Architecture of the historical city: description and history. Architecture of the historical and modern city. Urban planning - planning and construction of the city Eastern medieval city

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

Slide 7

Architecture of historical cities Test work.

Art. 9th grade

1.Architecture (lat. Architectura) – art………. and build buildings, ……, organizing the spatial environment, the art of shaping this environment for ….. and ……… people, giving …….. pleasure. Fill in the missing words.

2.What does the word mean? “city” and why our ancestors “fenced” it.

4.Each medieval city had mandatory defensive structures. Name at least 4 - 5 such structures.

Medieval Western Europe

5. Which building was always located in the center of the medieval city? Why?

6.What was the eastern city like? What did it look like and how was it different from the Western one in the Middle Ages?

Eastern medieval city

7.What is the name of the building in the photo. Give its description.

Cities of medieval Rus'

Modern aerial photography

8. N Name the city and describe its layout.

9. Cities of medieval Rus'

4…….

2………………

1………

5……….

9. Label the names on the city map.

Saint Petersburg

Moscow

10. How are these city planning schemes different?

Where did Moscow begin?

11.Describe the Moscow Kremlin under Ivan Kalita.

Where did Moscow begin?

12.What has changed in the Kremlin under Dmitry Donskoy?

Where did Moscow begin?

13.How Ivan the Third decorated and expanded the capital.

14.Name from 5 to 10 objects of modern Moscow known to you.

• 1……………
• 2……………
• 3……………
• 4……………
• 5……………
• 6……………

Architecture of the historical city Art, 9th grade Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya Secondary School"

Architecture (Latin Architectura) is the art of designing and constructing buildings, structures that organize the spatial environment, the art of shaping this environment for people’s life and activities, delivering aesthetic pleasure. Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya Secondary School"

The word “city” means “fortified place” and comes from the word “to fence”, that is, to enclose with a fortress wall. Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya Secondary School"

Urban planning – planning and construction of cities. Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya Secondary School"

Athens, Greece In Antiquity, a temple complex was built on a fortified hill. An example is the Athens Acropolis, the political, religious, cultural center of the city. Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya Secondary School"

Medieval Western Europe Each medieval city was fenced with mighty stone walls with battlements and towers, surrounded by a deep moat, making it a powerful, reliable fortress. Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya Secondary School"

Medieval Western Europe The center of a Western European city was the cathedral. The administrative building of the town hall and the market square were located nearby. Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya Secondary School"

Eastern medieval city The economic and strategic center of the eastern medieval city was the square on which a madrasah was built, a higher school that trained clergy, teachers, etc. Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya Secondary School"

Registan. Samarkand. Uzbekistan Eastern medieval city Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya Secondary School"

Near the mosque there were tower minarets from which Muslims were called to prayer. An important role in the architectural composition of the city was played by the ruler's palace and the trading part of the caravanserai and bazaar. Eastern medieval city Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya Secondary School"

Cities of Medieval Rus' The Russian city and its defensive fortifications were built taking into account the conditions of the natural landscape. An important role in choosing the location for the future city was played by the aesthetic sense of the people. Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya Secondary School"

Novgorod child. Modern aerial photography Cities of medieval Rus' The Kremlin (“kremnikon”) called the central fortified part of the Russian city, but the more ancient name was “detinets”, or outer city, from the word “dne” internal. Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya Secondary School"

Vezha - watchtower Ditch Bridge Posad (podol) - originally populated area outside the Kremlin or Detinets. Cathedral of the City of Medieval Rus' Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya Secondary School"

Each city has a certain planning structure: radial radial radial-ring linear rectangular rectangular-diagonal free Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya Secondary School"

St. Petersburg Moscow Radial-ring planning scheme Radial and rectangular planning scheme Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya Secondary School"

How did Moscow begin? Detinets Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya Secondary School"

How did Moscow begin? The Moscow Kremlin under Ivan Kalita Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya Secondary School"

The Moscow Kremlin under Dmitry Donskoy (Probable view of the Kremlin of Dmitry Donskoy before the invasion of Tokhtamysh in 1382) How Moscow began Orlova M.E. MKOU "Mishutinskaya Secondary School"

9th grade. Art lesson.
Lesson topic: “Architecture of a historical city”
Goal: aesthetic formation of the environment by architecture and expression of social ideas in artistic images (composition, tectonics, scale, proportions, rhythm, plasticity, volumes, texture and color of materials).
Tasks:
Teach to distinguish between types of architecture (cult, secular, landscape, urban planning).
To teach how to correlate modern architectural buildings with their functions in the urban landscape and climatic conditions; determine the characteristics of the material, etc.
To teach to give examples of the use of monumental painting and decorative sculpture in modern cities, regional centers and other places.
Visual aids: - multimedia slides.
Lesson type: Lesson on learning new material.
Organization of teaching and educational space:
tape recorder, piano, phonograph, audio cassettes, computer, projector,
presentation “Architecture of a historical city”,
The topic is written on the board in the form of an epigraph.
Progress of the lesson.
Greetings.
Learning new material:
I love you, Petra's creation,
I love your strict, slender appearance,
Neva sovereign current,
Its coastal granite,
Your fences have a cast iron pattern...
Let's start the lesson with the words of the great Catalan architect Antonio Gaudi: “Architecture is frozen music.”

French architect Le Corbusier said: “The role of construction is to build structures, the role of architecture is to create aesthetic excitement.” What do you think it means to evoke an aesthetic response?
Student answer: “It evokes certain feelings, like it or dislike it, beautiful or beautiful.”
Teacher: “So what is architecture?”
Student answer: “First of all, architecture is an art form. Namely, the art of designing and building. Erect various buildings, structures and just houses.”
The ancient Roman theorist Vetruvius defined architecture this way: “Strength, usefulness and beauty.”
Architecture (lat. architectura) is the art of designing and constructing buildings, structures that organize the spatial environment, the art of shaping this environment for people’s life and activities, delivering aesthetic pleasure.
One of the most useful arts for human life is architecture.
If we compare architecture with other arts, then music is closest to it in terms of convention. After all, music, like architecture and mathematics, has no analogues in the surrounding world - its form is abstract. Was this the basis for the constant comparison of architecture with music? F. Schelling called architecture “frozen music”; “resounding melody” - I.-V. Goethe. Many composers were keen connoisseurs of architecture.
Since ancient times, man has learned to build a home for himself. For this purpose, natural materials were used, which were rich in the surrounding area. A large number of houses formed settlements. For defense against enemies, settlements were surrounded by walls, fenced with a fence or palisade, wattle fence or wooden wall. Therefore, the Russian word “city” originally meant “strengthening” and came from the expressions “to enclose”, “to enclose with a fence”, “to fence”. The planning and construction of cities is one of the areas of architecture, it was called “urban planning”. The layout of cities in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and ancient Russian cities differed in many ways.
In Antiquity, a temple complex was built on a fortified hill. An example is the Athens Acropolis - the political, religious, cultural center of the city. It was a landmark among the rectangular grid of streets below.
Each medieval city was fenced with mighty stone walls with battlements and towers, surrounded by a deep ditch, making it a powerful, reliable fortress. The fortified city had defensive significance; capturing its gates meant capturing the entire city. Unlike the Western European city, enclosed within high stone walls that once and for all defined its boundaries, the city of medieval Rus' was fused with nature and its rural surroundings. The Russian city and its defensive fortifications were built taking into account the conditions of the natural landscape. An important role in choosing the location for the future city was played by the aesthetic sense of people. The chronicles have preserved many stories containing the following messages: “and you saw a red and forested place on the mountain... And having loved that place, you thought that a small city would burn on it” (Ipatiev Chronicle).
The city usually grew on an elevated place. The central place in its composition and silhouette was occupied by the detinets (from the 14th century - the Kremlin). It was the inner core of the city’s fortifications; people went under its protection after the fall of the outer defense belt. The largest, monumental buildings were concentrated in the Kremlin - the cathedral and the palace. A typical example is the plan of ancient Moscow.
The center of the Western European city was the cathedral. The administrative building of the town hall and the market square were located nearby. The streets flowed towards them tangentially from the city gates. The feudal castle was located outside the city limits.
The economic and strategic center of the eastern medieval city was the square on which a madrasah was built - a higher school that trained ministers, teachers, etc. Next to the mosque stood minarets - towers from which Muslims were called to prayer. An important role in the architectural composition of the city was played by the ruler's palace and the trading part - the caravanserai, the bazaar (trading domes). Roads ran from the square to the city gates. In peacetime, caravans from all over the world walked along them to the city; in wartime, soldiers moved.
During the Renaissance, architects again turned to the ancient tradition of town planning: at the end of wide straight streets some kind of architectural ensemble was necessarily located, defining the majesty of the perspective.
St. Petersburg was built on the same principle. It was built according to a plan drawn up in advance and carefully verified by Peter I. The streets and avenues in the central part of the city converge like a trident to the squares. Find terms in the text that relate to architecture and urban planning. Explain their meaning using art dictionaries.
Look at old engravings. Find on them images of fortresses, defensive structures, residential areas, shopping areas, religious buildings. Describe them verbally.
Find poems about the two capitals of Russia - Moscow and St. Petersburg, dedicated to the architectural sights of these cities. Read them to your classmates.
How do you understand the meaning of the expressions: “Architecture is frozen music” and “Architecture is a faded melody”? What do music and architecture have in common?
Artistic and creative task
Using pen and ink, draw a plan diagram of a medieval city. Convey the characteristic features of a Russian, European and eastern medieval city (optional).

Architecture is music, the song of stone, Which rises high in columns to the clouds. That a genius is so tirelessly drawn to build a beautiful house or a temple.
It sounds solemn - “Architecture”! It sounds elegant and light. And this word seems to have its structure, As if the stones were stacked link by link!

The majestic lightness of the walls, Baroque and modern metal, History frozen in stone From Rome to the Comintern. Gothic cathedral spires Sculptures threaten on the porticos Message and unique style - This is the goal of architecture. ***** From drawings and constructions From architectural ideas The birth of creations is taking place, Arising across the planet all.
Teacher: In 1990, UNESCO included the city of St. Petersburg on the World Heritage List. This list includes the most beautiful and artistic cities in the world. The layout of the northern capital is distinguished by a logical spatial composition, including strict straight streets, spacious squares, as well as numerous canals, bridges (more than 400!), embankments, gardens and parks. Its development is rich in outstanding monuments of palace and church architecture, monumental sculpture, which in most cases are unique architectural ensembles. All this primarily applies to the historical center of the city, but also to the palace and park complexes of its suburbs.
Teacher: From the history of the founding of the city. The emergence of St. Petersburg is associated with the desire of the Russian Tsar Peter I to gain a foothold in a strategically important area on the shores of the Baltic Sea. The city was founded by royal order in 1703, and in 1712 the capital of the state was transferred here, to the banks of the Neva.
More than three centuries of the history of St. Petersburg have brought to life many interesting facts, myths and legends about the northern capital, emphasizing the uniqueness and mystery of this city among other Russian and European cities.
For example, many people mistakenly believe that St. Petersburg is named after its founder, Peter I. However, this is not so. The city bears the name of the heavenly patron of the first Russian emperor - the Apostle Peter.
According to another legend, the entire territory of the future city was uninhabited, heavily swampy places, unsuitable for life. However, it is a proven fact that on the site of the historical center of St. Petersburg at its founding there were many settlements (according to some sources - about 40), some of which were here even before the arrival of the Swedes. However, the scale and intensity of the construction of the new capital and the rapid disappearance of these settlements within the city over time gave rise to the legend of deserted places on the site of St. Petersburg. Interesting fact: 10% of the city's total area is covered by water.
Teacher: Guys, please name the architectural monuments of St. Petersburg that you know?
Student answer: St. Isaac's Cathedral, Kazan Cathedral, Winter Palace, Hermitage, Admiralty, Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood... “For the first time in Russia”:
St. Petersburg became the first city in Russia in which the tradition of firing a blank cannon shot at noon appeared.
The first public museum in Russia is the Kunstkamera, founded by Peter I in 1719
The first public theater in Russia (1756)
The first public library in Russia – Imperial Public Library (1795)
For the first time in Russia, street gas lamps were lit in St. Petersburg in 1819 on Aptekorsky Island.
The first railway in Russia connecting St. Petersburg with Tsarskoye Selo (1837)
The first experience in street lighting with electricity in Russia (1879, illumination of the Liteiny Bridge)
The first football championship in Russia, organized by English athletes in 1901
In 2013, St. Petersburg turned 310 years old.

Slide 1

Architecture of the historical city

Slide 2

Map of Moscow in the 16th century

Architecture (lat. architectura) is the art of designing and constructing buildings, structures that organize the spatial environment, the art of shaping this environment for people’s life and activities, delivering aesthetic pleasure.

One of the most useful arts for human life is architecture.

Slide 3

F. Schelling called architecture “frozen music”; “resounding melody” - I.-V. Goethe. Many composers were keen connoisseurs of architecture. Since ancient times, man has learned to build a home for himself. For this purpose, natural materials were used, which were rich in the surrounding area. A large number of houses formed settlements. To protect themselves from enemies, settlements were surrounded by walls, fenced with a fence or a palisade, a wattle fence or a wooden wall. Therefore, the Russian word “city” originally meant “fortification” and came from the expressions “to enclose”, “to enclose with a fence”, “to fence around”.

Slide 4

The planning and construction of cities is one of the areas of architecture, it is called “urban planning”. The layout of cities in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, and ancient Russian cities differed in many ways. In Antiquity, a temple complex was built on a fortified hill. An example is the Athens Acropolis - the political, religious, cultural center of the city. It was a landmark among the rectangular grid of streets below.

Acrocorinth. Greece

Athens Acropolis. Greece

Slide 5

Each medieval city was fenced with mighty stone walls with battlements and towers, surrounded by a deep ditch, making it a powerful, reliable fortress. The fortified city had defensive significance; capturing its gates meant capturing the entire city. The center of the Western European city was the cathedral. The administrative building of the town hall and the market square were located nearby.

The square and building of the city hall. Prague

Slide 6

in Medieval Rus', the city usually grew on an elevated place. The central place in its composition and silhouette was occupied by the detinets (from the 14th century - the Kremlin). It was the inner core of the city’s fortifications; people went under its protection after the fall of the outer defense belt. The largest, monumental buildings were concentrated in the Kremlin - the cathedral and the palace. A typical example is the plan of ancient Moscow.

Novgorod child. Modern aerial photography

Slide 7

The economic and strategic center of the eastern medieval city was the square on which a madrasah was built - a higher school that trained clergy, teachers, etc.

Registan. Samarkand. Uzbekistan

Slide 8

During the Renaissance, architects again turned to the ancient tradition of town planning: at the end of wide straight streets, some kind of architectural ensemble was necessarily located, defining the majesty of the perspective. St. Petersburg was built on the same principle. It was built according to a plan drawn up in advance and carefully verified by Peter I. The streets and avenues in the central part of the city converge like a trident to the squares.

Map of St. Petersburg at the beginning of the 20th century.

Saint Petersburg. Historical center

Slide 9

Homework:

Find poems about the two capitals of Russia - Moscow and St. Petersburg, dedicated to the architectural sights of these cities. Read them to your classmates. How do you understand the meaning of the expressions: “Architecture is frozen music” and “Architecture is a faded melody”? What do music and architecture have in common?