Age structure of the population of Poland. The population of Poland. Accession to the European Union

One of the countries of Eastern Europe is Poland. This country has a long history of its existence. The population is predominantly homogeneous in composition. According to an official study, the basis of the population is precisely the Poles. The study took into account such characteristics as culture and cultural heritage, the demographic situation of the country, the foundations, traditions and customs of the Polish people.

The demographic situation of the country

A special organization operates in the country, which is engaged in questioning, analysis and processing of statistical data throughout the country. This is the central statistical agency.

At the end of 2015, the organization conducted a census of the country's inhabitants. According to the latest data, the population was 38.439 million people. By gender, there were more females (51.3%) than males (48.7%). Most of the working age public, its share is 58.7%. People of retirement age - 13.8%, children and adolescents - 27.5%.

According to statistics, most of the population lives in cities and towns. This is 62% of the total number of Poles. This number of people inhabits 884 cities throughout the country.

Poland is characterized by a negative natural increase. In the republic, the number of dead people exceeds the number of births. For example, according to statistics, 1053 babies are born per day, and 1075 people die on the same day.

Population of Poland

The country is characterized by a moderate migration flow. The population in this case is in constant motion. After the accession of the republic to the European Union, there were massive migration outflows. Then the outflow of young people to the developed countries of Europe amounted to more than 2 million people. The country suddenly lost young and talented personnel. At that moment, a sufficient number of state programs aimed at the preservation of young specialists in the republic were planned and ratified.

The average life expectancy in the republic is 73 years. Women in terms of life expectancy occupy a leading position - 77 years, men on average live 8 years less - 69 years.

The ethnic component of the republic

97% of the total population of the republic are Poles. The rest are Germans (0.8%), Belarusians (0.53%) and Ukrainians (0.65%). Also on the territory live such ethnic groups as Lithuanians, Russians, Gypsies, Latvians, Slovaks.

The borders of the country's territory were formed only after the end of the Second World War. During the hostilities, the country lost about 20% of its population.

In the 80-90s. 500 thousand Poles left their places of residence and migrated to North America. To date, about 10 million Poles have chosen places of residence in different parts of the globe. Most often, the USA, Brazil, France, as well as the CIS countries are chosen as the place of residence.

Religious views of the Poles

By religion, Poles (87.5% of the population) consider themselves Catholics. This is according to the Central Statistical Agency, the survey was conducted in 2011 among 92.1% of the population of the republic. Some residents tried to hide their religious attitude, in percentage terms it was 7.1%. Not believers turned out to be a small fraction of people - 2.4%. Less than 1% of the respondents joined Orthodoxy and other religious movements. The latter are related to the actions of the Holocaust and how this situation affected Polish Jews during World War II.

Poland is considered in Europe the most Catholic republic among all located in this part of the world. It is thanks to the church that the unity of the Polish people takes place, the connection of generations and the observance of the foundations and traditions that originate many centuries ago.

The language potential of the Poles

There is only one state language in the republic - Polish. In addition, the inhabitants of the country speak foreign languages, such as English - 29%, Russian - 26%, German - 19% of the population.

A regulatory legal act was adopted in the country, according to which Belarusian, Slovak, Czech, Russian, Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Hebrew, Armenian, German were classified as languages ​​of the national minority. The Prussian language, which is not used today, originates in the republic.

Cultural heritage of the Poles, their traditional way of life

World culture can truly be proud of the huge contribution that Poland has made to its treasury. The first is literature. During the Renaissance, the author Mikołaj Rey donated his first creations of poetry and prose to her piggy bank. The author wrote the works in Latin. A distinctive feature was their dissimilarity to all the works existing at that time, which were of a religious nature on the instructions of the church.

The breaths of Western Europe in the 18-19 centuries were reflected in the formation of literature. The following authors were popular at that time: Adam Mickiewicz, Alexander Glowacki and others.

Adam Miscavige

Through the centuries, the highest value of the Polish people runs like a thin thread - this is the family, family relationships, a happy marriage. This is the core of a family tradition. In modern Poland, according to statistics, the number of divorces is negligible and ranks last in the ranking of European countries for divorce. Poles honor the family and family relationships, despite the material components and career growth.

On the territory of Poland you rarely meet rude and ill-mannered inhabitants. By their nature and upbringing, Poles are correct with others, courteous, respectful to people older than themselves. But they demand the same manifestations in relationships for themselves.

The cult of a woman, a mother - this is the main difference between the Polish people and other peoples of the European part of Eurasia. In addition, the inhabitants of the republic are intelligent, cultured, educated.

Summing up, I would like to note that having learned about the demographic situation in the country, about its cultural traditions, heritage, one can thus learn more about the inhabitants of the country.

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Poland is one of the ten largest states in Europe, ranking ninth in this ranking. Its territory is approximately 312 thousand square meters. kilometers. If compared with other European countries, then the territory of Poland can be compared with the territory of Italy or, for example, Germany.

This country is considered mono-ethnic, about 97% of Poles live here. The population of Poland in 2016 is 38,625,853 people. The Department of Economic and Social Affairs, which launched its activities under the auspices of the UN Population Division, maintains the most thorough and accurate statistics on the population of countries. Consider a comparative characteristic-dynamics of demographic indicators for the annual period 2015/2016.

Population of Poland in 2015

At the beginning of 2015, the population of this country was 38,463 thousand people, and at the end of this year - about 38,439 thousand people. At the same time, the annual population growth was -0.06%.

  • male population - approximately 18 million 538 thousand people;
  • female population - approximately 19 million 901 thousand people;
  • 385 thousand babies were born;
  • 392 thousand people died;
  • the total increase in the entire population of Poland in a natural way: 22 thousand people;
  • the total increase in the entire population of Poland by migration: - 18 thousand people.

Population of Poland in 2016

As already mentioned, the population of Poland in 2016 is 38 million 626 thousand people.

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But it should be noted that it is customary to calculate and analyze all demographic data at the end of the year, so below are forecasts and statistical calculations, which are supplemented by information from the Population Counter of Poland as of May 10, 2016.

  • it is expected that the population will decrease to 38 million 415 thousand people (this is the figure they plan to see at the end of 2016);
  • about 385 thousand babies will be born;
  • 391 thousand people will die;
  • the total increase in the entire population of Poland by natural means will be 22 thousand people;
  • the total increase in the entire population of Poland by migration will be -15 thousand people;
  • average birth rate - 1,054 children / day;
  • the average death rate is 1,071 people/day.

Population of Poland 2016 at the beginning of the year was the following distribution by age:

  1. 14,7% population under 15;
  2. 71,6% population aged 15 to 65;
  3. 13,7% population over 65 years of age.

Another important basic demographic indicator is life expectancy. Today in Poland it averages 76 years 1 month for women and men. If we consider life expectancy separately for each sex, then Polish women live up to 80 years, Polish men - up to 72 years 1 month.

Literacy of the population of Poland

According to estimates, 32,712,074 Poles aged 15 and over can write and read in a particular language (most often Polish, Russian, English). In the statistical table, the percentage reaches 99.79% for the entire adult population. For men, the literacy rate is 99.92%, for women it is 99.68%. Interestingly, for young people (aged 15-24) the literacy rate is 100%, and it is the same for both males and females.

The largest cities in the country(according to 1996 estimate) are (thousand people) Warsaw (1628.5), Lodz (818.0), Krakow (740.7), Wroclaw (640.6), Poznan (550.8), Gdansk (462, 3), Szczecin (418.8) and Bydgoszcz (386.6).

Poles belong to Western branch of the Slavs and are a nation with a long history and rich culture.

Population as of July 2004, it amounted to 38.63 million people.

In the mid-1950s, per 1,000 inhabitants in Poland there were about 30 births, but liberal abortion laws, government incentives for family planning, and other social factors led to a decline in the birth rate to 10.54 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2004.

Then, as a result of a change in the demographic policy of the state and living conditions, the birth rate, gradually increasing, reached 19 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1975 and began to decline again (to 14 in 1990 and 10.47). In January 1993, a law was passed restricting abortions.

Mortality rate since the 1950s, it has ranged from 8 to 10 per 1,000 inhabitants. Child mortality is high and in 2003 it reached 8.95 per 1000 births.

Population growth in Poland in 200 was equal to 0.02% per year. The female population outnumbers the male population due to significant male losses during World War II; in 1997 there were 100 men for every 105 women in Poland. The average life expectancy in the country is 70.04 for men and 78.52 for women.

As a result German-Soviet Treaty of 1939 on the Partition of Poland, approximately 13 million people ended up in the territories that went to the Soviet Union (including about 5 million ethnic Poles), of which at least 1.5 million people were deported to the central regions and to the east of the USSR in 1939-1941 .

By June 1949, 1503.8 thousand ethnic Poles were allowed to return to Poland; in 1956–1958 another 200,000 Poles repatriated.

More than 20% of the population of Poland died during Second World War. At least 500 thousand people, mostly military personnel who fought on the side of the Allies, did not return to their homeland after the war, where power was in the hands of the Communists.

Of the 3440 thousand Polish Jews who lived in the country before the war, approx. 3 million died at the hands of the Nazis; 300 thousand emigrated from the country in the post-war period. In 1981-1990 they emigrated from Poland, mainly to the USA and Canada, approx. 270 thousand Poles.

In the German lands included in Poland after World War II by decisions Potsdam Conference, in 1939 there were 8.3 million people, including 1012 thousand ethnic Poles. More than 5 million Germans fled to the west during the advance of the Red Army in 1944-1945. They were not allowed to return, and soon all the Germans who remained here were resettled in Germany.

In pre-war Poland lived large in number national minorities, which accounted for approximately one third of the total population of the country, but after the war, as a result of large migrations of the population, Poland turned into an ethnically and confessionally homogeneous country: 97.6% of its population are Poles, and 95% - Catholics.

Approximately 800 thousand - Lutherans, Protestants And Orthodox. Catholicism plays an important role in the Polish people and its history. National minorities include Germans (1.3%), Ukrainians (0.64%) and Belarusians (0.5%).

POLISH LANGUAGE

The state language in the republic is Polish. German, English, Russian and languages ​​of ethnic groups are also used.

Polish language belongs to the Lechitic subgroup of the West Slavic languages ​​of the Indo-European language family. Polish is closely related to Czech, Slovak, Pomeranian (whose Kashubian dialect is often regarded as a dialect of Polish), Lusatian and Polabian.

Polish language is native to 50 million people in many countries around the world.

Poland is an Eastern European country with a fairly homogeneous national composition. If you look at the long history, then this situation seems really amazing. However, the fact remains that the main population of Poland is made up of local natives. These are people who have been living in this territory for several generations. Consider the population of Poland in more detail, including the traditions and cultural achievements that opened the country to the whole world.

ethnic groups

Poland is a multinational country. In addition to the main ethnic group, which is dominant, Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians, Slovaks, Lithuanians, Latvians, Germans and Jews live here. This is not surprising, since an independent state in its modern territory arose only after the Second World War. At the same time, national minorities make up only 5%. As a result of the conclusion of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact between the USSR and Germany in 1939, more than 13 million inhabitants ended up on the territory of Ukraine (at that time one of the Soviet republics). In addition, World War II reduced the population of Poland by another 20%. In 1980-1990. 500 thousand ethnic residents emigrated to the USA and Canada. Today, the Polish diaspora is about 10 million people. Most Poles live in the USA, Brazil, France and the CIS countries.

The population of Poland and the features of settlement

The collection of statistics in the country is occupied by the Central Statistical Agency (GUS). According to him, the population of Poland in 2009 amounted to 38.325 million people. Since 1995, this figure has gradually decreased by 3%. So far, there has been positive growth. For comparison: in 1961 the population of Poland was only 30 million people. At the same time, more than a million people live abroad for 6-7 months a year. The state is in 69th place in the world and 9th among European countries in terms of territory. It can be calculated that the population density of Poland is 122 people per square kilometer. Most people live in cities - 61.5%. After joining the EU, more than 2 million young people emigrated to more developed European countries. To date, the country is implementing programs aimed at stopping the "brain drain", as well as attracting highly qualified specialists to promising sectors of the economy.

Composition of Poland's population

The nation under consideration belongs to the “aging” ones. Half a century ago, the average age was 25 years old, today - 38. It is expected that by 2050 it will reach 51 years. The average number of children per family is 1.31. And this is one of the lowest rates in Eastern Europe. Life expectancy for women is 79.5 years, for men - 73.1.

Religion in Poland

The majority of the country's inhabitants are Catholics. In 2011, a special survey was conducted, in which 91.2% of the population took part. As a result, 87.5% stated that they are Catholics, 7.1% did not express their religious preferences, 2.4% turned out to be atheists, less than 1% - Orthodox and representatives of other confessions. This situation can be easily explained by the consequences of the Holocaust of Polish Jews during World War II.

Catholicism plays an important role in the life of the country. The church is a symbol of unity and preservation of centuries-old cultural traditions. Poland is the most Catholic state in Europe.

Status of languages

The majority of the population communicates in Polish. The main foreign languages ​​spoken by residents are: English (29%), Russian (26%), German (19%). According to the normative legal act of January 6, 2005, the following have the status of the language of national minorities: Armenian, Belarusian, Czech, German, Hebrew, Lithuanian, Russian, Slovak and Ukrainian. It should be noted that Poland is the birthplace of Esperanto (created artificially for scientific communication) and Prussian (no longer used).

cultural traditions

Poland is rightfully proud of its traditions. The most important contribution to world culture is its literature. The first written examples were written in Latin in the 15th century. In those days, literature was religious in nature. Against this background, Mikołaj Rey, who wrote both poetry and prose, stands out sharply. Polish literature of the 18th century appeared under the influence of Western Europe. At this time, Elzbita Druzbaka, the first female writer, gained fame. The next century gave the world the great Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz, most of whose works were written in exile, but on national themes. But the most famous Polish work is perhaps the novel by Nobel laureate Alexander Glowacki, who wrote under the pseudonym Heinrich Sienkiewicz, "Come to come." The most popular authors from this country today are science fiction writers Stanisław Lem and Andrzej Sapkowski.

conclusions

Thus, the population of Poland is 5% of the total European. This is a country with centuries-old cultural traditions, which are embodied in the worldview of its people.

If you are going to work, study, permanent residence in this country, you need to know as much as possible about the locals.

Who the population of Poland itself consists of, how much the country is currently urbanized, how life expectancy is on average here, who the majority of citizens are by religion, what languages ​​are most common here. You can learn all these details from this material.

Population dynamics in Poland


Several factors currently influence the dynamics of Poland's population. This is the death rate, birth rate, as well as the migration outflow of people from the country. Over the past few years, this indicator has undergone quite significant changes.

However, if from 1955 to 1970 and from 1985 to 2018 it showed a rapid decline, now it has finally reached a slight increase. This trend was connected not so much with a decrease in the birth rate, but with several waves of migration from Poland. Currently, the population of this particular country has a low dynamics.

Migration processes have ended, the state has finally entered the Eurozone. In addition, living standards have risen significantly since the early 1990s, which made it possible, on the one hand, to significantly increase the life expectancy of the population, and, on the other hand, to increase the birth rate. All this made it possible to fix the increase at the level of 0.02%.

In the coming years, neither sharp declines nor growth in the number of Polish residents is expected. It is likely that the overall growth rate will fluctuate at the level of -0.1% - 0.2%. Even the influx of migrants, especially from the Middle East, will not significantly affect this position.

Currently, Poland is not considered by him as the most attractive country for living, and for labor migrants from the CIS there are quite strict conditions for visa control.



Today, the population of Poland has a generally positive trend. Last year, about 22 fewer people die each day than are born. This trend is generally not common for Western European countries, since the nations of Old Europe are generally classified as aging and dying out.

In Poland, as in many other countries, there are more women in the total mass, they account for over 51%, while men account for only 48%. Most of the people belong to the category of able-bodied people - in total, there are more than 58% of such people in the state itself.

It should also be noted that now the number of citizens in working age is higher than in retirement, which suggests that in this country there is someone to replace the current working class.

Also speaking about the current demographic situation in Poland, it must be said that approximately 62% of the population lives in the city, which makes the Poles an urbanized nation. A certain part of the people also seeks to migrate from this state.

This mainly concerns young highly qualified specialists who are determined to travel to Germany, France, the USA and other countries that are considered the most prestigious and promising here.

As for life expectancy, it here averages 73 years. For men, it is slightly less - only 69 years, but for women it is 77 years. This trend is also quite typical for almost all EU countries.



The population of Poland in its absolute majority is ethnic Poles. They make up over 95% of the total population here. Also fairly large ethnic groups are Germans, Belarusians and Ukrainians, which here range from 0.5% to 0.8%.

There are other ethnic groups here, the total mass of the population of which is no more than 3%, and these are Latvians, Jews, Russians, gypsies, Romanians and many others. However, due to their small number, they do not represent a special weight in society, although their needs are taken into account both at the local and at the national level.

The modern composition of the population of Poland was formed quite late, even after 1945, which led to such a relative "purity" of the population.

Indeed, it was during this period that the borders of Poland were re-formed, and over 12 million people who were on the territory of the Union and other states were resettled here. Also, it was during the war and post-war years that several mass migrations of the peoples of the USSR from here took place. The Holocaust also strongly influenced the ethnic composition of the country, since even before 1939 the Jewish community was quite strong and large here.

Since then, Poland has experienced several waves of migration, but the main ethnic structure of the country has not changed since then. At present, the state, by law, strives to support its titular nation, however, it is quite willing to accept on its territory the population of other states that can confirm Polish roots.

Such migrants are provided with good opportunities for education, work, as well as prospects and moving to permanent residence. The card of the Pole gives the greatest prospects here.



The absolute majority of Poles in terms of religious beliefs, as shown by the latest polls in this particular state, are Catholics. In the course of recent polls conducted on this topic in the state, over 87% of all local residents spoke in favor of this particular religion. Another 1% of the respondents identified themselves as belonging to other denominations of Christianity, as well as to other religions.

And this trend has continued even taking into account migration to this country from the CIS, as well as the countries of the East. The rest either identified themselves as atheists or refused to answer the question about religion altogether.

It is precisely for the above reasons that today Poland is considered one of the states where the Catholic Church itself is most powerful, not only in Europe, but throughout the world. That is why the holidays of this religion are so revered here, and the church itself for the state is a full-fledged unifying link, to which almost the entire local population is oriented.



The main language spoken by practically the entire population of Poland itself, of course, is Polish itself. However, the language capabilities of local residents are not limited to them.

About 30% of the population understands Russian or Ukrainian, and at a fairly good level, over 25% speak English (mostly young people), about 19% know German well (which is typical for the northern regions of the country). Almost all Slavic languages ​​are understood quite well here due to their similarity.

By the way, the laws of Poland also define several languages ​​that have received the status of languages ​​of a national minority. In addition to Russian and Ukrainian, Lithuanian, Belarusian, Czech and even Hebrew also turned out to be such. In large cities, you can find educational institutions in which teaching is in such languages. In addition, the emergence of Esperanto, as well as Prussian, which is no longer used in the world, is attributed to the Polish language tradition.

With all this, migrants to this country at a high level will need to know exactly the Polish language. Although Poles, especially in large cities, have a good understanding of foreign speech, it is Polish that is required for admission to work with clients, as well as study at the university.

The population of other countries, before entering here, in some cases must pass a full-fledged exam in this subject along with an interview, in which there will certainly be questions about the general ethnic composition of the population and its dynamics.

In general, the population of this state has a completely homogeneous structure in terms of ethnic composition, religious beliefs, and linguistic capabilities. This allows migrants to quickly get used to this country and better find mutual understanding with the locals, knowing their main ethnic landmarks and customs.