Mangazeya city on the map. Mangazeya is the first Russian polar city in Siberia. What to visit. Brief history and interesting places

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Part of the territory of Mangazeya. 1760

Mangazeya- the first Russian polar city of the 17th century in Siberia. It was located in the north of Western Siberia, in our time in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, in the Krasnoselkup region, on the Taz River at the confluence of the Mangazeika River.

Short description

The place where the city was located lies in the West Siberian Lowland about 180 km upstream of the Taz River south of its confluence with the Arctic Ocean.

The name of the city presumably comes from either the name of the Samoyed prince Macazeus (Mongkasi), or from the ancient name of the Taz River. In the monument of ancient Russian literature “The Tale of Unknown Men in the Eastern Country and of the Rosy Heaths” of the late 15th - early 16th centuries, found in manuscripts from the 16th to the 18th centuries and representing a semi-fantastic description of 9 Siberian peoples living beyond the “Ugra land”, it is reported:

“On the eastern side, beyond the Ugra land, above the sea, live the Samoyed people, called Molgonzea. Their poison is deer meat and fish, and they eat each other with each other...”

In 1560, the English diplomat and representative of the Moscow Company Anthony Jenkinson, having penetrated the Volga region, which had recently been annexed to Russia, managed to reach Bukhara. In 1562, he published in London “Map of Russia, Muscovy and Tartaria”, on which he indicated the name of the area “Molgomzaia”.

According to historian N.I. Nikitin, the name Molgonzea goes back to Komi-Zyryan molgon- “extreme, final” - and means “outlying people”.

History of Mangazeya

16th century and first settlement

As a permanent settlement, Mangazeya was founded on the initiative of the tsarist administration - as a stronghold for the Russian advance deep into Siberia and a fortified center for collecting yasak.

Ban on the sea route to Mangazeya

However, already in 1620 - at the beginning of the reign of Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov - sailing by “sea”, through the Yamal portage to Mangazeya, was prohibited under pain of death.

There are several versions about the reasons for the ban:

In 1629, two more governors, Andrei Palitsyn and Grigory Kokorev, arrived in the city, and hostility broke out between them, which led to an armed confrontation.

By decree of Peter I in 1708, the state was divided into 8 provinces, the city of Mangazeya became part of the Siberian province.

"Disappearance" of Mangazeya

The closure of the sea route led to the fact that English, Dutch, and most Russian merchants stopped trading in Mangazeya, which led to the economic decline of the city. After another fire, the city was unable to recover, and Mangazeya disappeared: first as a city, port and trading post, and then as a historical and geographical concept [ ] . Muffled echoes of the existence of “gold-boiling Mangazeya” in ancient times remained in traditions, legends, oral literature and a few documents buried in archives. For a long time, historians and geographers showed no interest in the legendary Siberian city. In cultural, historical and geographical aspects, Mangazeya repeated the fate of Homer's Troy: over time, Mangazeya began to be considered a legendary city - which never really existed and, apparently, was simply fictitious and poeticized in popular memory and the culture of national folklore [ ] .

Material and documentary evidence of the existence of Mangazeya

In 1940-1941, an expedition on the Soviet hydrographic vessel "Nord" discovered the remains of the winter quarters of Russian explorers and objects from the early 17th century on the Thaddeus Islands and in Sims Bay on the eastern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula. Further studies of finds, including human remains, carried out by archaeologists led by A.P. Okladnikov, led to the conclusion that around 1618, Russian sailors under the leadership of Akaki Murmanets managed to go around the Taimyr Peninsula, ending up in the Laptev Sea by the northern sea route.

In 1956, the famous polar explorer and historian of geographical discoveries M.I. Belov proposed that the leader of the unknown expedition be considered the Mangazeya resident Ivan Tolstoukhov, and that it itself be attributed to a much later time.

The famous Dutch geographer Nicolaas Witsen in the book “Northern and Eastern Tartary” - the first European work on Siberia, published in 1692 in Amsterdam - citing information received from the Tobolsk governor A.P. Golovin, reports that in the 1680s from Turukhansk down the Yenisei “60 people went out to sea” to head from there to the Lena and “go around the Icy Cape.” None of them returned back. Witsen knew that this campaign was led by “Ivan, whose nickname is Fat Ear, the son of a prominent Russian nobleman.”

In the logbook of the Obi-Pochtalion boat, which sailed off the coast of Taimyr in the 18th century, the following entry was made in July 1738:

Parenago reported: “Written on the cross: 7195.” This cross was put up by the Mangazeya man Ivan Tolstoukhov.”

The inscription on the cross meant that Ivan Tolstoukhov erected it in 1687.

“Gold-boiling” Mangazeya and its role in Russian history and culture

Excavations have established that Mangazeya consisted of a Kremlin-Detinets with internal buildings (voivode's courtyard, a hut, a cathedral church, a prison) and a settlement, divided into a trading half (gostiny yard, customs, merchant houses, 3 churches and a chapel) and a craft half (80 -100 residential buildings, foundries, forges, etc.). In total, the city had four streets and over 200 residential buildings.

New Mangazeya - Turukhansk

In 1607, the Turukhansk winter hut was cut down at the mouth of the Lower Tunguska. In 1672, the Russian city of Novaya Mangazeya was founded here. Since the 1780s, New Mangazeya has already been called Turukhansk and is listed in the Tomsk province. Later the settlement was called Staroturukhansk. Today the city does not exist, and in its place is the village of Staroturukhansk.

History of the study

After the city was abandoned and ceased to exist, in local languages ​​the settlement was called “Tagarevy Khard”, which meant “Broken City”.

The systematic scientific study of Mangazeya began in -1863, when the expedition of Yu. I. Kushelevsky on the schooner “Taz” arrived in these lands to establish the boundaries of the medieval settlement. Although the expedition was not able to completely solve its problem, it more or less accurately determined the location of future excavations.

The first to discover, document the exact location of the abandoned city and make a brief description of it was the Russian traveler V. O. Markgraf. In 1900, while traveling along the Yenisei, Ob and Ural rivers, he examined the site and wrote about his find to the Russian Geographical Society. The next attempt to explore the legendary city was made in 1914 by Tomsk biologist I.N. Shutov, who also examined the site and collected a small collection of objects found on the surface.

During more systematic Soviet expeditions in 1927 and 1946, the relief of the settlement was studied in detail and its first plan was drawn up. Research in 1946 was carried out by Russian archaeologist Valery Chernetsov, but the excavations did not last long and were curtailed in September.

In the summer of 1964, a group of enthusiasts visited Mangazeya, which included the writer Boris Likhanov. Over the next few years, these expeditions continued and discovered traces of ancient settlements in the vicinity of the former Mangazeya.

A full-scale scientific and archaeological study of Mangazeya began in the summer of 1968 with the arrival at the site of a complex historical, archaeological and physical geographical expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences. In the 1970s, then in 1973, archaeological research was carried out here under the leadership of historian Mikhail Belov.

On August 19-20, 1967, traveler and hereditary Pomor Dmitry Butorin and writer Mikhail Skorokhodov repeated on the Shchelya carbass the trade route of merchants of the 17th century (“Mangazeya Sea Route” - Northern Sea Route) from Arkhangelsk to Mangazeya.

see also

Notes

1. Likhanov B. Where Mangazeya stood // Siberian Meridian. Tourist and local history collection of Western Siberia. Compiled by V.V. Ukhov and V.S. Likholitov. - M.: Profizdat, 1983. - 145 p. - No ISBN - circulation 50,000 copies. - pp. 54-55.
2. Pestov I. S. Notes on the Yenisei province of Eastern Siberia. - M: Univ. typ., 1833. P. 197.
3. About unknown people in the eastern country and different languages
4. Vasiliev V.I. 1994. P. 420.
5. Nikitin N. I. Development of Siberia in the 17th century (undefined) (unavailable link). Retrieved October 6, 2016. Archived October 9, 2016.
6. Lyubimenko Inna Ivanovna.
7. Lyubimenko I. I. English project of 1612 on the subordination of the Russian north to the protectorate of King James I // Scientific historical journal. - St. Petersburg, 1914. - No. 5. - P. 1-16.
8. Labutina T. L. The British in pre-Petrine Russia. - St. Petersburg: Aletheia, 2011
9. Virginsky V.S. Project of transforming north-eastern Russia into an English colony in the 17th century // Historical magazine. - M., 1940; Dunning Ch. A Letter to James I Concerning the English Plan for Military Intervention in Russia // The Slavonic and East European Review. - Lnd., 1989. - Vol. 67. - No. L. - P. 95.
10. Belov M.I.: “In the footsteps of polar expeditions”
11. Staroturukhansk (Krasnoyarsk region)
12. Parmuzin Yu. P. Central Siberia. Essay on nature. - Moscow: Thought, 1964. - Illustrations. Cards. 312 pp. - circulation 3000 copies. - P. 5-6.
13. Likhanov B. Where Mangazeya stood // Siberian meridian. Tourist and local history collection of Western Siberia. Compiled by V.V. Ukhov and V.S. Likholitov. - Moscow: Profizdat, 1983. - 145 p. - No ISBN - circulation 50,000 copies. - P. 55.
14. Likhanov B. Where Mangazeya stood // Siberian Meridian. Tourist and local history collection of Western Siberia. Compiled by V.V. Ukhov and V.S. Likholitov. - Moscow: Profizdat, 1983. - 145 p. - No ISBN - circulation 50,000 copies. - P. 55.
15. Likhanov B. Where Mangazeya stood // Siberian Meridian. Tourist and local history collection of Western Siberia. Compiled by V.V. Ukhov and V.S. Likholitov. - Moscow: Profizdat, 1983. - 145 p. - No ISBN - circulation 50,000 copies. - P. 56-57.
16. Likhanov B. Where Mangazeya stood // Siberian Meridian. Tourist and local history collection of Western Siberia. Compiled by V.V. Ukhov and V.S. Likholitov. - Moscow: Profizdat, 1983. - 145 p. - No ISBN - circulation 50,000 copies. - P. 56.
17. "On the route of the legend"
18. The city of Mangazeya and the first Siberian saint

Literature

Books

• Belov M.I. Mangazeya. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1969. - 128 p. - 37,000 copies.
• Belov M.I. Excavations of the “gold-boiling” Mangazeya: Public lectures given in the lecture hall named after. Yu. M. Shokalsky. - L.: Publishing House of the Geographical Society of the USSR, 1970. - 40 p.
• Belov M.I. In the footsteps of polar expeditions. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1977. - 144 p. - 50,000 copies. .
• Belov M. I., Ovsyannikov O. V., Starkov V. F. Mangazeya: Mangazeya sea passage. Part 1. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980. - 164 p. - 3350 copies.

Mangazeya- the first Russian polar city of the 17th century in Siberia. It was located in the north of Western Siberia, on the Taz River at the confluence of the river. Mangazeikas.

In the monument of ancient Russian literature “The Legend of Unknown Men in the Eastern Country and the Rotten Languages” the end - beginning of the 16th century, found in manuscripts from the 16th to the 18th centuries, and which is a semi-fantastic description of 9 Siberian peoples living beyond the “Ugra land”, it is reported:

“On the eastern side, beyond the Ugra land above the sea, live the Samoyed people, called Molgonzea. And their food is deer meat and fish, and they eat each other..."

see also

• Vasily Mangazeisky - Siberian first martyr

Notes

Literature

• Belov M.I. Mangazeya: Material culture of Russian polar sailors and explorers of the 16th-17th centuries. Part 1-2. M., 1981.
• Belov M.I. Pinega chronicler about the exploratory campaign of the Pomors in Mangazeya (late 16th century) // Manuscript heritage of Ancient Rus'. Based on materials from the Pushkin House. L., 1972. S. 279-285.
• Belov M. I., Ovsyannikov O. V., Starkov V. F. Mangazeya. Mangazeya sea passage. Part 1. L., 1980. 163 p.
• Butsinsky P. N. Essays. T. 2. Mangazeya. Surgut, Narym and Ketsk. Tyumen, 2000. 267 p.
• Bychkov A. A.“The original Russian land of Siberia.” M.: Olympus: AST: Astrel, 2006. 318 p. - ISBN 5-271-14047-4
• Vershinin E. V. On the correlation of data from written sources and archeology during the excavations of Mangazeya // Russians. Materials of the VIIth Siberian Symposium “Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Western Siberia” (December 9-11, 2004, Tobolsk). Tobolsk, 2004. pp. 14-18.
• Vizgalov G. P. Russian townsman house-building in the north of Western Siberia in the 17th century (based on materials from new studies of Mangazeya) //Russians. Materials of the VIIth Siberian Symposium “Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Western Siberia” (December 9-11, 2004, Tobolsk). Tobolsk, 2004. pp. 19-25.
• Kosintsev P. A., Lobanova T. V., Vizgalov G. P. Historical and environmental studies in Mangazeya // Russians. Materials of the VIIth Siberian Symposium “Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Western Siberia” (December 9-11, 2004, Tobolsk). Tobolsk, 2004. pp. 36-39.
• Lipatov V. M. Legends and true stories about Vasily Mangazeisky // Russians. Materials of the VIIth Siberian Symposium “Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Western Siberia” (December 9-11, 2004, Tobolsk). Tobolsk, 2004. pp. 40-43.
• Nikitin N. I. The Siberian epic of the 17th century: The beginning of the development of Siberia by Russian people. M.: Nauka, 1987. 173 p.
• Nikitin N. I. Russian exploration of Siberia in the 17th century. M.: Education, 1990. 144 p. - ISBN 5-09-002832-X
• Parkhimovich S. G. Magical building rituals in Mangazeya //Russians. Materials of the VIIth Siberian Symposium “Cultural Heritage of the Peoples of Western Siberia” (December 9-11, 2004, Tobolsk). Tobolsk, 2004. pp. 47-53.
• Parkhimovich S. G. New studies of the Mangazeya settlement // Tyumen Land: Yearbook of the Tyumen Regional Museum of Local Lore: 2005. Vol. 19. Tyumen, 2006. pp. 159-167. - ISBN 5-88081-556-0
• Solodkin Ya. G. Governors and written heads of Mangazeya in the first half of the 17th century (New materials) // Western Siberia: history and modernity: Notes on local history. Vol. 4. Tyumen, 2001. pp. 16-19.
• Poletaev A.V. Autumn of Mangazeya (Two documents on the history of “old” Mangazeya)
• Portal R La Russes en Sibérie au XVII siècle // Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine. 1958. Janvier-Mars. P. 5-38. Rus. Transl.: Roger's Portal. Russians in Siberia in the 17th century

Links

• “Gold-boiling” Mangazeya (article on the website of the Yamalo-Nenets District Museum and Exhibition Complex named after I. S. Shemanovsky)
• “Gold-boiling” Mangazeya (article on the “History in Stories” website)
• P. N. Butsinsky On the history of Siberia. Mangazeya and Mangazeya district (1601-1645).

Wikimedia Foundation.

2010.

, Russian Empire , Russian Historical Dictionary

MANGAZEYA was a trade and fishing center and port in 1601-72 in Western Siberia, on the right bank of the Taz River. Founded by governor V.M. Masala-Rub. Named after the local Nenets tribe. Devastated by fires, moved to a new location (until 1780 it was called Novaya M., now the village of Turukhansk - the regional center of the Krasnoyarsk Territory).

In the world and in Rus', this land has been known since ancient times (“The Tale of the Midnight Kingdom” of the 11th century, entry under 1096 in the “Tale of Bygone Years”). In reality, Mangazeya is a large country, which is clearly visible on maps of the 16th century. It was known to Novgorod merchants back in the 12th century (Leonid Martynov. “The Tale of the Tobolsk Voivodeship.” Chapter “Lukomorye”), it was famous for its furs (sables, arctic foxes) - for this reason it received the name “Gold-boiling”. Legends were made about the riches of this fabulous country.

Mangazeya. Reconstruction based on materials from excavations 1968-70.

Before the great fire of 1619, there was a fortress, 200 houses, 2 churches, a guest courtyard with 20 trading shops, bread, salt and gunpowder stores, a wine cellar, 2 drinking houses in Mangazeya. In the city, in addition to the Cossacks, there were a hundred archers with cannons. The governors who sat in Mangazeya were in charge of all the Taz and Lower Yisei foreigners. The local Enets population was dissatisfied with their situation and extortions from tsarist officials, which led to several uprisings against the Russians. During the last uprising, which occurred in 1669, the tsarist troops had to leave the city.

As a result of numerous military skirmishes between the Enets and the Russians, Nenets, and Selkups, the number of indigenous inhabitants of the region decreased. The Enets lose control over the territory of Mangazeya and go east to the Yenisei.

To this day, the legendary country of Mangazeya is the richest region of Russia, where huge reserves of oil, gas, and polymetals are concentrated. And today the name “Gold-boiling Mangazeya” has not lost its meaning. Ships are named after an ancient Entets family, and there is an oil company of the same name. The memory of the country of Mangazeya and the Monkasi family has not faded, passing through the centuries. And representatives of the Monkasi clan still live in Russia - the heirs of ancient Mangazeya...

Mangazeya was the first Russian polar city built in the north of Western Siberia. This city was called the “gold-boiling patrimony”; people came here for the difficult Russian northern happiness, which was built on labor and profit.

The great advance of the Russian people to Siberia is shrouded in secrets and legends. The development of Siberia is a feat of the Russian people, before which the enterprises of the “various Cortez and Pisars” in America pale in comparison. One of these secrets is connected with the legendary Mangazeya, a fabulous city in which enterprising Pomors, brave sailors and explorers lived, who discovered the northernmost peninsula of Eurasia - the Taimyr Peninsula - to the world.
At the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th centuries. Siberia was actively developed “through the tireless labors of our people.” And, as M.V. rightly noted. Lomonosov, “Pomeranian residents from the Dvina and from other places near the White Sea, the main thing is to take part.”

During the movement of the Pomors “meeting the sun” (to the east), permanent settlements appeared on the territory of Siberia - wooden “fortresses”, winter huts and forts. one of the first such urban settlements was Mangazeya, built in the lower reaches of the Taza River. It became the first polar sea and river port of Siberia. And the Mangazeya sea passage led into it. This was the name in those distant times for the first Arctic highway connecting the White and Barents Seas with the Kara Sea.

Why Mangazeya?

The fabulous name, so unusual for Russian cities, keeps its secret. There is a version according to which the name “Mangazeya” comes from the name of the Nenets tribe Malgonzei who lived in those parts. According to the historian Nikitin, the name Molgonzeya goes back to the Komi-Zyryan word molgon - “extreme” “ultimate” - and means “outlying people”. We do not know the exact date of the founding of the city; it is approximately known that it existed already at the beginning of the 17th century.

In winter, on sledges, and in summer, on koches, karabas and plows, large masses of commercial and industrial people came to Mangazeya through the polar seas, swamps and small tributaries. People called Mangazeya “the golden-boiling sovereign’s estate,” meaning its fur riches. For their sake, brave traders and hunters flocked here; they were ready to endure hardships just to get rich later.

Saints of the Russian North

What was this “ornately decorated” city like? It had a wooden fortress-kremlin, a fortress wall, a suburb, a cemetery, three churches, a guest house, and “sovereign granaries.” Mangazeya was no different from other logged medieval cities of the Pomeranian North. The Pomors also brought the memory of the saints of the Russian North to this circumpolar region: Procopius of Ustyug, the Solovetsky wonderworkers, and Metropolitan Philip. One of the churches was erected in honor of Mikhail Malein and Macarius of Zheltovodsky, revered in the North. Revered throughout Pomerania, Nicholas the Wonderworker had his own chapel in the cathedral Trinity Church. There was also a saint here - Vasily of Mangazeya, who was considered the patron saint of industrial people.

Churches and other buildings stood on permafrost, so the foundations of the buildings were strengthened on a layer of frozen construction chips.

World

The Mangazeya community (“world”) differed from the zemstvo worlds in the homeland of the Pomors in that it united not a territory, not a volost or a district with a permanent population, but those trade and industrial people who found themselves in the “gold-boiling patrimony.” Whoever ended up in Mangazeya became one of their own. Harsh life united people.

Information about Mangazeya is very fragmentary and mostly shrouded in mystery. There was also a chronicle of Mangazeya, but it disappeared. The rich city quickly appeared and disappeared. Its existence lasted no more than seventy years. The reasons why people left here for Novaya Mangazeya - Turukhansk are not fully understood. It, like the fairy-tale city of Kitezh, disappeared, but was preserved in people's memory as a land of fabulous wealth, where dreams come true.

International Festival “Stars of the New Century” - 2015

Local history (from 8 to 10 years)

“Where and why did the mysterious

the Siberian city of Mangazeya?

Minaev Vladimir, 9 years old

student of 2nd A class

Head of work:

MAOU secondary school No. 4

Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ ........ 3

1. Koch – an ancient Pomeranian ship.................................................... ...................... 4

2. Pomors are great Russian navigators and discoverers. Origin of the word Mangazeya.................................................... ........................................................ ...

3. Founding of the first polar city of Mangazeya.................................... 6

4. Excavations of an ancient historical and archaeological monument.............

5. Mangazeya opens the veil of secrecy................................................. .......

6. The fate of Mangazeya.................................................... ...................................

7. Mangazeya is the heritage of many peoples and generations. The role of Mangazeya in the development of Siberian territories

Conclusion................................................. ........................................................ . 13

Bibliography................................................ ....................................... 14

Application................................................. ................................................. 15

Introduction

The Krasnoyarsk Museum of Local Lore has a permanent exhibition “Russian Exploration of Siberia.” In this exhibition you will get acquainted with the most extensive exhibit of the museum – the kochem. Koch is a ship of Russian polar sailors. The exhibition mentions that it was on such ships that the initial stage of Russian exploration of Siberia was carried out.

The museum displays a copy of the koch, reduced by 1.5 times, but in reality it reached a length of about 20 m and a height of 5 m.

The exposition says that it is no coincidence that the Koch is presented in our regional museum, since the center of river Koch shipbuilding in the 17th century was the city of Yeniseisk. Kochi was used for hiking along the major rivers of Siberia: Yenisei, Ob, Taz up to the city of Mangazeya…. What a mysterious word - Mangazeya... If you study the map of Siberia in detail, you will not see this city - it is not on the map. Does this mean that echoes of the ancient existence of “gold-boiling Mangazeya” remain only in legends and traditions? Did this city really exist? Or was he simply invented and poeticized in popular memory?

Hypothesis: perhaps the mysterious city with the mysterious name Mangazeya was actually on our Siberian soil.

Purpose The work is to clarify the facts indicating that the city was on the territory of Siberia.

To achieve the goal, a number of tasks:

1. Find out why there is so little information confirming the actual existence of the ancient city, and few people know what kind of city it was.

2. Find factual data about excavations, about archaeological finds confirming the existence of an ancient city in Siberia, about its life, the life of its inhabitants.

3. Find out which museums store exhibits from the excavations of the ancient settlement.

4. Make a map of the location of an ancient settlement in Siberia.

Object of study: Siberian city of Mangazeya.

Subject of study: information about the ancient city of Mangazeya.

Relevance The chosen topic is that by studying the history of the ancient city, its life, the reasons and secrets of its disappearance, we get acquainted with the life of our ancestors. We are discovering previously unknown facts from the life of our Russian people, our exploits, discoveries and achievements. We find another opportunity for ourselves to understand and be convinced of the greatness of our ancestors, which brings pride for our people, our harsh land, into our hearts.

Research methods:

analytical;

practical.

1. Koch - an ancient Pomeranian ship

When it comes to the history of the creation of the Russian fleet, they talk about the tricentenary. The figure is very strange, it causes bewilderment. It’s hard not to wonder: how did our country live, having so many maritime borders, before Peter I, who is traditionally considered the founder of the Russian fleet? After all, the history of Russia is measured in millennia.

However, numerous reference books provide information regarding the history of shipbuilding in Russia only starting from the times of Peter the Great.

Despite this, history preserves the memory of an ancient Pomeranian ship with an amazing name - KOCH.

Kocha - a Novgorod word - means outerwear - in this case, an ice coat - the second skin of the ship’s hull, protecting against ice damage. It was made from oak or deciduous boards. Kochi was famous for its durability. They were made from the best types of wood: larch, oak, pine, without a single nail, using iron staples. The nomads were characterized by a powerful steering control, which was located at the rear of the vessel. In addition, another feature of it was its egg-shaped body. The bottom of the body was rounded, resembling half a nutshell. If the ice squeezed the ship, its hull did not break, but was squeezed outward. These ships, thanks to the skill and inquisitive mind of the Pomeranian craftsmen, had one more feature: the stern and bow had almost the same shape and were cut at an angle of 30 degrees, which made it easy to pull them ashore and drag them overland.

Koch occupied a special place in the Arctic navigation system. However, by order of Peter I, all old Russian ships were destroyed and the construction of kochas was punishable by death.

2. Pomors are great Russian navigators and discoverers. Origin of the word Mangazeya

The origin of the word Mangazeya and the land of Mangazeya is closely connected with the Pomors. Pomors are the name of the descendants of ancient settlers mainly from the Novgorod land. They settled in the period from the 12th century. to 18th century the territory of the shores of the White Sea (belongs to the Arctic Ocean). They did not depend on anyone, they could do everything themselves with their own hands using an ax. With the exception of the shores of the Scandinavian and Kola Peninsulas, the entire European and Asian circumpolar North was discovered by Russian navigators - the Pomors. They were the first to swim freely in the White and Barents Seas and wintered on their shores hundreds of years before the British and Dutch entered here. Pomors not only fished, but also hunted. If necessary, they calmly dragged their kochas overland, through the passes of the northern Urals. Through the Ob Bay, clogged with ice all year round, the Yamal portage led them to the mouth of the Taz River. Samoyed tribes lived along the banks of the Taz River - these are the ancestors of the present-day Nenets. The name Samoyed comes from the old name of the peoples speaking Samoyed languages, which include many northern peoples. Samoyeds - local residents of the banks of the Taz River - were engaged in hunting and fur extraction. They called themselves Mongkasi, and their area Mongkasi Iya, which actually means the land of Mongkasi. The Pomors began to set up wintering grounds on their territory and conduct trade with them, and in Russian they began to call the place the land of Mangazeya. They named their first winter hut, built on the Taz River, Mangazeya. The Gulf of Ob in those days was called the Mangazeya Sea. The so-called Mangazeya sea route - from Arkhangelsk along the White Sea to Western Siberia, through the Mangazeya Sea - took 3-4 months in one direction. Therefore, the Pomors were forced to stay on the banks of the Taz River for the winter and wait for spring.

3. Founding of the first polar city of Mangazeya

Troubled times, 1600, ancient Russian state. On the throne is Tsar Boris Godunov. There is famine in the country. The state urgently needs to replenish the treasury, and this can be done if we quickly establish control over the fur mining areas - in the lower reaches of the Ob and Yenisei rivers. Fur - the fur of arctic fox, sable, brown fox, beaver, or “soft” gold, as it was called then. Real gold had not yet been mined in Russia, since deposits had not been discovered. Only in exchange for furs was it then possible to obtain weapons and precious metals. And so, in order to develop Siberia and provide the sovereign’s treasury with furs, by order of Tsar Boris Godunov, an expedition was sent from Tobolsk to the Arctic in the spring of 1600 under the leadership of princes Miron Shekhovsky and Danila Khripunov. Having overcome enormous distances and having lost most of their Cossack detachment in clashes with hostile Samoyed tribes, in the spring of 1601 the sovereign’s people finally reached the Taz River and founded the city of Mangazeya on the site of the Pomors’ winter fishing camp. This city was originally conceived as a supplier of furs for the state. So in 1601, in a remote place, in harsh climatic conditions, the largest city in the Arctic Circle arose.

4. Excavations of an ancient historical and archaeological site

400 years have passed since the ancient city of Mangazeya was built on the banks of the Taz River, next to the current Tazovsky district. Today, few people know what kind of city it was. Ghost town. His name is a magnet, and his destiny is an edification to his descendants. History has preserved dates, numbers, names, and permafrost still preserves the secrets of craftsmanship, traditions and way of life, lessons of human survival. Historians were able to reconstruct the short history of the city’s existence thanks to the preserved chronicles and office documents of the administrative administration of the 18th century. However, there are very few written sources about the construction of the city, about the features of buildings, about the time of emergence or destruction of certain buildings, and in this case archaeological data serve as a valuable source. Despite the uniqueness and originality of the ancient historical and archaeological monument, archaeological excavations at the site have not been carried out very often over the past 300 years. In the early 1970s, the expedition of the St. Petersburg Museum of the Arctic and Antarctic, led by Doctor of Historical Sciences Mikhail Belov, spent 4 field seasons (that is, 4 summers) on the banks of the Taz River, after which it was announced to the scientific community that the archaeological study of Mangazeya had actually been completed. As a result, a 2-volume monograph was written. The St. Petersburg Museum of the Arctic and Antarctic contains a few finds from those excavations, including models of Koch and the city itself. It would seem: everything is clear with Mangazeya, the topic is closed.

However, even after several decades, local residents of the Tazovsky and Krasnoselkupsky districts of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, where Mangazeya was located, continued to find valuable things at the site of the ancient settlement, which they told the employees of local museums about. Having learned about this, a joint comprehensive archaeological expedition of the Center for Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Nefteyugansk District (Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug) and the Krasnoselkup Museum of Local Lore (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug) - employees of the NPO "Northern Archeology - 1" - went to the site of the ancient settlement in 2000. The expedition includes historians, archaeologists, topographers, archaeozoologists, an artist, and a specialist in dendrochronology. The expedition led by the director of Northern Archeology - 1, archaeologist Georgy Vizgalov, resumed the study of the ancient settlement at a new methodological level. In the very first month of work, they refuted many of Mikhail Belov’s conclusions and declared: in Mangazeya there is still more digging and digging. The expedition has been working there for 14 years to this day.

The uniqueness of the excavations of the ancient settlement lies in the fact that the thickness of the cultural layer of Mangazeya reaches 2 meters, and the city is located in the permafrost zone. And in one northern summer, when scientists can work on excavations of a settlement, the earth manages to thaw only 30-40 cm. But on the other hand, the safety of things in permafrost, even after centuries, remains very good.

Archaeological excavations indicate that the development of Mangazeya was carried out according to the ancient rules of Russian architecture. Mangazeya differed from other cities in its strict and clear layout - at that time this was a rarity. In Mangazeya there was a five-tower Kremlin with fortified walls. Nearby there was a voivodeship estate, a guardhouse, a clerical hut, a prison, and barns for storing weapons and food. There was a posad adjacent to the Kremlin. On the settlement there was a living room and customs courtyards, as well as a tavern, baths, warehouses, barns, shopping arcades and huts of the city residents.

The city at that time was very rich and developed. The population reached 1,500 people (for comparison, in Moscow at that time the population was 100 thousand people). Judging by the surviving documents, hunters, merchants and service people, artisans and fugitive peasants rushed to the developing polar city from the “mainland” in search of a new rich and happy life. Rich and educated people lived in the city who loved luxury, even shaved, dressed beautifully, and read. Thus, a completely different image is created about the people of that time who inhabited the far north of Siberia. Residents of the city knew bone carving, pottery, tailoring and foundry well. They made jewelry, chess sets, and children's toys themselves.

All the most expensive, new and advanced things from Europe went here. They sailed to the city from Europe to sell their goods and exchange them for furs - arctic fox, sable, brown fox, beaver furs, which in those days were worth a fortune. Mangazeya was called “gold-boiling”, if by gold we mean furs. Caravans of nomads brought food and weapons, people, fishing equipment to the polar city, and from Mangazeya - furs.

Residents of the city kept chickens, cows, pigs, and goats in their farmsteads, which today seems surprising for the regions of the far north. All year round, the daily food of the Mangazeans was fish, meat, eggs, dairy products, expensive nuts, and grains, which were brought from the “mainland”. All these conclusions were made by scientists based on the artifacts found at the site of the ancient settlement.

Archaeologists treat excavations at the Mangazeya settlement very carefully and carefully, as if they were reading an ancient book. For example, scientists dedicated an entire book to the large finds of various shoes in Mangazeya. The shoes of the Mangazeya people were leather, fashionable, with ornaments, and heels. A lot of beautiful children's shoes were found, which indicates that there were many children. According to scientists, all this indicates the prosperity of the people who lived in the city, and the fact that visiting people settled in the polar city thoroughly, started families, and raised children.

During the current ongoing excavations at the site, archaeologists annually find up to two and a half thousand artifacts in excellent condition - these are household and household utensils, silver coins, skis, leather cases for compasses, cases for wax seals, floats for nets, knives for cleaning fish , window frames, patterns for knitting nets, clothing, bone combs, book bindings with embossed ornaments and much, much more.

They also find magical ritual amulets and butts: the Mangazeans placed them in the corners of huts and under stoves. In addition, many crosses and symbolic jewelry were found. It seems that the Mangazeans, being educated people, believed in both God and evil spirits at the same time.

Among themselves, archaeological scientists call Mangazeya the northern Las Vegas. At the site of the fort, many dice, chess, and cubes with dots were found, as well as many pre-Petrine coins and promissory notes.

According to the law, archaeologists must transfer artifacts found during excavations to federal museums within three years. These are the Museum of the Arctic and Antarctic in St. Petersburg and the Yamalo-Nenets District Museum of Local Lore in Salekhard. Exhibits leave the Mangazeya excavations for these museums in thousands of copies, but only a few of them are exhibited for visitors. The rest are simply gathering dust in museum warehouses. The Yamalo-Nenets Museum of Local Lore currently houses about 20 thousand exhibits. Meanwhile, the museums of the Tazovsky and Krasnoselkupsky districts have almost nothing in their collections from the Mangazeya excavations, although they are located on the same land as the ancient settlement.

5. Mangazeya opens the veil of secrecy

In the forest-tundra conditions, near Mangazeya, it was difficult to find forest suitable for construction. Therefore, when constructing residential buildings in Mangazeya, they mainly used parts from dismantled kochas. They even paved the streets with them. And it's simply amazing!

As already mentioned, a comprehensive scientific expedition is working on the excavations of the nomadic structure of Mangazeya. A dendrochronology specialist who is part of the expedition determines not only the age of the wood from which the koch was built, but also where and when the koch was built: in the shipyards of the White Sea or beyond the Urals - in Verkhoturye, Tyumen and Yeniseisk.

As Sergei Kukhterin (Deputy Director for Northern Archeology projects) says, judging by the excavations, each kocha had one owner. Such a man and his crew sailed to Mangazeya, dismantled the koch and built a house out of it.

After Peter I ordered to follow Europe and build completely different ships, the kocha was undeservedly forgotten. Neither drawings nor exact characteristics of the nomads have been preserved. And now, 400 years later, Mangazeya opens the veil of secrecy. Thanks to the excavations of Mangazeya, scientists can say about the main characteristics of the koch: its length, width, displacement, the size of the sail, the fact that it could also walk with oars, and that it could easily be dragged over land.

Pavel Filin (Deputy Director for Research at the Icebreaker Krasin Museum) says that archaeological excavations at the site made it possible to carry out a complete reconstruction of the Koch, the first Pomeranian ship in Russia. The era of “pre-Petrine” shipbuilding has been little studied and is undeservedly unpopular. These excavations provide new material on the history of shipbuilding in the 17th century in Russia.

6. The fate of Mangazeya

Cities have their own destinies. Some, having arisen in ancient times, still exist today. Everyone knows their names: Moscow, Novgorod, Vladimir. Others live their lives for several centuries and quietly fall asleep, forgotten by their descendants. Only memorial signs on the site of their ruins remind of the past. Still others flare up and burn out, like a comet, over several decades, leaving us with only a name shrouded in mystery. This is exactly what the “gold-boiling” Mangazeya was like. A very rich, glorious and developed city lived a life the length of one human - only 70 years and turned into a forgotten ghost.

In 1619, the Moscow government of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, for political reasons, banned the Mangazeya sea passage along the White Sea through the Gulf of Ob (then called the Mangazeya Sea). Now the ships sailed along the Ob River and then along the Taz River to Mangazeya. And now kochi were built not at the shipyards of the White Sea, but beyond the Urals: in Verkhoturye and Tyumen.

Every year in the fall, dozens of nomads sailed to the shores of Mangazeya, and the people who arrived remained to winter in the city until spring. In the spring they dispersed to work, which moved further and further to the east, to the Turukhan River. In 1607, Mangazeya’s rival, the city of Turukhansk, was founded on the Turukhan River, which still exists today. A new fur fair was formed in Turukhansk, where a new route along the Yenisei River was opened, and in the city of Yeniseisk they began to build kochi.

Mangazeya found itself aloof from trade routes, and the city gradually began to decline. In the period from 1641 to 1643, food caravans from the city of Tobolsk did not reach Mangazeya for unknown reasons, and famine loomed over the city. In 1645 there was a severe fire. The city was not restored. It becomes unprofitable to maintain the city. In 1672, the last residents of Mangazeya left the city and went to Turukhansk.

7. Mangazeya is the heritage of many peoples and generations.

The role of Mangazeya in the development of Siberian territories

Mangazeya played a huge role in the development of Siberian territories. For a long time, Mangazeya was the only seaport of Siberia connected with the Arctic Ocean (in those days it was called the Icy Sea), where many different sea routes converged.

As mentioned above, the Northern Sea Route was explored by Russian sailors - the Pomors - more than 400 years ago. If before this they always said that the discovery of the Northern Sea Route was Norway’s privilege, then archaeological excavations at the Mangazeya settlement confirm the opposite.

Today Mangazeya is an invaluable treasure of information, in which scientists around the world are showing great interest. This is a pure monument of the 17th century without the layers of previous and subsequent centuries.

Mangazeya is a monument of Russian culture from the era of the development of Siberia and the great geographical discoveries in Russia. The routes of many expeditions began from Mangazeya; islands, straits, rivers, seas were discovered on the koches, and the exact coordinates of Russian lands appeared on maps.

Mangazeya is recognized as a historical and archaeological monument of federal significance. The originality of the Mangazeya settlement is priceless. Today, no one doubts that Mangazeya is rightfully the property of many peoples and generations.

Conclusion

Having studied additional literature about the ancient Siberian city of Mangazeya, I came to the conclusion:

1. There are several reasons why there is so little information confirming the actual existence of Mangazeya, and few people know what kind of city it was:

The history of Russia in the “pre-Petrine” era is in fact little studied at all and undeservedly unpopular;

Despite the uniqueness and originality of the ancient historical and archaeological monument, very few archaeological excavations have been carried out at the site over the past 300 years;

In addition, the uniqueness of the excavations of the ancient settlement lies in the fact that the thickness of the cultural layer of Mangazeya reaches 2 meters, and the city is located in the permafrost zone. And in one northern summer, when scientists can work on excavations of the ancient settlement, the earth manages to thaw only 30-40 cm.

2. I found out that only in 2007 did literature begin to be published on the results of archaeological excavations in Mangazeya, which are still ongoing.

3. I learned that exhibits from the Mangazeya excavations are being transferred by archaeologists to the Museum of the Arctic and Antarctic in St. Petersburg and the Yamalo-Nenets District Museum of Local Lore in Salekhard.

Looking at the map I worked with, I can confidently say that mine hypothesis true. The mysterious city with the mysterious name Mangazeya was actually on our Siberian soil. Today Mangazeya is a monument of Russian culture from the era of the development of Siberia and the great geographical discoveries in Russia. And no one doubts that Mangazeya is rightfully the property of many peoples and generations.

List of information sources:

Literature:

1. I, Ovsyannikov. Mangazeya sea passage. – L., 1980. – 163 p.

2. , Mangazeya: new archaeological research(materials). - Ekaterinburg-Nefteyugansk: Magellan Publishing House, 2008. - 296 p.

3. Vizgalov, G. P. Mangazeya: leather goods(materials)/ , . - Nefteyugansk; Ekaterinburg: AMB Publishing House, 2011. – 216 p.

4. , Mangazeya is the first Russian city in the Siberian Arctic. - Ekaterinburg-Nefteyugansk: Basko Publishing House, 200 p.

Internet sites:

1. http://library. ikz. ru/hronologiya-osvoeniya-sibiri/Mangazeya

2. http://yamal. altsoft. spb. ru

3. http://www. mvk-yamal. ru/zemlya-yamal/istoriya-yamalskoy-zemli/mangazeya

4. http://www. archeology of the north. RF

5. http://vesti-yamal. ru/ru/novosti_kultury1/