Semipalatinsk nuclear test site. Semipalatinsk nuclear test site Presentation on the topic Semipalatinsk nuclear test site
To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com
Slide captions:
The suffering of old Chingiz
Semipalatinsk test site
Semipalatinsk test site The test site is located in Kazakhstan on the border of the Semipalatinsk (now East Kazakhstan), Pavlodar and Karaganda regions, 130 kilometers northwest of Semipalatinsk, on the left bank of the Irtysh River. The test site covers 18,000 km². On its territory there is the previously closed city of Kurchatov, renamed in honor of the Soviet physicist Igor Kurchatov, previously - Moscow 400, Bereg, Semipalatinsk-21, Terminus station. On geographical maps, this place is usually shown as “Terminal” (by the name of the station) or “Moldary” (a village that became part of Kurchatov).
Semipalatinsk test site
Semipalatinsk test site
Semipalatinsk test site
The first nuclear weapons test in the Soviet Union took place on August 29, 1949. The bomb's yield was 22 kilotons. The creation of the test site was part of the atomic project and the choice was made, as it turned out later, very successfully - the terrain made it possible to carry out underground nuclear explosions both in adits and in wells. The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1" The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1" The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1" The first atomic bomb RDS-1 The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1"
The charge was tested on August 12, 1953 at the Semipalatinsk test site. Charge power up to 400 kilotons of TNT equivalent.
The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1" The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1" The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1" The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1" A crater may form at the site of the explosion of 500 grams of TNT equivalent with a diameter of five to seven meters and a depth of about one and a half meters. The world's most powerful experimental bomb is A602EN. The estimated capacity is more than 100 megatons of TNT equivalent. Tested at half power.
The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1" The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1" The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1" The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1"
The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1" The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1" The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1" The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1"
The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1" The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1" The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1" The first atomic bomb of the USSR - "RDS-1"
In 1961, the first underground explosion was carried out at the Semipalatinsk test site. A lake formed at the site of the ground explosion of the first atomic bomb. If you ever happen to get to Semey, at the bazaar you will definitely meet sellers with meter-long carp. Don’t rush to rejoice, local residents avoid them. Carp, similar to sharks, are found there in only one place - on Atomic Lake.
Professor Kharitonov picked up such a piece and took it as a souvenir immediately after the explosion. He subsequently died from radiation sickness. This piece, which is now called "Kharitonchik", is now kept in the museum of the Institute of Radiation Safety and Ecology, Kurchatov, Kazakhstan.
Slag into which the earth has been baked and still has background radiation.
Dosimetrists check the background radiation after the explosion.
Gene mutations among residents of Semipalatinsk are inherited. Mutations caused by radiation from nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test site are inherited. This is evidenced by the results of research by an international group of scientists from Great Britain, Finland and Kazakhstan. Representatives of three generations from 40 families were tested. Scientists compared the results of blood tests and genetic materials with data they received in Finland and Britain. Scientists have come to the conclusion that the radiation from the first nuclear tests reached through generations - to the grandchildren of those who survived these explosions. At the same time, the level of genetic mutations among residents in the Semipalatinsk region is one and a half to two times higher than among people in other regions of Kazakhstan. .
The Semipalatinsk nuclear test site was closed on August 29, 1991 by the decision of the government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Decree No. 409 of the President of Kazakhstan. The popular anti-nuclear movement “Nevada - Semipalatinsk” and its leader Olzhas Suleimenov played a big role in this. In December 1993, according to the directive of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Semipalatinsk test site, or officially the 2nd State Central Test Site, was disbanded. In the dangerous zones of the former test site, the radioactive background still reaches 10,000 - 20,000 microroentgens per hour. Despite this, people still live at the site. The territory of the landfill is not protected in any way and until 2006 it was not marked on the ground in any way. Only in 2005, under public pressure and on the recommendation of Parliament, work began on marking the boundaries of the landfill with concrete pillars and barbed wire. The population still uncontrollably and unauthorizedly uses the landfill for grazing livestock and collecting scrap metal. The Semipalatinsk nuclear test site is one of many nuclear test sites in the world where the population lives and uses it for agricultural purposes.
Write an essay – an argument: “How will I see Kazakhstan in 10 years?”
City `s history(
City `s history
Name of the Semicameral
fortresses and then cities
Semipalatinsk is happening
from seven Buddhist temples
existing nearby
Dzungarian settlement
Dorzhinkit
(Tsorjiinkid). About seven
Buddhist temples
Dorzhinkita Russians
researchers knew back in
1616. In 1660-1670
these structures
were destroyed in
during the frequent Kazakh-Dzhungar wars, therefore
later these chambers were
found in a dilapidated
condition.
City `s history
{City `s history
The seven chamber fortress was
founded by the royal governor
Vasily Cheredov and his
detachment in 1718 at 18 km
down the Irtysh from
current situation of the city
in connection with the Decree of Peter I on the protection
eastern lands and
construction of the Irtysh
fortifications The fortress was
strengthened and restored to full
weapons already in the fall of 1718
under the supervision of a colonel
Stupina. By the time of foundation
seven fortresses have survived
large buildings. What is she from?
got its name - seven
chambers Historian and ethnographer G.F.
Miller, who collected about them
legends, in 1734 I found these
the chambers are already dilapidated
condition. These are destroyed
buildings were in 1660-1670
years, when between the Dzungars
there were internecine
war.
City `s history
{City `s history
In 1760 the question arose about
moving the fortress to a new one
place. And in 1767, Lieutenant General I.I. Springer by
at our own discretion
chose a place 12 miles higher
the former fortress. In the same
year he approved the project plan for it
construction, and in 1770
construction begins
work. Gradually to something new
the place began to move
residents of the old fortress,
military personnel, as well as some
trading people. In August 1777
year the stone was laid
Resurrection Church.
City `s history
{City `s history
In 1776 for development
fortress governor general
Western Siberia sent to
city of engineer-captain I.G.
Andreev, who
rebuilt the fortress
built bridges, made plans
and maps of military fortifications,
city councils were established
Duma and court. October 1, 1854
Semipalatinsk became
regional center again
organized
Semipalatinsk region,
whose population in 1858
amounted to 261,487 people.
City `s history
{City `s history
In the 19th century Semipalatinsk
was a place of political
links. In 1854-1859 in
exiled person lived in the city
Russian writer F.M.
Dostoevsky, During exile
he met with P.P.
Semyonov-Tian-Shansky, Ch.
Valikhanov and G.N.
Potanin. In the city also
student E.P. was serving exile.
Michaelis, Narodnaya Volya N.
Dolgopolov, P. Lobanovsky,
S. Gross, A. Leontiev, N.
Konshin and others. At the same time
time in the city I studied and lived
Kazakh poet Abay
Kunanbaev.
In 1863, in Semipalatinsk there was one district school with a girls’ school attached to it, 2 parochial schools, 14 Cossack schools and 9 private schools.
In 1863 in Semipalatinskthere was one district school with
a girls' school attached to it, 2 parochial schools, 14 Cossack and 9
private Tatar schools. Girls' school in
In 1864 it was transformed into a school
second category.
{
The infrastructure in the city is also
constantly developed: in 1873
year the city was equipped
telegraph, in 1906 -
by water communication thanks
opening on the Irtysh
shipping, in 1910 -
telephone communications and first in
Kazakhstan with water supply.
At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, among
educational institutions in the city
male and female worked
classical gymnasiums,
City `s history
Soviet period in historySemipalatinsk. After October
revolution of 1917 Soviet power in
the city was established on February 16, 1918
of the year. In 1918-1919 Semipalatinsk
was controlled by whites. In 1920-
In 1928 the city was the center of the province,
in 1928-1932 - the center of the district, from 1932
year in which the division was made
Kazakhstan into the region, the city became the center
East Kazakhstan region, and since 1939
year - Semipalatinsk region. In the 1930s
years, large buildings were built in the city
enterprises and infrastructure elements:
in 1930 a road was carried through the city
Turkestan-Siberian Railway, in
within the framework of the 1st Five-Year Plan, one of the
largest meat-packing plants in the USSR
plants were also built
mill plant, new tannery
factory, sheepskin factory with special
laboratory, ship repair plant.
During the Great Patriotic War on
territory of the region since 1941
the 238th and 8th rifle regiments were formed
divisions.
City `s history
{
City `s history
August 29, 1949 onSemipalatinsk
there was a nuclear test site
carried out the first in the USSR
nuclear test
weapons - bombs
capacity of 22
kilotons. In 1949-1989
years on
Semipalatinsk
there was a nuclear test site
produced at least 456
nuclear tests, in
which were not blown up
less than 616 nuclear and
thermonuclear devices,
including at least 30
ground-based nuclear
explosions and at least 86
air.
City `s history
{
City `s history
{City `s history
Semipalatinsk during the period
independence of Kazakhstan.
In 1991, under pressure
popular movement
"Nevada -
Semipalatinsk", slave
famous Kazakh
poet and social
figure Olzhas
Suleimenov, was closed
Semipalatinsk Nuclear
training ground, after which there was
a moratorium has been established on
any nuclear tests
in the world.
On June 19, 2007, deputies of the city maslikhat unanimously voted to rename the city in Russian to Semey, the reason for which I
In 1997, a merger took placeSemipalatinsk and East Kazakhstan regions into the East Kazakhstan region, the center of which
became the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk, and
Semipalatinsk lost its regional status
center, becoming a regional city
submission.
{
On June 19, 2007, city deputies
maslikhat unanimously voted for
renaming the city in Russian into
Semey, the reason for which was the “strong
association among investors named after the city with
Semipalatinsk nuclear test site." 21
June 2007 by presidential decree
Kazakhstan city of Semipalatinsk was
renamed to the city of Semey like
existing name in Kazakh
language.
Composition and population size for 2010
Kazakhs - 200,386 people. (63.23%)Russians - 94,868 people. (29.93%)
Tatars - 11,645 people. (3.67%)
Germans - 3,136 people. (0.99%)
Ukrainians - 2,425 people. (0.77%)
Belarusians - 675 people. (0.21%)
Uighurs - 467 people. (0.15%)
Koreans - 392 people. (0.12%)
Uzbeks - 358 people. (0.11%)
others - 2,587 people. (0.82%)
Total - 316,939 people. (100.00%)
Ecology and climate
According to the classification of territories,exposed to radioactive
fallout during nuclear
tests at Semipalatinsk
nuclear test site,
Semipalatinsk belongs to the zone
increased radiation risk (dose
exposure to the population from 7 to 35 rem per
the entire test period). Territories,
surrounding Semipalatinsk, were
classified as maximum
risk.
The climate of the region is sharply continental. Average annual
the temperature is 4.3 °C. in winter
the temperature can reach −48.6 °C, and
in summer 42.5 °C. Average annual rate
wind is 2.3 m/s, the average annual
air humidity - 66%.
Ecology and climate
Industry
Semey is a food cityindustry, major center
production of building materials,
engineering products. This
important production center of the country
consumer goods.
There is a large meat processing plant,
primary processing plants
wool, felting
factory. Mechanical engineering
industry represented
tractor factories,
buses, electrical cables, fittings.
Large enterprises of the city
are the Semey cement plant,
Kazpolygraph, Shulbinskaya HPP.
Industry
{
Transport
Semey is importanttransport hub of Kazakhstan.
There is a line running through the city
major highways,
Turkestan - Siberian Iron
road, within the city are located
two railway stations
Semipalatinsk and Zhana - Semey.
{
There is an airport in the city,
which serves domestic
flights and flight to Moscow. According to their own
technical specifications
the runway has
ability to accept any type
aircraft.
Transport
Semey is an old city with a rich history. The city has many objects that are classified as architectural and historical monuments.
Semey is an old city with a richhistory. Located in the city
many objects that
belong to the monuments
architecture and history
republican and local
meanings, as well as many
monuments dedicated to
personalities associated with the city.
Among them:
Attractions
{Yamyshevsky Gate
- the only ones
remaining
(Western) of three
gate
Semicameral
fortresses
Built in 1773
year under
management
engineer-captain
Andreeva I. G.
Attractions
Attractions
{Abai Literary Memorial House Museum includes
7 halls that
located in
19th century building, 10
halls in the new building
buildings in
oriental style,
madrasah building
Akhmeta-Riza and
minaret part
mosques. Museum
got all these
buildings in 1995
honor of the 150th anniversary of Abai.
Attractions
Attractions
{The Dostoevsky Literary Memorial House Museum was
opened for the 150th anniversary
birthday of F.M.
Dostoevsky in the house where
he lived in 1857-1859.
The house was done
modern extension
in the form of a half-opened
project books
architect V.F.
Vlasova.
Attractions
Attractions
{East Kazakhstan
regional
universal
library named after Abay,
Central
library system
(including 4
public libraries,
special
library for
visually impaired),
university libraries and
colleges, scientific and technical library
(branch
republican
scientific and technical
libraries).
Attractions
Attractions
{Kazakh Musical Drama Theater
named after Abay was founded
based on dramatic
"Es-aimak" group.
Theater organizers
performed by M. O. Auezov
and K.I. Satpayev, the first
director - G.
Torebayev. It opened
May 10, 1934
the play “Revenge” by I.
Dzhansugurova.
Attractions
Attractions
{Russian Drama Theater
named after F.M.
Dostoevsky was
organized on November 16
1934 and opened as
Worker youth
theater February 25, 1935
of the year. Name F.M.
Dostoevsky theater
was awarded in 1975
year, in 1977 -
regional drama theatre.
Attractions
Attractions
{In 1998-2001
construction was underway
suspension bridge,
which
was funded in
According to
loan agreement,
signed between
Kazakhstan and OESF
government
Japan. Length
main span
bridge is 750
m, total length 1086
m, width - 35 m.
Attractions
Attractions
{Monument "Stronger"
Death" opened 29
August 2001 at
Colonel's
island in memory
victims
Semipalatinsk
nuclear test site.
Author of the project
monument - Shota
Valikhanov.
Attractions
Slide 1
topic of work: “Semipalatinsk nuclear test site”
Completed by: 10th grade students Pashayan V. and Zevaev Sh.
Uvarovskaya secondary school I – III levels
Uvarovo, 2011
Slide 2
The Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site is the first and one of the largest nuclear test sites in the USSR, also known as “SNTS” - the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site.
Slide 3
Location
The test site is located in Kazakhstan on the border of the Semipalatinsk (now East Kazakhstan), Pavlodar and Karaganda regions, 130 kilometers northwest of Semipalatinsk, on the left bank of the Irtysh River. The test site occupies 18,500 km².
Slide 4
The first nuclear weapons test in the Soviet Union took place on August 29, 1949. The bomb's yield was 22 kilotons. The creation of the test site was part of the atomic project and the choice was made, as it turned out later, very successfully - the terrain made it possible to carry out underground nuclear explosions both in adits and in wells.
Slide 5
On August 12, 1953, the RDS-6s thermonuclear charge with a yield of 400 kilotons was tested at the test site.
Slide 6
On November 22, 1955, the RDS-37 thermonuclear bomb was tested at an altitude of about 2 km by dropping it from an airplane.
Slide 7
After the entry into force of the International Treaty Banning Nuclear Tests in Three Environments (in air, space and under water), signed on October 10, 1963 in Moscow between the USSR, USA and Great Britain, only underground explosions began to be carried out at the test site.
Slide 8
Since 1945, more than 2,000 nuclear tests have been conducted around the world. Two-thirds of all Soviet tests - 468 nuclear explosions - were carried out at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site (SIP), including 125 explosions on the surface of the earth and in the air. Hundreds of thousands of residents of Altai, Central and Eastern Kazakhstan in the 50s of the twentieth century regularly observed this magnificent and terrible spectacle - huge nuclear mushrooms in the sky.
Slide 10
As a result of many years of nuclear weapons testing, a huge amount of radioactive substances was released into the atmosphere.
Slide 11
The impact of nuclear testing on the environment and agriculture in the SIP region
The impacts of nuclear testing on the environment and agriculture are multifaceted and continue to change. The observed phenomenon can be called a “continuously threatening environmental problem” [with elements of an environmental disaster], the manifestations of which accumulate over decades, depleting local resources and, ultimately, exceeding the ability of the population to cope with them.
Slide 12
Excessive contamination with radioactive isotopes of cesium and strontium was discovered in the river. Chagan, Aschisu, Lake Balapan and other water bodies in the territory of the SIP. At least 4500 sq. km of SIP soil and hydrosphere are contaminated with these isotopes above established standards. The overall scale of environmental contamination (both within and outside the boundaries of the SIP) with plutonium is due to its use in tests in quantities of more than 290 kg. The contribution of its exposure to total public exposure and the associated risk is unknown.
Slide 13
Existing contamination with cesium, strontium, plutonium, and other fission products could result in significant public exposure if current and future land uses are not properly controlled. More than 10 million curies of radioactive substances are concentrated in underground cavities of nuclear explosions in the immediate vicinity (about 50 km) from the Irtysh River. There is a risk of these radionuclides migrating with groundwater towards the river. Recent isolated measurements showing elevated levels of tritium in boreholes adjacent to underground cavities confirm the existence of such movement.
Slide 14
Population health The incidence of children in these regions for 2002-2003 exceeded the republican indicators by 1.21-1.25 times and amounted to 107,584 per 100 thousand child population in the East Kazakhstan region and 120,479 in the Karaganda region - 90,235 and 103,846 in the Pavlodar region – 86602 and 103440 against the republican indicators for the indicated years of 78315 and 87619, respectively.
Slide 15
The oncological incidence of the population of the region is the highest in the republic and amounted to 1143 and 1121 per 100 thousand population in 2002-2003 in the East Kazakhstan region and 1121 in the Karaganda region - 688 and 635 in the Pavlodar region - 476 and 506 against the republican indicators for the indicated years 523 and 519 respectively.
Slide 16
The overall mortality rate in these regions remains high and amounted to 1229 and 1276 per 100 thousand population in 2002-2003 in the East Kazakhstan region and 1276 in the Karaganda region - 1237 and 1299 in the Pavlodar region - 1095 and 1152.
Slide 17
The region's water supply facilities do not meet sanitary requirements due to the lack of disinfection installations, the establishment of sanitary protection zones, and the untimely implementation of planned preventive work. At the same time, there is information about the release of radionuclides into groundwater in areas adjacent to the test site.
Slide 18
By decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev, the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site was officially closed on August 29, 1991. Today, the Republic of Kazakhstan is the first and so far the only country to voluntarily renounce nuclear weapons. However, heavily contaminated areas remained both on the territory of the landfill and in some nearby regions.
Uvarovo, 2011
Slide 2
The Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site is the first and one of the largest nuclear test sites in the USSR, also known as “SNTS” - the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site.
Slide 3
Location
The test site is located in Kazakhstan on the border of the Semipalatinsk (now East Kazakhstan), Pavlodar and Karaganda regions, 130 kilometers northwest of Semipalatinsk, on the left bank of the Irtysh River.
The test site occupies 18,500 km².
Slide 4
Story
The first nuclear weapons test in the Soviet Union took place on August 29, 1949. The bomb's yield was 22 kilotons. The creation of the test site was part of the atomic project and the choice was made, as it turned out later, very successfully - the terrain made it possible to carry out underground nuclear explosions both in adits and in wells.
Slide 5
On August 12, 1953, the RDS-6s thermonuclear charge with a yield of 400 kilotons was tested at the test site.
Slide 6
On November 22, 1955, the RDS-37 thermonuclear bomb was tested at an altitude of about 2 km by dropping it from an airplane.
Slide 7
After the entry into force of the International Treaty Banning Nuclear Tests in Three Environments (in air, space and under water), signed on October 10, 1963 in Moscow between the USSR, USA and Great Britain, only underground explosions began to be carried out at the test site.
Slide 8
Since 1945, more than 2,000 nuclear tests have been conducted around the world. Two-thirds of all Soviet tests - 468 nuclear explosions - were carried out at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site (SIP), including 125 explosions on the surface of the earth and in the air. Hundreds of thousands of residents of Altai, Central and Eastern Kazakhstan in the 50s of the twentieth century regularly observed this magnificent and terrible spectacle - huge nuclear mushrooms in the sky.
Slide 9
Slide 10
As a result of many years of nuclear weapons testing, a huge amount of radioactive substances was released into the atmosphere.
Slide 11
The impact of nuclear testing on the environment and agriculture in the SIP region
The impacts of nuclear testing on the environment and agriculture are multifaceted and continue to change. The observed phenomenon can be called a “continuously threatening environmental problem” [with elements of an environmental disaster], the manifestations of which accumulate over decades, depleting local resources and, ultimately, exceeding the ability of the population to cope with them.
Slide 12
Excessive contamination with radioactive isotopes of cesium and strontium was discovered in the river. Chagan, Aschisu, Lake Balapan and other water bodies in the territory of the SIP. At least 4500 sq. km of SIP soil and hydrosphere are contaminated with these isotopes above established standards. The overall scale of environmental contamination (both within and outside the boundaries of the SIP) with plutonium is due to its use in tests in quantities of more than 290 kg. The contribution of its exposure to total public exposure and the associated risk is unknown.
Slide 13
Existing contamination with cesium, strontium, plutonium, and other fission products could result in significant public exposure if current and future land uses are not properly controlled.
More than 10 million curies of radioactive substances are concentrated in underground cavities of nuclear explosions in the immediate vicinity (about 50 km) from the Irtysh River. There is a risk
migration of these radionuclides with groundwater in the direction of the river. Recent isolated measurements showing elevated levels of tritium in boreholes adjacent to underground cavities confirm the existence of such movement.
Slide 14
Public health
The incidence of children in these regions for 2002-2003 exceeded the republican indicators by 1.21-1.25 times and amounted to 107,584 per 100 thousand child population in the East Kazakhstan region and 120,479 in the Karaganda region - 90,235 and 103,846 in the Pavlodar region - 86,602 and 103,440 against the republican indicators for the indicated years of 78,315 and 87,619, respectively.
Slide 15
The oncological incidence of the population of the region is the highest in the republic and amounted to 1143 and 1121 per 100 thousand population in 2002-2003 in the East Kazakhstan region and 1121 in the Karaganda region - 688 and 635 in the Pavlodar region - 476 and 506 against the republican indicators for the indicated years 523 and 519 respectively.
Slide 16
The overall mortality rate in these regions remains high and amounted to 1229 and 1276 per 100 thousand population in 2002-2003 in the East Kazakhstan region and 1276 in the Karaganda region - 1237 and 1299 in the Pavlodar region - 1095 and 1152.
Slide 17
The region's water supply facilities do not meet sanitary requirements due to the lack of disinfection installations, the establishment of sanitary protection zones, and the untimely implementation of planned preventive work. At the same time, there is information about the release of radionuclides into groundwater in areas adjacent to the test site.
Slide 18
By decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev, the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site was officially closed on August 29, 1991. Today, the Republic of Kazakhstan is the first and so far the only country to voluntarily renounce nuclear weapons. However, heavily contaminated areas remained both on the territory of the landfill and in some nearby regions.
View all slides
Slide 1
topic of work: “Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site” Completed by: 10th grade students Pashayan V. and Zevaev Sh. Uvarovskaya School of I – III levels Uvarovo, 2011Slide 2
The Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site is the first and one of the largest nuclear test sites in the USSR, also known as “SNTS” - the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site.
Slide 3
Location The test site is located in Kazakhstan on the border of the Semipalatinsk (now East Kazakhstan), Pavlodar and Karaganda regions, 130 kilometers northwest of Semipalatinsk, on the left bank of the Irtysh River. The test site occupies 18,500 km².
Slide 4
The first nuclear weapons test in the Soviet Union took place on August 29, 1949. The bomb's yield was 22 kilotons. The creation of the test site was part of the atomic project and the choice was made, as it turned out later, very successfully - the terrain made it possible to carry out underground nuclear explosions both in adits and in wells. Story
Slide 5
On August 12, 1953, the RDS-6s thermonuclear charge with a yield of 400 kilotons was tested at the test site.
Slide 6
On November 22, 1955, the RDS-37 thermonuclear bomb was tested at an altitude of about 2 km by dropping it from an airplane.
Slide 7
After the entry into force of the International Treaty Banning Nuclear Tests in Three Environments (in air, space and under water), signed on October 10, 1963 in Moscow between the USSR, USA and Great Britain, only underground explosions began to be carried out at the test site.
Slide 8
Since 1945, more than 2,000 nuclear tests have been conducted around the world. Two-thirds of all Soviet tests - 468 nuclear explosions - were carried out at the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site (SIP), including 125 explosions on the surface of the earth and in the air. Hundreds of thousands of residents of Altai, Central and Eastern Kazakhstan in the 50s of the twentieth century regularly observed this magnificent and terrible spectacle - huge nuclear mushrooms in the sky.
Slide 9
Slide 10
As a result of many years of nuclear weapons testing, a huge amount of radioactive substances was released into the atmosphere.
Slide 11
Impact of nuclear testing on the environment and agriculture in the SIP region The impact of nuclear testing on the environment and agriculture is multifaceted and continues to change. The observed phenomenon can be called a “continuously threatening environmental problem” [with elements of an environmental disaster], the manifestations of which accumulate over decades, depleting local resources and, ultimately, exceeding the ability of the population to cope with them.
Slide 12
Excessive contamination with radioactive isotopes of cesium and strontium was discovered in the river. Chagan, Aschisu, Lake Balapan and other water bodies in the territory of the SIP. At least 4500 sq. km of SIP soil and hydrosphere are contaminated with these isotopes above established standards. The overall scale of environmental contamination (both within and outside the boundaries of the SIP) with plutonium is due to its use in tests in quantities of more than 290 kg. The contribution of its exposure to total public exposure and the associated risk is unknown.
Slide 13
Existing contamination with cesium, strontium, plutonium, and other fission products could result in significant public exposure if current and future land uses are not properly controlled. More than 10 million curies of radioactive substances are concentrated in underground cavities of nuclear explosions in the immediate vicinity (about 50 km) from the Irtysh River. There is a risk of these radionuclides migrating with groundwater towards the river. Recent isolated measurements showing elevated levels of tritium in boreholes adjacent to underground cavities confirm the existence of such movement.
Slide 14
Population health The incidence of children in these regions for 2002-2003 exceeded the republican indicators by 1.21-1.25 times and amounted to 107,584 per 100 thousand child population in the East Kazakhstan region and 120,479 in the Karaganda region - 90,235 and 103,846 in the Pavlodar region – 86602 and 103440 against the republican indicators for the indicated years of 78315 and 87619, respectively.