Mariana Trench as seen from space. Deepsea Challenger: Cameron at the bottom of the Mariana Trench. What is the Mariana Trench

The Mariana Trench is considered the most mysterious and mysterious place on our planet. Located in the Pacific Ocean, this deep-sea trench has been unsuccessfully “attacked” by scientists from all over the world, but there is still no detailed information about the exact map of the trench and its inhabitants.

Where is the Mariana Trench located?

In the southwestern vicinity of the Pacific Ocean, there is a group of Mariana Islands. Some of them were formed due to volcanic processes in the bowels of our earth, the second part represents the eastern edge of the Philippine lithospheric plate, which, having collided with the more massive Pacific plate, partially rose above the water. It is in this place that the Mariana Trench is located.

Initially, no one knew about the depth of the trench, and, as was common during the Middle Ages, less developed communal formations became colonies of Western European countries:

• 1521 - A Spanish expedition lands on the islands. Due to conflict with local tribes, the geographical discovery was for a long time called the Ladron Islands (translated from Spanish - land of thieves);
• 1668 - the property of the Spanish crown received a new name - the Mariana Islands (in honor of Queen Marianna of Austria).

After the Spanish-American War, part of the wreck was transferred to the United States. In 1875, the British ship Challenger, whose crew included scientists from America and England, used a hydrographic survey to establish a record depth for the trench at that time - more than 8,000 meters. It was decided to name the depression Mariana.

Bottom of the Mariana Trench

The Mariana Trench has a V-shape, and the width of the base (bottom) of the trench does not exceed 3-5 km. This discrepancy in the data concerns not only the width, but also the depth of the depression itself, which is associated with the extreme pressure - at the extreme point it reaches 108 MPa, which gives the echo sounder measurements a certain error:

• 1875 - British corvette Defiant sets the depth to 8.3 km;
• 1951 - another British expedition, supplementing the information with new data - 10.86 km;
• 1957 - the Soviet research expedition updates the previously obtained results: length - 11.03 km, bottom width - 3.57 km;
• 1995 - length 10.92 km, base width - 4.12 km.

The most recent studies of the bottom of the Mariana Trench were carried out by oceanographers from the University of New Hampshire in 2016:

• Width- 4.41 km;
• Square- 403701 square meters;
• Shelf- rocky, 4 mountain ranges with heights ranging from 1.8 to 2.51 km were discovered;
• Flora and fauna- plants, oilfish, jellyfish and fish.

With the help of an underwater vehicle launched from the research vessel Okeanos Explorer, the whole world learned about previously unknown organisms whose habitat exceeds a depth of 6,000 meters.

Living in bottomless darkness

For an accurate picture of the pressure distribution, let’s walk along the vertical of the Mariana Trench from the surface of the ocean to the very bottom, and learn about its inhabitants:

• 100 - 120 meters: pressure exceeds 10 atmospheres. The depth is the extreme point of a blue whale's dive;
• 1000 meters: maximum daylight penetration point. Here you can find:
  • Sperm whale;
  • Glowing Octopus;
  • A predator from the chordate family.
• 4000 meters: the abyssal zone is characterized by low water temperatures (about 2-3 C˚), and is a habitat for:
  • Deep sea octopus;
  • Known from the animated film "Finding Nemo" the terrible (monkfish).
• 5000 - 11000 meters: despite the complete darkness and high pressure, even at the bottom of the depression, scientists recorded previously unknown, giant amoebas and.

The fauna inhabiting the Mariana Trench is truly unique. For example, some types of fish accumulate luminous liquid, and when in danger, they “spit” it on the predator, thus temporarily blinding their offender.

Mariana lizards: true or fake?

An incident that occurred in the Mariana Abyss in 2003 introduced the world to a real rival to the Loch Ness monster known as “Nessie”:

• 2001 - a German expedition, using the Haifish deep-sea vehicle, explored the waters of the trench at a depth of more than 7,500 meters. Hearing sharp sounds, the crew turned on the infrared camera and were speechless for a few seconds - everyone saw a huge prehistoric lizard;
• 2003 - American scientists lowered an unmanned vehicle into the water. Powerful spotlights and a video system made it possible to record huge monsters with a body length of 14-16 meters. After the bathyscaphe was lifted aboard the ship, the researchers noticed an interesting fact - the steel cable that held the apparatus was worn out or bitten off in more than half.

Three years later, journalists from the New York Times conducted an investigation, which nevertheless cast doubt on the authenticity of the photographs.

Mariana Trench: 5 interesting facts

Do you know that:

1. The bottom of the trench is covered with ("black smokers"), which, under pressure, release liquid carbon dioxide into the ocean. This allows you to keep the water temperature within 2-4 C˚;
2. Most fish that live at a depth of 4000 meters and below lack vision or see very poorly;
3. Only three people in the world were present at the bottom of the Mariana Trench: American Don Walsh (1954), Frenchman Jacques Picard (1960) and famous Hollywood film director James Cameron (2012);
4. The bottom of the trench is covered with thick viscous silt, the layer reaches 1 km, according to scientists;
5. The depression is a national natural monument protected by the United States.

Everyone has probably heard about the Mother Trench, which is also called the “bottom of the Earth,” from the school curriculum. deep gutter, the depth of which, according to various sources, varies from 10950 to 11037 meters, is nothing more than a tectonic fault formed at the westernmost point of the Pacific Ocean. Despite the high pressure, which in some places exceeds 100 MPa, there is life in the dark abyss, the diversity of which we will certainly learn about in full in the very near future.

Video: incredible mysteries of the deep sea trench

In this video, Fyodor Miroshnikov will talk about the mysteries of the Mariana Trench, what is currently known to science:

What every schoolchild knows from the subject of geography: the highest point on the planet is Mount Everest (8848 m), and the lowest is the Mariana Trench. The Trench is the deepest and most mysterious point on our planet - despite the fact that the oceans are closer than cosmic stars, humanity has only managed to explore 5 percent of the ocean depths.

The trench is located in the western Pacific Ocean and is a V-shaped depression that flows 1,500 km around the Mariana Islands - hence the name. The deepest point is the Challenger Deep, which received its name from the Challenger II echo sounder (Challenger), which managed to record 10,994 m below sea level. Measuring the bottom under conditions of pressure 1072 times higher than normal for a person is akin to suicide; in 1875, a corvette of an English expedition was first sent under the water column. The contribution of Soviet scientists is also invaluable - the Vityaz ship in 1957 obtained invaluable data: there is life in the Mariana Trench, despite the fact that even light does not penetrate to a depth of over 1000 m.

Ocean monsters

In 1960, US Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh and explorer Jacques Piccard descended into the dark abyss on the bathyscaphe Trieste, depth of the Mariana Trench. At a record 10,915 m, they found flathead fish that resembled flounder. There were some problems: the instruments recorded the shadows of creatures resembling mystical multi-headed dragons. Scientists heard the gnashing of teeth on metal - and the hull of the ship was 13 cm thick! As a result, it was decided to urgently raise the Trieste to the surface before tragedy occurred. On land they discovered that the thick cable was almost half broken - unknown creatures clearly did not tolerate strangers in their underwater kingdom... Details about this dangerous journey were published in the New York Times in 1996.

Later, researchers, using special equipment, confirmed that there really is life at the bottom of the depression - the latest developments in technology made it possible to take unique photographs of half-meter-long mutant octopuses, strange jellyfish and anglerfish. They feed primarily on each other – and sometimes on bacteria. Interestingly, crustaceans caught in the abyss have much more toxins in their puny bodies than the inhabitants of the coastal waters of the ocean. Scientists were most surprised by the mollusks - in theory, the monstrous pressure should have flattened their shells, but ocean inhabitants feel good in these conditions.

Champagne at the bottom of the ocean

Another mystery of the depression is the so-called “Champagne”, a hydrothermal source that releases countless bubbles of carbon dioxide into the waters. This is the world's only underwater source of a liquid chemical element. It was thanks to him that the first hypotheses about the emergence of life on Earth in water arose. By the way, the temperature in the Mariana Trench is not the coldest - from 1 to 4 degrees. It is provided by “black smokers” - the same thermal springs that release ore substances, which is why they acquire a dark color. They are very hot, but due to the high pressure, the water in the abyss does not boil, so the temperature is quite suitable for living organisms.

In 2012, famous film director James Cameron became the first person to reach the bottom of the Pacific Ocean alone. Traveling on the Dipsy Challenger spacecraft, he was able to take soil samples from the Challenger Deep and film it in 3D format. The resulting footage served science and became the basis for a documentary on the National Geographic Channel. Russia is not lagging behind - for an expedition to the bottom depths of the Mariana Trench Our famous traveler Fyodor Konyukhov is also preparing. Perhaps he will be able to shed light on the mysteries of the lowest point on the planet?

Pavilion “Around the World. Asia, Africa, Latin America, Australia and Oceania"

ETNOMIR, Kaluga region, Borovsky district, Petrovo village

The ethnographic park-museum “ETNOMIR” is an amazing place. The “city” street is built inside a spacious pavilion, so on Peace Street it is always warm, light and good weather - just right for an exciting walk, especially since within the framework of the latter you can make an entire trip around the world. Like any street popular with tourists, it has its own attractions, workshops, street artisans, cafes and shops located inside and outside the 19 houses.

The facades of the buildings are made in different ethnic styles. Each house is a “quote” from the life and traditions of a certain country. The very appearance of the houses begins the story of distant lands.

Step inside and you will be surrounded by new, unfamiliar objects, sounds and smells. The color scheme and decoration, furniture, interior and household items - all this helps to plunge into the atmosphere of distant countries, to understand and feel their uniqueness.

Kaiko Robot Kaiko holds the record for the deepest unmanned dive - 10911 m. Its closest competitor, Nereus, dived “only” to 10902 m

As you know, most super-high mountains have several peaks. For example, the first eight-thousander conquered by man, the Himalayan Annapurna, has nine of them, ranging in height from 6993 (Machapuchare) to 8091 m (Annapurna I). Similarly, the Mariana Trench has several "reverse peaks" of varying depths. The deepest point of the gorge is called the Challenger Deep and, according to the officially accepted version, reaches 10,994 m below sea level.

The Mariana Trench was discovered in 1875 by the crew of the Challenger research vessel (interestingly, it was in honor of the latter that the American space shuttles were subsequently named). Measuring the bottom depth in those days was carried out with a manual diplot and therefore was not very accurate. The report indicated two depths - 8184 and 8367 m, at two measurement points. Already from these data it became clear that scientists had found one of the deepest ocean trenches on Earth. And, oddly enough, the exact depth of the Mariana Trench has not yet been determined.

Depth controversy

The main reason for the “deep uncertainty” is the complex topography of the bottom of the depression. For the first time, its bottom was mapped with more or less high accuracy only in 2010: for three months, an American expedition equipped with the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping filmed the bottom of the depression using a multibeam echo sounder with a resolution of 100 m (this is ultra-precise for such a device) and As a result, I discovered several ridges up to 2.5 km high at the bottom. Today, using the three-dimensional model compiled by the expedition, one can navigate when measuring depth, and even then with some assumptions.

The fact is that no echo sounder at such distances is capable of providing an accuracy better than ±10 m, and even such accuracy is achieved by repeated measurements and obtaining an average result. According to official data, the depth of the Mariana Trench (more precisely, the Challenger Deep) today is 10994 ± 40 m. That is, it is likely that the Deep goes deeper than 11 km - if we assume that it is the deepest point of the trench, in which is also not 100% certain.

The famous Soviet measurement of 1957, which showed a result of 11023 m and is still cited in many Russian-language books and textbooks, has now been recognized as erroneous. When using an echo sounder, Soviet scientists did not take into account the peculiarities of sound propagation in water at great depths, that is, at high pressure, and therefore the final number turned out to be clearly overestimated.

Half a century ago

Oddly enough, getting to the Challenger Deep is not much easier than getting to another planet, and therefore in the entire history of only four vehicles sank to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. The goal of each dive was to collect as much information as possible - photographs, videos, soil and water samples, and, if possible, to observe deep-sea life, if any could exist at a depth of 11 km below sea level.

However, until recently there was only one dive, and it was made on February 23, 1960 by the American naval officer Don Walsh and the Frenchman Jacques Picard on the bathyscaphe Trieste. The chief designer of the bathyscaphe was the Swiss engineer Auguste Picard, Jacques' father. Actually, it was Auguste Piccard who invented the bathyscaphe as such (model FNRS-2, first dive in 1948), and “Trieste” became the main project of his life. Externally, the Trieste primarily resembled an airship with a gondola. The upper 18-meter part of the bathyscaphe was filled with gasoline (in order to create neutral buoyancy), the lower part was a bathysphere with a diameter of 2.16 m, which housed the crew. The thickness of the walls of the sphere was 12.7 cm. It must be said that the Trieste was not initially intended for such depths, but in 1958, five years after its launch, the US Navy acquired it from Switzerland specifically for research at ultra-high depths and modernized it ( in particular, the bathysphere was replaced). To some extent, plunging into the trench was part of a technological rivalry with the Soviet Union, and on March 23, 1960, the submersible was launched from the ship Wandank and headed down.

The dive lasted 4 hours 48 minutes (average speed - about 0.9 m/s), the ascent - 3 hours 15 minutes. There were some oddities. For example, at 9000 m one of the external plexiglass windows of the bathysphere cracked - but the submariners decided to continue the dive. The bathyscaphe's depth gauge showed a final figure of 11,521 m, but when studying and recalculating the data, a serious error was discovered: the real depth was 10,916 m. Walsh and Picard did not conduct any special scientific research. Having sunk to the bottom, they looked at the world around them through the windows for 12 minutes, and then went back. True, something did become clear: the oceanauts noticed some flat fish - either flounder, or soles, confirming the theory that life at such depths is possible. And then there was a pause: until 1995, not a single device descended into the Challenger Abyss.

Unmanned dives

In 1993, the Japanese Marine Science and Technology Agency JAMSTEC completed the construction of the unmanned robotic bathyscaphe Kaik, designed for scientific research at ultra-great depths. The three-meter robot was a completely classic bathyscaphe - a float with electric motors, but instead of a gondola, it housed photo and video equipment.

Kaik made its deepest dive of more than 200 on March 24, 1995, reaching 10,911 m, thus setting a depth record for unmanned underwater vehicles. But he still didn’t break the Trieste record. True, the robot accomplished its main mission by photographing and filming a number of extremophile organisms living at such a significant depth. Among the benthic (bottom-dwelling) animals recorded by Kaik, there were various shrimps and tube worms, that is, more or less highly organized species. Subsequently, the robot descended into the depression twice more - in 1996 (depth 10898 m) and 1998 (depth 10907 m), again taking photographs and videos, as well as taking samples. A few years later, in May 2003, the robot was lost during a typhoon, but during its service, 350 new species of living beings were discovered with its help.

The third dive into the Challenger Deep—and the second unmanned—occurred on May 31, 2009. The robot-bathyscaphe Nereus, designed by a group of American scientists led by Andy Bowen, was similar in size and layout to the Japanese car, but the main task of the engineers in this case was to ensure the buoyancy of the bathyscaphe. In other words, Nereus had to achieve the maximum degree of autonomy, so the cable connecting it to the ship was made using fiber optic technology and did not exceed a millimeter in thickness. 40 km of such cable weighs only 4 kg - thus, the robot has a huge radius for free movement.

Equipped with a Nereus manipulator, he not only photographed the underwater reality around him, but took soil and biological samples. He spent more than 10 hours at the bottom. True, Nereus, like its Japanese predecessor, did not discover the legendary fish allegedly seen by Picard and Walsh.

Single swim

On March 25, 2012, James Cameron became the third person—and the first to do so alone—to reach the bottom of the Challenger Deep. What is most striking is that Cameron is not, first and foremost, a biologist, but a famous film director, the author of “Terminator”, “Titanic” and “Avatar”. However, Cameron has always been fascinated by the deep blue sea and even made a film about submariners, “The Abyss.” True, the action of the latter takes place not in the Mariana Trench, but in the Cayman Trench (Caribbean Sea, maximum depth - 7686 m).

Cameron's bathyscaphe Deepsea Challenger was designed and built by Australian company Acheron Project Pty Ltd and equipped with 3D video cameras and sample collection devices. Unlike its predecessors, it is made not of steel, but of composite materials and is therefore much lighter; this allows much less effort to be spent on ensuring neutral buoyancy of the device. The composite is a kind of epoxy resin with hollow microspheres mixed into it. The Deepsea Challenger passenger is placed in a steel sphere with a diameter of 108 cm with walls 6 cm thick and controls the movement of the device using joysticks.

The Cameron spacecraft's dive lasted 2 hours 37 minutes - half as long as Trieste, although it did not break the depth record: Deepsea Challenger "buried" in the bottom at a depth of 10,898 m. After three hours on the ocean floor due to minor depressurization steel sphere, Cameron had to rise to the surface: turning the toggle switch, he dropped the ballast and set off on the return journey, which took 70 minutes. Apart from this problem, the device behaved exactly as expected. “Of course, you risk your life by invading such an unfriendly world,” Cameron later told a Popular Mechanics reporter, “but I had complete confidence in my engineers.”

Of course, the director's dive was preceded by numerous training sessions, the most significant of which was a dive to the bottom of the New Britain Trench (8221 m) on March 4 - Cameron spent several hours at its bottom, filming jellyfish and anemones. In the Mariana Trench, as the director noted, he did not see a single living creature larger than 2.5 cm in diameter, except for a few amphipods. One way or another, diving into the abyss alone can be called a feat, especially considering the magnificent videos filmed at great depths - they will form the basis of a popular science film by the National Geographic Channel.

Forward to the future

It must be said that the joint project between Cameron and the Australians was not the only one for 2012 - it was just that the Canadian director got there earlier than others. The famous Florida company Triton Submarines announced the development of the Triton 36000/3 bathyscaphe, designed for a crew of three. At the same time, Richard Branson's company Virgin Oceanic bought out and resumed the stalled project of a single DeepFlight Challenger device, developed in 2005 for the famous adventurer Steve Fossett (in 2007 Fossett died in a plane crash, and the project was frozen until better times). Actually, Fossett once wanted to do exactly what Cameron did; now Branson is vying for a similar dive. The third project, Deepsearch, belongs to DOER Marine from San Francisco.

In any case, James Cameron proved that a single and fairly fast dive into the Challenger Abyss is possible. This opens up new prospects for mapping the bottom of the Mariana Trench and - who knows! - detection of an even deeper point. Perhaps the measurements of Soviet oceanographers from the Vityaz were not so erroneous.

Even as a child, I didn’t really like going deep into the sea. I always felt like someone or something would drag me down into the depths. But then I still didn’t understand that three meters from the shore can hardly be called depth. There are sea depths on our planet that are not even half explored yet. This is exactly the place I will tell you about.

Where is the Mariana Trench located?

The Mariana Trench is also called the Mariana Trench. This place is called the deepest on our planet. Expeditions have shown that the maximum depth of the Mariana Trench is about 11,000 metresditch. Just think about this number. As much as 11 km under water. The deepest point of this trench is called the Challenger Deep.

This underwater attraction is located in the western Pacific off the coast of Micronesia and Guam. Of course, anyone who wants to visit this place will not be able to. To visit, you will need an expedition prepared in accordance with all the rules.

First time we heard about this place in 1875. Research at that time showed that the depth of this trench is about 8000 m. Man first went to this depth in 1960.

Mysteries of the Mariana Trench

This incredibly deep place on the planet, one might say, has been practically unexplored. No more than 5% of its entire territory has been explored. And already during this time it was noted some surprising facts associated with the Mariana Trench:

1. Availability of hot water at a depth of 1.6 km.
2. They live in the depths huge amoebas.
3. Shellfish live who have adapted to high blood pressure.
4. At the bottom there are sources of liquid carbon dioxide.
5. In 2011 there were 4 stone bridges were discovered.

The last person to dive into the Mariinsky Trench was James Cameron. I think many people know or have heard his name. It was he who directed the well-known film “Titanic”. The dive was completed in 2012. Probably, the Mariana Trench still holds many mysteries. Perhaps, after years, or maybe hundreds of years, humanity will be able to fully explore this depth.

Since the discovery of the deepest part of the Mariana Trench, the Challenger Deep, in 1875, only three people have visited it. The first were American Lieutenant Don Walsh and explorer Jacques Piccard, who dived on January 23, 1960 on the Challenger.

52 years later, another person dared to dive here - the famous film director James Cameron. So on March 26, 2012, Cameron went down to the bottom and took several photographs.

During James Cameron's 2012 dive to the Challenger Deep on the DeepSea Challenge submersible. he tried to observe everything that was happening in this place until mechanical problems forced him to the surface.

While he was at the deepest point of the world's oceans, he came to the shocking conclusion that he was completely alone. There were no scary sea monsters or any miracles in the Mariana Trench. According to Cameron, the very bottom of the ocean was lunar...empty...lonely, and he felt completely isolated from all humanity

Secrets of the Mariana Trench

The official version is that life originated in the ocean, where single-celled organisms evolved millions of years later into annelids, then into mollusks, and then into prehistoric fish. It is unknown what development they would have received further if the ancient ocean had not begun to shallow, which is why land appeared. Then, according to Darwin's theory, the smartest fish leaned on its fins and crawled onto land.

Scientists have discovered unusual life forms in the Mariana Trench. The key to unraveling the origin of life on Earth, and probably beyond it, may lie in the deepest place on the planet - the Mariana Trench, scientists say.

After studying unique video footage and samples obtained during Hollywood director James Cameron's deep-sea mission in March, scientists have discovered bizarre life forms. For example, at a depth of almost 11 thousand meters, the bottom is literally covered with a carpet of microorganisms.

According to scientists, this so-called litter consists of thread-like bushes on underwater rocks, which, apparently, provide chemical food for these microorganisms.

Researchers believe that here we should look for the roots of metabolism - something similar could cause chemical processes that led to the emergence of terrestrial, and possibly alien life, within the solar system.

In addition, about 20 thousand microorganisms were brought to the surface from the Mariana Trench - they were subjected to genetic analysis - as well as countless giant amoebae - the simplest organisms that are among the largest single-celled organisms.

Let us recall that last year American scientists obtained new, more detailed data about the deepest part of the world ocean. According to them, the Mariana Trench, located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, has a length of approximately 2,500 km and a depth of up to 10,994 m. These parameters of the deepest point of the trench, the so-called Challenger Deep, experts say, are the most accurate.

The deepest place in the world's oceans

The Mariana Trench (Mariana Trench) is a deep-sea trench located in the western Pacific Ocean. Today, the Mariana Trench is the deepest place on the planet. The deepest point of the trench is called the Challenger Deep.

The history of research into the Mariana Trench begins in 1875, when the British corvette Challenger lowered a deep-sea lot into the trench and recorded a depth of 8,367 m. In 1951, the British repeated the experiment using an echo sounder and recorded a maximum depth of 10,863 m. In 1957, a Russian expedition on the ship "Vityaz" was able to record a new depth of the depression - 11,023 m. Studies in 1995 and 2011 showed new figures - 10,920 and 10,994 m, respectively.

3 people were able to visit the bottom of the Mariana Trench. In 1960, the bathyscaphe Trieste sank to the bottom of the depression, carrying explorer Jacques Piccard and US Navy Lieutenant John Walsh. They descended to a depth of 10,918 m and dispelled the myth that life at such a depth is impossible. Bathyscaphe "Trieste" discovered flat fish about 30 cm long at the bottom of the depression. In 1995, the Japanese probe "Kaiko" was lowered into the depression, with the help of which new microorganisms were discovered - foraminifera.

In 2012, American director James Cameron descended on the Deepsea Challenger submersible to the bottom of the Mariana Trench. It reached a depth of 10,898 m. The bathyscaphe was equipped with all possible recording equipment, so Cameron was able to capture unique footage of underwater life.

Mariana Trench Map

On a satellite map, the Mariana Trench appears as a large fold on the ocean floor. The depression is a trench stretching for 1500 km. The width of the depression is from 1 to 5 km. At the bottom of the trench, mountains were discovered that were formed about 180 million years ago during the movement of lithospheric plates. The pressure at the bottom of the Mariana Trench is 108.6 MPa, which is 1072 times higher than the atmospheric pressure at the level of the World Ocean.

Riddles and secrets of the Mariana Trench

During the descent to the bottom of the cavity of the Hedgehog research apparatus, belonging to the Glomar Challenger vessel, the recording instruments recorded some kind of metallic grinding sound. It was decided to bring the device on board. When the device was taken out of the water, they discovered that the 20-centimeter cable on which the Hedgehog was lowered into the depression was half sawn through.

Sources: domfactov.com, www.myshared.ru, korrespondent.net, bestmaps.ru

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