During the era of Magna Graecia, the inhabitants of Pompeii had close relations with the nearby Greek colonies and they adopted religion, culture and way of life from their neighbors.

Two centuries later, the Greeks were replaced by the Samnites, and in the last years of the 4th century BC. The era of Roman rule began. Pompeii became part of the Roman state, maintaining relative autonomy. Under Roman protectorate, the city grew rapidly, its population increased sevenfold over two centuries. At the same time, the Pompeii were not particularly flexible: if the Italian tribes united and rebelled, the inhabitants of Pompeii, as a rule, joined them. In 74 BC. Spartacus took refuge with seventy rebels on the top of Vesuvius, and then, twisting ropes from vines, descended and defeated the Roman pursuers.

Trade, navigation, and crafts (especially the production and dyeing of fabrics) successfully developed in the city. Roman aristocrats built luxurious villas in Pompeii, but more in the neighboring one. Spacious dwellings were erected by local merchants and entrepreneurs who became rich. The inscriptions preserved on the walls of the houses indicate that the townspeople led an active social and political life.

It would seem that nothing foreshadowed the tragedy, but in 63 “the first bell rang” - a powerful earthquake occurred with its epicenter near Pompeii. Many public buildings collapsed, the water supply system was severely damaged, and city residents were buried under the collapsed houses.

Emperor Nero wanted to ban living in Pompeii, but the stubborn Pompeii defended the right not to leave their homeland and began to restore the city. The dire warning of an impending disaster was not taken into account. And 17 years later, on August 24, 79, a second disaster struck the inhabitants of Pompeii: a volcanic eruption destroyed Pompeii and the small settlements around it in a matter of hours.

As a result of lengthy archaeological excavations, an open-air museum arose on the site of the lost city.

Petrified figures of people in the dead city of Pompeii

Sights of Pompeii

At the entrance (at the tourist office) be sure to pick up a map of the excavations. It's easy to get lost in Pompeii.

Porta Marina Gate

The inspection starts from Porta Marina gate. City street via Marina paved with stone slabs, in which the carts pushed deep ruts. To properly organize traffic, city residents installed special stones with guides for wheels. On these same stones, during the rain, it was possible to cross from one sidewalk, lined with lava slabs and raised 20 cm above the roadway, to another, without getting your feet wet.

Antiquarium

Just outside the gate on the right side via Marina is located Antiquarium(lat. antiquarium - “repository of antiquities”), where some finds from excavations and plaster castings of the bodies of dead townspeople are collected.

Forum

Via Marina leads to a complex of buildings forum. Usually the forum was located in the center of the ancient city, but in Pompeii it was greatly shifted to the southwest, since it was not easy to find a large, flat area on the frozen surface of the lava flow. The forum was surrounded on all sides by buildings with porticoes; between the columns there were statues of famous people of that time, from which pedestals with inscriptions have been preserved. adjoined the forum from the west Temple of Apollo(Tempio di Apollo, VI century BC, rebuilt in the 1st century). Those who decorated the temple have been preserved statues Apollo and Diana (the originals are kept in the Archaeological Museum of Naples).

Temple of Jupiter

To the north of the temple of Apollo was the main sanctuary of Pompeii - Temple of Jupiter(Tempio di Giove, II century BC). It was destroyed by the earthquake of 63, and by the time of the next disaster they had not yet managed to restore it. In addition, on the forum there were Lar temple(Tempio dei Lari) And Temple of Vespasian(Tempio di Vepasiano), city administration buildings and the Comitium, where elections were held, a market, food warehouses, the Chamber of Weights and Measures and public toilets.

Stone triumphal arches in honor of the emperors Drusus and Tiberius they were once lined with marble.

Thermae of the Forum

To the north-west of the Temple of Apollo there are forum baths(Terme del Foro). After the earthquake of 63, they were the only ones that continued to function properly. The baths built under the dictator Sulla had women's and men's sections, each of them consisted of an apodyterium (locker room) and halls: frigidarium (with cold water), tepidarium (with warm water) and caldarium (with hot water). Here you can see the water supply and heating systems and admire fragments of decorative paintings that decorated the vaults and walls.

The northern façade of the baths overlooks the main ancient axis of Pompeii ( decumanus) - via Terme- via della Fortuna- via di Nola. On the nearby streets, buildings typical of a Roman city have been preserved: from profitable “apartment” houses of the poor (insul) to luxurious private mansions, sometimes occupying an entire block, with peristyles, fountains and richly decorated rooms.

House of the Tragic Poet

Opposite the term is up to m tragic poet(Casa Del Poeta Tragico) with the famous mosaic floor, which depicts a rehearsal of the play. In front of the entrance there is a mosaic image of a dog with a caption Cave canim ("Be aware of dogs!").

House of the Faun

A little further east on via della Fortuna costs up to m faun(Casa del Fauno), named after the small bronze figurine “Dancing Faun” that decorated one of the peristyles of this aristocratic villa. The famous mosaic “ Battle of Alexander the Great with Darius"(kept in the Archaeological Museum of Naples).

House of the Vettii

Having passed from via Terme to the north along perpendicular to it via di Mercuriotwo quarters, you can explore houseApollo(Casa del Apollo), a folding c via Termeon at the first intersection to the east on Vicolo di Mercurio - up to m Vettiev(Casa dei Vettii). This is a most valuable monument of Pompeian painting (there are three different “Pompeian” painting styles) and a “museum of everyday life” of wealthy citizens. At the end of the excavations, the building needed only minor restoration, after which it appeared in its original form. The paintings on mythological themes are perfectly preserved (“ Ariadne and Dionysus», « Hercules strangling snakes") and a frieze with graceful miniatures " Cupids busy at work».

The image of Priapus located at the entrance with scales in his hand, on one bowl - a bag of gold, and on the other - a huge phallus, makes a stunning impression on an unprepared person. The life-loving Pompeians treated this organ with respect. It was believed that the image of the male reproductive organ could ward off evil spirits. Some researchers explain the purpose of small images of phalluses carved on Pompeian pavements with sacred purposes, but there is a version that these are just pointers to the nearest brothel (lupanarium), to which Vettiev leads west from the house vicolo Storto.

Lupanarium

Lupanarium(Lupanare) stands at the intersection with via della Fortuna. A well-preserved brothel from the inside looks rather gloomy and looks more like a prison dungeon than an entertainment establishment - tiny dark rooms, narrow, short stone beds and small frescoes. It is believed that the paintings on the walls not only created the right mood for visitors, but also served as instructions - with their help, foreign sailors who did not speak Latin explained themselves to prostitutes. Despite their unpresentable appearance from the point of view of a modern person, ancient brothels were popular among representatives of different classes of the empire.

Triangular Forum

From lupanarium, keeping the general direction south, along vicolo Storto, via degli Augustali, via dei Teatri you can go to Triangular Forum(Foro Triangolare). Many shops and workshops, taverns and drinking establishments have been preserved (dishes and coins thrown in a hurry by the last visitors remained on the tables in the taverns, images of dishes offered in the establishment are often painted on the walls), mills and bakeries. The standard of the latter can be bakery Modesta(Forno di Modesta), one of the largest in the city. In it, archaeologists discovered millstones, a sales counter and petrified bread. The triangular forum was built back in the Samnite era.

towered on it Doric temple(Tempio Dorico, VI century BC), dedicated to Hercules. Along the north-eastern side of the square there were Samnite palaestra(Palestra Samnitiana), Grand Theatre(Teatro Grande) And gladiator barracks(Caserma dei Gladiatori). The palaestra served as a place for sports activities for aristocrats before a similar large structure was built on the outskirts. The Great Theater for 5,000 spectators (2nd century BC, rebuilt under Augustus), made according to the Greek model, stood on the hillside. The majestic mountain range on the horizon served as a natural backdrop. Nearby there is a gladiator barracks with canteens, closets where the fighters lived, and a rectangular courtyard for training.

East of the Bolshoi was located Maly Theater, or Odeon(Teatro Piccolo o Odeon). Next to him stood a small Temple of Zeus Melichios, which, after the destruction of the large sanctuary in the Forum Square, served as the main place of worship of Zeus, and nearby - an elegant Temple of Isis(Tempio di Iside), considered one of the best examples of ancient architecture. Not long before the disaster, the temple was rebuilt and thanks to this, it was perfectly preserved.

Amphitheater

Walking from the Maly Theater to the east, you can first look around m Cryptoportica(Casa dei Criptoportico), where plaster casts of people who died during the eruption are exhibited, and then get to Great Palaestra(Grande Palestra), built in the 1st century. Next to her is a huge amphitheater(Anfiteatro), which could accommodate at least 12,000 spectators. The building, in the arena of which performances were staged and gladiator fights took place, was built in 80 BC. and may have served as a model for later amphitheaters in Rome. The palaestra and amphitheater are located on the eastern edge of the excavation area.

Villa of Mysteries

TO Villa of Mysteries(Villa dei Misteri) from the railway station you can walk along viale della Villa dei Misteri, following it to the north-west. There are magnificent wall paintings preserved here, made in the spirit of the cult of Dionysus, telling about marriage (possibly the mistress of the house). It is known that the cult, prohibited in Rome by decree of the Senate, was preserved in the province, and the paintings of the Villa of the Mysteries give the key to the mysteries of the Dionysian rites. The figures are painted in full height on a characteristic red “Pompeian” background.

Pompeii: Villa of the Mysteries - paintings in Dionysian style on a characteristic red background

Pompeii Map

Andreas Churilov, author of the book “The Not Last Day of Pompeii” unequivocally proved that all traditional history must be put to rest- the death of the famous city, dated in the framework of traditional history and science in 79 AD, actually occurred in 1631.

1. Maps and medieval sources

Pompeii and Herculaneum are marked on a map dating to the 4th century AD, on maps from the 15th and 16th centuries, and on illustrations of the 1631 eruption of Vesuvius in books of the time.

Johannes Baptist Mascolo, an eyewitness to this eruption, writes:

“...Everything that came along the way was captured by this storm and whirlwind of fire. Cattle and herds were crushed and scattered in all directions along the outskirts of the fields. Trees, huts, houses, towers were knocked down and scattered. Of these fiery streams, two were the fastest, one rushed with force towards Herculaneum, the other towards Pompeii (cities that were once reborn from the ashes, I don’t know if they will live again)...

2. Sleeping Vesuvius

After the '79 eruption, various sources place up to eleven eruptions between 202 and 1140. But for the next 500 years there is no information about the eruptions of Vesuvius. Active with enviable regularity, the volcano suddenly switches off for half a millennium, and then, since 1631, it again regularly disturbs local residents. Such volcanic hibernation becomes easily explained if we take into account the chronological shift.

3. Epitaph

15 kilometers from Naples there is still a monument with an epitaph dedicated to the eruption of Vesuvius in 1631.

This epitaph, carved in 1738, describes the events of a terrible volcanic eruption. The list of affected cities includes the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.

4. Medieval writing

In one of the restored texts on Pompeian papyri, diacritics were discovered - accents and aspirations, which, along with punctuation and ligatures, came into use only in the Middle Ages, and were completed only with the beginning of printing.

5. Three Graces

The National Archaeological Museum of Naples displays a fresco from the Pompeian excavations. It is an exact copy of Raphael’s famous painting “The Three Graces” of 1504, down to the poses and the smallest details of the composition. Either Leonardo da Vinci invented and gave Raphael a time machine, or the owner of a villa in Pompeii knew about Raphael’s painting and ordered medieval interior designers to make a copy of the then famous painting.

6. Technological level of the Middle Ages

During the excavations, a huge number of different instruments were found, indistinguishable in manufacturing technology from modern ones: a corner with a perfect right angle, compasses, tweezers, scalpels, dental instruments, complex musical instruments, including trombones with gold mouthpieces.

During construction, standard red-hot medieval bricks made on a belt press were used.

The frescoes depict bladed weapons from the 16th and 17th centuries - sabers and musketeer swords.

A water tap, which is a sealed structure of three parts: a body, a bushing with a through hole and a cylindrical shut-off valve ground into it.

A large number of iron parts have been found that, by definition, cannot be from the Bronze Age - locks, door handles, hinges, bolts, latches.

The supply and main pipes of the complex water supply system in Pompeii are made of lead. In England, for example, even to this day many old houses have the same lead pipes.

One of the frescoes depicts a pineapple, but this fruit appeared in Europe only after the discovery of America, in the 15th century.

In Pompeii, items made of bottle glass, perfume bottles of colored glass of different shades, and many absolutely transparent thin-walled items were discovered.

The same glass vases are depicted in numerous Pompeian frescoes excavated from the ashes of the city. However, clear glass was first produced only in the mid-15th century. And the secret of producing such glass for a long time was kept from competitors like the apple of an eye. In addition, large standard window glass was discovered in Herculaneum - 45x44 cm and 80x80 cm. But the first known window glass began to be made only in 1330, and the first standard window glass similar to Herculaneum was produced using the modern rolling method only in 1688.

7. Water pipeline Domenico Fontana

Even if there were none of the above points, the “antiquity” of Pompeii is negated in the literal and figurative sense by the water pipeline carried out by the famous papal engineer-architect Domenico Fontana. He was an advanced engineer of the time, who, among other things, installed an obelisk in the square in front of Peter's Basilica in the Vatican, and completed the construction of the cathedral itself.

According to the official version, Pompeii, like Herculaneum, was discovered to the world almost by accident in 1748 during the restoration of the water supply to the gunpowder factory, the mills of which were driven by water coming through a canal from the Sarno River. One of the sections of the canal was underground and passed under a hill, which later turned out to be the city of Pompeii buried by Vesuvius. The hill was called “Gorodishche”. However, the official version is forced to recognize Domenico Fontana, who built the same water pipeline near Pompeii at the end of the 16th century, as the accidental discoverer of the buried city. And more than a hundred years later, the restoration of the same water pipeline led to the discovery of Pompeii.

It turns out that the engineer Fontana, while engaged in mining and tunneling work, came across the roofs and walls of houses in the city, buried under a multi-meter layer of ash. But, firstly, Domenico Fontana himself never mentioned such a find, and secondly, a two-kilometer tunnel cannot be built in volcanic soil without forced ventilation of the mine workings. The poisonous gas released from volcanic soils makes it impossible to carry out any underground work without effective ventilation, with which the mine would resemble the Titanic, with a main tunnel and huge “pipes” for ventilation. After all, if Fontana had laid a water pipeline under a multi-meter layer of volcanic ash, then the mines would have been many meters long. Instead of such structures, we see ordinary city wells.

Very rarely, a water pipeline is laid in violation of urban infrastructure, as, for example, here.

The depth of the water conduit is insignificant in relation to the zero level of Pompeii, and, with few exceptions, it passes under the streets, walls of houses and religious buildings.

If you follow the route of the water conduit laid by Fontana near Pompeii, you can discover amazing things. Traces of laying the road surface, a water mill, which archaeologists call the “Bourbon water lift”, but which is not on the maps of the Bourbon and later periods.

Early topographic maps of Pompeii before excavations began did not indicate any wells. All water supply wells were discovered exclusively during excavations, mostly in the 20th century. Some wells are equipped with stone console steps built into one of the side walls. Some wells are simply destroyed by restorers. There is a well with a side door. Another well has a window in one of the walls. Why make a window underground? And how could it be possible to plaster a well from the outside if it was laid out like a vertical shaft from the inside?

In the courtyards of the Temple of Isis, the conduit also had a well, now destroyed, it is represented in an 18th century engraving by Francesco Piranesi, who depicted the Temple of Isis immediately after its excavations. The well is depicted with side slopes and covers - which is logical for a simple city well.

This was the first water supply well discovered during excavations. Therefore, in the time of Piranesi, they did not yet understand what danger he posed to the official version of the death of Pompeii in deep antiquity.

When leaving Pompeii, the conduit opens into an L-shaped well with steps and a side entrance.

The canal outside the city, laid using the trench method, had to be dug out for more than 20 years. The mills of the new gunpowder factory of the Spanish Viceroy were launched only in 1654. However, according to the official version, the catastrophic eruption of 1631, located there, was not affected in any way by the catastrophic eruption of 1631.

How do archaeologists comment on this obvious fact? The first excavations of the water pipeline were carried out back in 1955, they are still being carried out, but neither the results of old nor new excavations have yet been published, because then a lot will have to be revised...

Why hide?

It would seem that there is nothing more monolithic than historical science, firmly standing on three pillars.

The first pillar of history is the primary sources, which, to varying degrees of preservation, supposedly exist for two historical millennia.

But the fact is that it is very easy to falsify any written source. For example, the entire 19th century can easily be called the century of fakes. Allegedly, ancient Greek manuscripts, letters from monarchs, famous scientists, and many other documents were forged not in hundreds, not in thousands, but in tens of thousands of copies. For example, between 1822 and 1835, more than 12,000 manuscripts of famous people were sold in France alone...

But even before the 19th century, activities to falsify sources were a state European program. In the Middle Ages, ancient ancient manuscripts are found en masse and very conveniently in the abandoned towers of monasteries, and businessmen in the field of hoaxes, such as Poggio Bracciolini, who also wrote the “History” of Tacitus, sell the “originals” of antiquity to the rich people of that time for a lot of money.

The second pillar of history is archeology, which has been digging for 400 years wherever possible, and everything that is dug up only confirms the traditional version. However, in practice, archeology merely legalizes an already existing historical framework, tying finds to an established chronology, despite obvious contradictions. Technological artifacts found in Pompeii are a vivid illustration of this process.

The third pillar of history is independent dating methods, the well-known radiocarbon and dendrochronological methods. But even here the declared independence is completely unjustified.

Despite the fact that the Nobel Prize in chemistry was given for the discovery of radiocarbon dating, in fact, it only works to confirm the existing chronology. In order not to get something seditious, laboratories conducting such analyzes never take a sample blindly, without indicating its place of origin and estimated age, strictly tied to a chronological scale.

If radiocarbon dating supports our theories, we put it to work. If it does not completely contradict them, we put it in a footnote. And if it doesn't fit completely, we just don't take it.

There is justified criticism of these methods, for example, in the work "ERRORS IN THE BASIC POSTULATES OF RADIOCARBON AND ARGON-ARGON DATING"

One of the first samples to hone the Radiocarbon dating method was bread from Pompeii. There were no dendrochronological calibration curves at that time, and despite the approximate half-life known at that time, the results amazingly exactly coincided with the generally accepted chronology. Essentially, Radiocarbon dating is a method of fitting into an existing chronological timeline.

The same applies to the dendrochnological method, the tables of which are based on the same standard chronology. The date of the death of Pompeii in 79 AD is one of the fundamental benchmarks there.

So why did European specialists work and continue to work on exalting their history and attributing it to ancient times? It’s all very simple - when the Slavs with slingshots were chasing bears through the forests, Europeans were already living in cities and eating pineapples. This means that in modern political issues, the younger brother must listen to the more mature, by as much as one and a half thousand years, European civilization. This is exactly how the essence of History as an ideological weapon manifests itself.

But it is not clear why Russian historians are still working on the historical tale composed by Miller, Schlozer, and Bayer. Maybe it's time to stop working against your country and start working for the benefit of your compatriots?

But while certified historians are in no hurry to clear out the Augean stables of false chronology, this task is being solved by competent, indifferent enthusiasts. Andreas Churilov's research is a prime example of such work.

Agree that there are places in the world that you want to visit no matter what... One of these places for me was the ancient city of Pompeii in Italy.

And in today’s article I will tell you a lot of interesting things about the city of Pompeii, about what is invented and exaggerated and about what is shocking in reality, we will walk (video at the end of the article) through the streets, we will discover secrets that you could collect for a long time on the RuNet , and now you can find out from my article. It will be informative and interesting, enjoy reading and viewing.

Pompeii today photo

Pompeii destroyed by volcano

Perhaps this is the most famous tragedy in the world associated with a volcano, so it is no secret that it was Volcano Vesuvius that caused the death of the city of Pompeii. But there are a lot of legends and exaggerations around this story, which we will understand along the way...

Volcanic eruption in Pompeii

In fact, Pompeii is located quite far from the crater, so I understand the residents of the city who found it difficult to believe that the consequences of a natural disaster could take their lives. Moreover, people did not know such a thing as a volcanic eruption and did not understand the danger of such a neighborhood.

What does Pompeii mean?

Pompei is the Italian word for the city, which was founded in the 6th century BC by the Osci (ancient Italian people). The city was formed as a result of the union of five settlements.

Where is Pompeii:

Pompeii location relative to Vesuvius

If you look at the map above, you will see that Vesuvius is located between Pompeii and Napoli (the city of Naples), so the tragedy that claimed the lives of the city of Pompeii in 79 could have done the same to the inhabitants of Naples. And judging by the historical chronicles, not only should it, but it could, since the direction of the wind played a big role in the fact that the eruption took place in Pompeii. Usually the wind blew towards Naples, but on this particular day everything was different.

Pompeii how to get from Naples

The distance between cities is less than 25 km. You can get there in many ways, from taxi or car rental to the cheapest – train. We are familiar with this train firsthand, as we traveled on it from Sorrento to Naples. The route just includes a stop in the city of Pompeii.

Further in the section of attractions of the city of Pompeii, I posted a photo of one of the main streets. These streets are notable for many nuances, from high curbs to strange infantry crossings. As you understand, this cannot be depicted in the photo, so again I invite you to see and hear everything in the video.

Many tourists, arriving in Pompeii, rush to see a small house with the strange name Luponarium. This is a brothel of that time. I don’t even know how to explain such a rush of tourists in this direction... Perhaps this is due to the fact that, according to one version, Pompeii did not die by accident and the volcanic eruption was God’s punishment for the depraved lifestyle of its inhabitants, who indulged too much in love pleasures and lost their true values...After such legends, tourists can’t wait to see what this depravity was about that caused the death of an entire city... As for me, these are just tricks to lure tourists and exaggerated stories, because, you see, at all times and in All cities in the world have such establishments and there are those who regularly visit them, but this does not mean that curses and natural disasters should be sent to them. The only thing I agree with is that many tourists are simply interested in seeing what brothels were like in ancient times. In order not to bore you with expectations, I tell and show the main thing (the rest is on video).

Lupanarium photo

The photo below is an image on the wall of a lupanarium. There are many such images here (above eye level along the entire perimeter of the corridor inside). These are not just lewd pictures - this is a menu. Well, yes, the menu, because if you come to a restaurant, then you have to choose from what they are ready to offer you, so, sorry for the frankness, but here everything is the same: you choose how you want to indulge in love pleasures from the pictures.

The lupanarium building is small. In the middle there is a corridor with a menu, and on the sides there are rooms with stone beds, on which everything happened. In addition to the fact that the beds are made of stone, there is another striking feature - the length of the beds is no more than 170 cm. This is because the height of people at that time rarely exceeded 160 cm. Yes, this is interesting) For me personally, this was the most interesting thing in our visit to the lupanarium, the rest is more interesting to those who have something to compare an institution of this kind with.

Pompeii people in ashes

When you walk around the city, there is no feeling of celebration and fun, because you initially understand that you are walking along streets along which people who suffered death ran in agony. Thanks to the voids that were discovered during the excavations of the city, it was possible to restore the postures in which people died and even the expressions of their faces, disfigured by horror. Behind bars on one of the main squares, finds that give you goosebumps are displayed like museum exhibits. For example, this figure of a boy who curled up in hopelessness and died here. On the right in the photo you see a bowl that is now filled with coins, but I didn’t throw it through the lattice fence, because, to be honest, this idea makes me cringe... I don’t know for what purpose this bowl was installed next to this poor young man, but I don’t like the way tourists adapted it at all. I am for the tradition of throwing coins into fountains, but people, this is not a fountain, this is the face of death and a city in which 2,000 people died... Why are you throwing coins? Do you want to come back here? Or is it alms for a dead child? Sorry for being emotional, but this is blasphemy.... A show that the masses support. I didn’t support him, and you decide for yourself, but just be aware of why you put your hand through the bars and try to get a coin into this bowl...

Pompeii photo from excavations

Archaeologists continue their work tirelessly and another quarter of the way to explore the city has not been completed. Maybe new discoveries will surprise us and open up new facets of city life, we’ll look forward to it.

Pompeii finds

In addition to human figures, there are figures of dead animals, as well as dishes and interior items of that time.

After visiting the city of Pompeii, we went to Villa Mysteri, which recently opened after restoration. It is truly a great pleasure to see one of the richest and most beautiful houses, which has preserved stunning pieces of art and luxurious interiors to this day. I will not describe Villa in the article, but I suggest you finish and watch the video, which will answer questions not covered in the article.

I really enjoyed our visit to the city and I am very grateful to our guide, who wished to remain behind the scenes, but who immersed us in an amazing world with an interesting history, of which we became a part.

See you on the pages of the AVIAMANIA website and the AVIAMANIA YouTube channel.

Pompeii video

A city dug out from the ashes. In appearance there is nothing special - ordinary ruins of an ancient city, of which there are many. But wandering through the streets, you become immersed in the life of ordinary people who lived two millennia ago and were unexpectedly buried under a five-meter layer of volcanic ash. Ash and volcanic rocks literally preserved the city and the condition of the buildings very realistically conveys the life and hobbies of that period.

Pompey lived an ordinary life, not suspecting that a killer mountain was rising near the city. Several centuries before being buried under the ashes, the city developed until Vesuvius woke up. This happened in 79 AD. By the way, an eruption similar to that time occurs once every two thousand years; it is not difficult to calculate that today’s Naples, located at the foot, is located on a time bomb.
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And before the eruption, the city had a fairly developed civilization, as in many cities of the Roman Empire. Gladiator fights were held for the amusement of spectators, performances were staged in amphitheaters, townspeople steamed in bathhouses, and those especially suffering visited brothels.
Barracks were located at this place, and gladiators conducted training in the clearing.
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Since leisure was limited, performances in amphitheaters were a great success.
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The buildings hidden under the thickness of volcanic rocks make it easy to determine their purpose. As in all modern civilizations of that time, there had to be a brothel in a large city. The lupanarium has survived to this day.
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Lupanarium is a building with separate bedrooms and stone beds, a mattress was thrown over them and mostly slaves from Greece served the visitors.

The wall painting suggests that unconventional love flourished quite well in those days. The Romans blame everything on the Greeks, the Greeks hint at the perverts of the Romans. Nevertheless, the colors of an unconventional orientation came precisely from the Romans.
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A session with a prostitute cost about the same as a small cup of wine.
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Lupanarium was always easy to find by signs on the roads indicating the direction.
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Many houses in Pompeii did not have kitchens, so along the streets there were many thermopolia, or in our opinion, eateries. The Romans did everything on the go, dropped into the thermopolium for a snack and ran on.
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Thermopolia counter
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Cobbled streets of the city.
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The "brick" sign was literal two thousand years ago
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In Pompeii, most houses had an impluvium - a small pool for collecting rainwater.
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By the way, there were problems with the city’s water supply until a certain time. Groundwater in these places lies at 40 meters. The solution to the problem was the constructed aquiduct. The city consumed almost 6,500 cubic meters per day. Water was filled through the aquiduct into the tanks, and then through three lead pipelines it was supplied to the city drinking fountains, city baths and to the richest houses. The fountains still function today.
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In some places, remains of the water supply system remain.
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Public baths were extremely popular among residents. Hundreds of slaves heated bathhouses in the basements so that the townspeople had the opportunity to wash themselves.
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Women and men steamed separately. The vaults of the baths are prudently arched so that drops of steam do not drip on people but flow down to the walls. Windows for temperature regulation.
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The decoration of the baths is impressive.
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The heart of the bathhouse. Marble bowl with a stove underneath.
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Benches for relaxation with a plunge pool.
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In the courtyard there is a swimming pool for cooling.
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These baths were built for the townspeople by a wealthy merchant on the eve of the elections to Mera. In this way, the fighters for power cajoled voters. In the thermal bath there is a massage bench with the coat of arms of that same merchant.
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Pompey was a fairly large city at that time. In the center for important events there is a huge forum; here are the main buildings, temples, municipality, tribunal, market and of course the square where all the townspeople could gather.
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The echo of the appearance of the Lord Christ on earth had not yet reached Pompeii, so the temples were built in honor of mythological gods or great Roman figures.
Temple of the Genius Vespasian with an altar-altar.
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Surviving work by first century craftsmen
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More streets of Pompey.
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Public toilet
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Tribunal
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During excavations, voids were discovered in many places. No one could figure out what it was until they decided to fill one of the voids with plaster. The result was shocking, the voids are people and animals. The bodies disappeared centuries later, and nature forever captured their death throes.
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Dog
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Market scales
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City cemetery. Niches were hollowed out in the rock for burial.
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The external fortification of the city is very sound. The first century is impressive.
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Pompey was surprised. Usually ancient ruins make you feel bored and despondent. Pompey captivates with its believability and real sense of life of that time. So I didn’t regret one bit that I marked a place called Pompeii on the map. That's all for today.