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Have you ever had breakfast, lunch and dinner in three cities and three countries at once in one day? The city of Aachen in Germany, which borders the Netherlands and Belgium, can provide you with this opportunity.
Geographical position
As you know, Germany is located in Central Europe, so it is very convenient to travel to several countries at once. This city has been known since ancient times, was the center of the coal basin, and today it is one of the tourist centers with many historical and cultural values.
The climate in the city of Aachen (Germany) is favorable, which means it can be visited both in summer and winter. The temperature does not fall below 0, but most often stays at +5, +8 degrees.
Population, economy, science and education
According to estimates for 2016, the city of Aachen (Germany) has a population of 250 thousand people. It is far from the largest city in terms of population, but it is not the smallest either.
The main activity is tourism (hotels, restaurants, museums and historical buildings). But people are also employed in industrial production, engaged in iron ore engineering, the textile industry, where work with wool and the production of scarves are especially developed. There are also chemical, food, glass, metalworking and furniture industries.
In addition to being a historical and cultural center, the city also has a high level of education. There are research institutes, laboratories and design bureaus here. The city is home to one of the best technical universities not only in Germany, but also in Europe, as well as the famous medical center "University Clinic Aachen".
City `s history
The city of Aachen in Germany was founded back in the Roman era because there were mineral springs here. And they called it Aquisgranum. This city was not often mentioned in any documents or chronicles, but mainly served as the residence of the Frankish kings, and only under Charlemagne did it become famous.
In 790, the Aachen Palace was built here, which became the winter residence for the king, and a little later the capital of the Frankish state. Charlemagne was buried here, and is still considered the patron saint of the city. What about the Middle Ages?
Aachen (Germany) attractions
What historical sites should you visit in this city? There are enough of them to fall in love with this beautiful, cultural place, where everyone will find their own cultural values.
Aachen in Germany is located in the state of North Rhine (Westphalia), which was founded in the 1st century AD.
The city is geographically divided into two parts: the old, where churches, ancient houses, sculptures and cultural attractions are concentrated, and the new, where municipal offices, banks, shopping centers and educational institutions are located.
The language spoken here is German, the currency used is the euro, and the main service sector is tourism.
There is a balneological resort, or hydropathic clinic, where treatment is carried out using water procedures: baths, showers, rinsing, inhalation.
Aachen (Germany): attractions, reviews
Many tourism websites can provide useful information about what to see at a given historical site. Each traveler will be able to choose the most interesting objects for himself, be it museums, cathedrals, squares or parks. But before heading to this city, tourists are advised to make a list of 20 attractions and create a route. It is best to use public transport or rent a bicycle, this will make the walk more interesting and less expensive than taking a taxi.
The city was founded by the Romans, who were attracted by the rich mineral deposits. For a long time it remained an industrial center, and reached its peak during the reign of Charlemagne, who granted Aachen many privileges and made it the residence of the Frankish kings.
The city is attractive to tourists due to its large selection of remarkable places, ancient buildings and entertainment; exciting excursion programs are held here for vacationers. The main symbol of Aachen remains the Cathedral, which was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. A magnificent architectural structure, striking in its scale and luxurious decoration of the halls. The main hall of the cathedral is decorated with a beautiful chandelier, which was donated by Frederick Barbarossa. The treasury and the marble throne of Charlemagne have been preserved here, as well as a sarcophagus with his remains. The shrine will be interesting not only from the point of view of its magnificent architecture, but also from the point of view of historical value, because the relics stored here are considered the most valuable museum exhibits.
Another ancient architectural monument can be seen on the Market Square; here is the Gothic Town Hall, which was built in the 14th century. Opposite the Town Hall is the Granus Tower, as well as the Church of Mary and St. Peter, built in the 19th century. Among the museums, Sürmondt-Ludwig deserves special attention, representing a rich collection of sculpture and painting. There are works dating back to the 12th century, as well as exhibits from the Middle Ages. At the Koofen Museum you will see collections of antique furniture, interior items and fireplaces. Frankenberg Castle is reminiscent of the time of the rapid rise of Aachen; it was here that Charlemagne lived, and today the main Historical Museum is opened in memory of the great ruler. Copyright www.site
On one of the historical streets of Aachen is the oldest house in the city - Löwenstein. It is not difficult to find; the historical building is located opposite the Town Hall. This house was built in the 14th century, its first owner was a wealthy person named Leve. Built in 1344, this house was one of the few in the city that managed to survive a severe fire in the mid-17th century. There are many gaps in the history of this building; according to some assumptions, it housed a wine restaurant for a long time. Today, this prominent historical building is occupied by large offices and city archives.
One of the city's main attractions is the Burtscheid spa park. It was founded back in 1609, when a thermal spring was discovered in the picturesque foothills. The park reached its heyday at the beginning of the 19th century; many beautiful boulevards and squares were built here. In addition to beautiful plants, the historical park is decorated with many ancient fountains, complemented by sculptural compositions. Just like many years ago, today the resort park is a permanent venue for interesting events. In the warm season, open-air concerts and dance evenings are held here.
The architectural ensemble of Elisenbrunnen, also known under the unofficial name “Elise Fountain,” deserves attention. This architectural complex was built around a thermal spring and named after Princess Elisabeth Louis of Bavaria. The very first drinking fountain was built here at the end of the 17th century; over the years of its existence, it was repeatedly rebuilt and supplemented with new buildings. Today, the architectural complex includes a small exhibition hall, which often hosts interesting cultural events. After exploring the attraction, you can take a walk through the surrounding park.
The ancient German city of Aachen is located 64 kilometers southwest of Cologne and a few kilometers from the borders with Belgium and the Netherlands. It was founded during the Roman Empire. Was a royal residence. Roman emperors and German kings were crowned here. Since ancient times, it has been known as a balneological resort for its thermal springs. It is located in the center of the basin where coal is mined. South of Aachen the territory of the Eifel National Park begins.
The chemical, food, and glass industries are developed here. In the city 260 thousand inhabitants, of which 40 thousand are students. The presence of natural conditions for health improvement, interesting places and attractions attract tourists from Germany and other countries.
Aachen shrines
The Aachen Cathedral houses shrines to which Christians make pilgrimages. Since the Middle Ages, pilgrims from all over the world come here every seven years. The next pilgrimages will be held in 2021 and 2028. The local treasury contains gifts and relics from many European countries. Here you can see the casket of the Virgin Mary, a horn that belonged to the knight Roland, Lothair's cross, medieval paintings with religious subjects, and many other treasures.
The city has preserved towers erected in the 13th century that protected the gates of the old city wall. The Marching Gate includes four round towers, which are erected around a central building covered with a hipped roof with an arched gate. The bridge gate is a rectangular tower, which also has a hipped roof, with a four-meter passage.
This ancient castle is associated with the name of Charlemagne. After the death of the king, it was destroyed, flooded, and changed owners. In the early 40s of the last century, the laboratory of the famous German aircraft designer H. Junkers functioned there. In 1961, the castle was restored. The city historical museum and cultural center operated here. Public events are regularly organized on the castle grounds.
Location: Bismarckstraße.
The main cathedral of Aachen, built more than twelve centuries ago, is often called the Imperial Cathedral. It was the site of the coronation of the emperors of Rome. It houses the huge tomb of Charlemagne.
The interiors of the temple are decorated with an altar with local shrines, delightful mosaics, stained glass windows and sculptures. This majestic Gothic cathedral of extraordinary beauty was among the first to be included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Location: Domhof - 1.
In honor of Crown Princess Elisabeth Louis of Bavaria, a classical building with a spring inside was built in the city in 1827. The 52-degree hydrogen sulfide spring was called “Imperial”. In the 18th-19th years it was used by crowned and noble persons, including Peter I, Frederick the Great, G.F. Handel and others. Special signs indicate their visit to the source. During World War II it was completely bombed. In 1950 it was restored to its original form.
Location: Friedrich-Wilhelm-Platz.
This unusual museum allows you to see the development of newspapers and other printed publications over half a thousand years. In his funds there are almost 200 thousand unique exhibits in different languages from almost all over the world. The museum exposition is organized in an educational and exciting way for adults and children. The most modern forms of educational work are used here, revealing the features of the newspaper world that attract many tourists to this museum.
Location: Pontstraße - 13.
Equestrian mecca
Aachen is a city where many sports develop. However, it is often called the Mecca of equestrian sports. This is due to the World Equestrian Festival CHIO Aachen, held annually at the main city stadium. Riders from all continents take part in it. Every year, during one week in June, over 360 thousand athletes and fans of equestrian sports come here.
The city has a computer museum created with the help of the technical university. Largely thanks to this technology, the growth of the German economy is ensured. The stages of development of computer technology are demonstrated in a popular form. All types of devices that enable the most complex calculations are collected here. You can see the first abacus, adding machines and calculators, electronic computers of various levels from many countries.
Location: Sommerfeldstr - 32.
The German architect Johann Koufen is famous for the fact that in the 18th-19th centuries he built several interesting mansions for wealthy and eminent citizens of Aachen.
In one of these respectable houses, built by the famous architect, a museum named after him is organized. Its peculiarity is the presentation of the lifestyle of the German bourgeois in past centuries. Here you can see furniture, works of masters of those years. Interiors typical of the eras of Louis XVI and Napoleon Bonaparte with various decorations made of porcelain, glass and silver are demonstrated.
Location: Hühnermarkt - 17.
Called the Ludwig Forum, the museum of modern art is housed in a three-story modern building with an area of 6 thousand square meters. A slightly smaller area is used to house exhibits in the museum’s garden. In this unusual place, visitors get acquainted with contemporary art collections and thematic exhibitions. Here you can see works in the pop art style and works of realistic art made in different genres.
Location: Jülicher Street 97-109.
The building of this city governing body was built in the 14th century and is one of the significant architectural monuments of its center. Today it is a beautiful, slightly gloomy Gothic structure, decorated with darkened royal statues, spiers, a fountain and other decorative elements. In the interiors of the town hall there are frescoes with scenes about city and royal life. The international Charlemagne Prize is awarded here annually.
Location: Markt.
Fountain "Circulation of Money"
German sculptor Karl Hening Zeeman created an original sculptural composition, installed in 1976 on one of the city streets. It depicts a group of people. gathered near the fountain bowl. The water in it symbolizes money, which, spinning in a whirlpool, “goes into the sand.” The figures of people symbolize human greed, acquisitiveness and begging. There is also a sculpture of a man telling his son about the circulation of money.
Location: Ursulinerstraße - 3.
Roman legionnaires were well aware of the healing power of local hot springs, who used them to treat wounds received in battle. Emperor Charlemagne built a hospital here.
Today, in its place there is a modern wellness center with 38 thermal pools. The unique Aachen springs are among the hottest on the continent. Hot natural water, unique in its chemical composition, helps restore joint mobility and improve the health of the body.
RWTH Aachen University is recognized as one of the best in the country and Europe. It consists of ten faculties, in which thirty thousand students receive primarily engineering, as well as mathematical education, and some other specialties. The university occupies a significant part of the city's territory. It receives more funds from the national industry than any other German university.
Location: Templergraben - 55.
In June 2014, a new local history museum was inaugurated in the city. It is officially called the Center of Charlemagne, one of the founders of the city. Its building, built in the mid-20th century, is considered an architectural monument. The museum implements non-standard educational programs. There is a discussion hall and a museum pedagogy hall. The interiors and equipment of the museum meet the latest technical achievements.
Aachen from A to Z: map, hotels, attractions, restaurants, entertainment. Shopping, shops. Photos, videos and reviews about Aachen.
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Germany is remarkable for its location in the center of Europe. Several of its cities are located at the junction of the borders of three countries, so a traveler can have breakfast, lunch and dinner in different countries on the same day. One of these cities is Aachen: it is located where the lands of Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands touch.
Today it is a quiet residential town in Rhine-Westphalia, but once upon a time German kings were crowned here. Aachen was the famous winter residence of Charlemagne, the Roman emperor, who still rests here in the imposing cathedral he built. The latter is an amazing and incredible attraction that is definitely worth seeing with your own eyes.
These days, Aachen is a pleasant mix of historical (often baroque) architectural grandeur and modern innovation. As in many university towns in Germany, the students set the tone for life in Aachen. They make up about a quarter of the 260 thousand inhabitants.
The city is perfect for exploring on foot: in general it is quite large, but the historical center is best explored on foot. And after a busy day of walking - what could be more pleasant than sitting on the market square, looking at students wandering around, listening to guitarists and gnawing on the famous traditional Aachen gingerbread, which is made only here!
A little history
Charlemagne made a serious contribution to the formation of the city. Having plans to create a new Rome - of course, with magnificent cathedrals, no less magnificent palaces, museums, libraries - he gathered in Aachen a huge number of architects, sculptors, masons, carpenters and other working people. He apparently created a lot of jobs: in a fairly short time, a palace complex was built, which occupied a total of 20 hectares.
Aachen was and remains a major resort center in Germany - nature generously endowed the surrounding area with thermal springs.
Living quarters, ballrooms, galleries for housing art collections, a town hall, a school and even two swimming pools - winter and summer, indoor and outdoor - were built by order of Charlemagne. This happened at the end of the 8th century. In 798 they began to build a palace chapel, which later turned into a cathedral, the famous Aachen Cathedral, now included in the list of UNESCO monuments. The cathedral not only amazes with its magnificent view, it was built in full accordance with biblical canons.
The traditions of Charlemagne live in Aachen to this day: since 1985, more than five thousand enterprises have been opened here with more than 10,000 jobs. Nowadays, the city is dominated by enterprises of information, communication and computer technologies, and bioengineering.
How to get there
Getting to Aachen is easy. The railway station is an element of the international transport system, so the Thalys Paris - Cologne high-speed train passes through the city every 2 hours. The closest international airport to Aachen is 90 km away, this is the airport in Dusseldorf. We must add to this that the city transport of Aachen amazes not only with the modern comfort of buses, but also with extreme punctuality, which is very important for tourists.
Search for flights to Cologne (the nearest airport to Aachen)
Aachen Hotels
Several dozen hotels hospitably await guests of the city, from the most modern, with designer interiors, large chain hotels, to modest, small, but very cozy family hotels. It must be said that on peak dates you will have to book a hotel in Aachen in advance, since the influx of tourists can be very large.
Weather in Aachen
Treatment
Aachen was and remains a major resort center in Germany, as nature generously endowed the surrounding area with thermal springs, the most famous of which is Schwertbad. Natural mineral water flows out of it literally hot, about 77 degrees. Its healing properties, which help cure gout, rheumatism, skin and nervous diseases, have been known for many centuries. By 2001, the Baths of Karla were restored, which are not only an excellent sanatorium institution, but also a wonderful historical monument.
Guides in Aachen
Entertainment, excursions and attractions of Aachen
The cathedral became not only a decoration of the city. As usual, the nobility considered it their duty to make expensive, sometimes precious, and sometimes simply priceless donations to the cathedral. Thanks to this custom, which took place for many centuries, the Aachen Cathedral has a rich collection of artistic treasures, church utensils, jewelry and Christian relics. Nowadays the treasury of the Cathedral is a public museum where you can get acquainted with these precious exhibits.
It is believed that the Christmas markets in Aachen are the most beautiful in Germany.
No less attractive to tourists than the cathedral is the City Hall, built in the Gothic style in the 14th century. As a result of reconstructions and transformations during the 17th and 18th centuries, the building became a Baroque structure, and in the 19th century the Town Hall returned to its original Gothic style and received a grandiose façade decoration: 50 sculptural images of German kings and emperors. Her coronation hall is decorated with frescoes by Alfred Rethel, a famous German artist. The proportions of this room, the copies of imperial regalia collected in it and valuable manuscripts along with frescoes create an absolutely incredible atmosphere in which the spirit of old Germany hovers.
It is in this hall that the Charlemagne Prize has been awarded since 1949.
Events
Nowadays, Aachen is no longer as significant politically as it was 10-12 centuries ago, but there are still events in the life of the city associated with the name of Charlemagne. And one day a year, Aachen attracts the attention of all cultural people of the world, this is the day when the city hosts celebrations associated with the presentation of the award for special services to Europe - the Charlemagne Prize. This award is so significant that for one day a year Aachen becomes the center of attention of the whole world. Major politicians from around the world considered it a great honor to be awarded this prize.
Christmas
Aachen is very attractive for tourists in the run-up to Christmas. It is believed that the Christmas markets in this city are the most beautiful in Germany. A huge Christmas tree in the middle of the town hall square, numerous stalls selling goods that are completely unnecessary in everyday life, but so necessary at Christmas, and therefore so dear to the heart, generously decorated streets, the aroma of mulled wine and gingerbread wafting throughout the city - all this attracts a lot of people to the city. tourists.
Aachen is one of the most picturesque cities in North Rhine Westphalia. This town is located in a lowland, surrounded by fields, meadows, hills and is literally surrounded by greenery.
Aachen- one of the most picturesque cities North Rhine Westphalia. This town is located in a lowland, surrounded by fields, meadows, hills and is literally surrounded by greenery. Aachen borders three countries at once: the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. For tourists it is interesting primarily as balneological resort, and also as a place of a large concentration of historical monuments.
City `s history
Story Aachen begins with the Celtic tribes living here in the 1st century. BC. Then the Romans and Franks came to these lands. The city was first mentioned in chronicles in 765 AD. Charlemagne in the 8th century founded his main residence here, and for some time the city became the capital of the Great Roman Empire. Aachen left its mark on German history, first of all, as a city of coronations: here, in the main cathedral, for several centuries German emperors received their right to the throne.
Modern city
Modern Aachen combines a rich historical past and the high-tech attributes of the present time. There are many new medical clinics and research centers here, and cultural and music festivals are regularly held, attracting tens of thousands of spectators.
Aachen is one of the world's equestrian centers. In June, the famous competitions are held here annually - International Equestrian Festival (CHIO).
Among the main attractions of Aachen are the following: Aachen Cathedral (Aachener Dom)- the same main cathedral of the city in which the coronation of many emperors took place. It also contains a tomb Karla Velikog o, in which his majestic sarcophagus and marble throne are kept. Despite numerous reconstructions of the cathedral over many centuries, its central part, the oktogon, erected under Charlemagne, is still preserved. Aachen Cathedral is included in the list of objects under UNESCO protection.
IN City Hall You can also see traces of the city's centuries-old history. There are wonderful collections of paintings, frescoes and ancient treasures here.
Aachen has several interesting museums to visit. Among them Suermondt-Ludwig-Museum, whose collection includes an extensive collection of sculpture and painting from the Middle Ages, late Gothic, Romanticism, Baroque and classical modernism.
Frankenberg Fortress Museum built back in the 13th century. It presents numerous exhibitions on the history of the city, including models of Charlemagne’s gardens, a collection of old coins, a plan of the monastery, etc.
Couven-Museum dedicated to the history of bourgeois culture of the 18th-19th centuries. The museum's halls are designed in the Rococo, early classicism, Empire, and Biedemeier styles. Of great interest to tourists is the Aachen-Lüttecher furniture of the 18th century, successfully combined with porcelain and earthenware products from this period.
Basically, Aachen museums are open on weekdays and weekends during the daytime from 10-11 to 17-19 hours, some of them receive visitors according to a certain schedule.
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Aachen (or Aachen) is a small city in western Germany with a population of no more than 260 thousand people. This city is interesting because it is located in a place where three countries meet: Germany, Belgium and Holland.
Aachen traces its history back to the Roman era. The city arose around the mineral springs for which it is still famous today, and was originally called Aquisgranum.
Since then, the city has grown rapidly and today Aachen is a developed, modern, crowded city with many attractions. In general, it seems that every part of the city of Aachen is a unique historical monument. Let's see where you can go in Aachen and what to see.
Aachen Cathedral (Aachener Dom)
The cathedral is incredibly beautiful, also called the Imperial Cathedral. It is located in the very heart of the city and is a symbol of Aachen. This cathedral is important because Roman emperors were crowned there for many centuries. It's hard to imagine, but the cathedral was built more than 1200 years ago! An absolutely amazing sight. The cathedral was built in the Gothic style. Inside is the tomb of Charlemagne with relics, which is a huge octagon with a diameter of more than 30 meters. Not without interest are the Gothic choirs in the eastern part of the building (choirs - emphasis on the first syllable - a balcony inside the cathedral, a kind of open gallery where the church choirs and organ were located). The cathedral is interesting for its ancient mosaics and sculptures. In general, coming to Aachen and not visiting the Imperial Cathedral is simply an unacceptable mistake. By the way, the cathedral is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List, and one of the first.
Address: Domhof 1
Opening hours (tomb): January-March | Mon| 10:00-13:00 and | Tue-Sun | 10:00-17:00
April-December | Mon| 10:00-13:00 and | Tue-Sun | 10:00-18:00
Cathedral opening hours: April - December /daily/ 07.00-19.00, January-March /daily/ 07.00-18.00
Tourist visits are not possible during services (on weekdays around 11:00, on Saturday and Sunday - 12:30). Special services and concerts are also held here, during which entry is prohibited.
Entrance ticket price (to the tomb): adults - €5, children, students and pensioners - €4, groups of 10 people - 3.50 €, family ticket (parents with children under 18 years old) - 10 €
You can also order an hour and a half excursion for 9€ per adult and 7.50€ per child.
St. Peter's Church (St. Peter's Church)
The Catholic Church of St. Peter is one of the oldest monuments in Aachen. It is mentioned in sources as early as 1215, when the church was a chapel. The church is small, but it seems to me that those who arrive in Aachen simply must visit it. The church is active and regularly hosts concerts, services, and musical performances. The inside of the church is simply amazing - all these vaults, statues, icons, windows - complete peace. It is considered one of the most beautiful churches in Germany.
Address: Peterskirchhof 1
Opening hours: Tuesday: 8.30 - 10.00, Thursday: 10.00 - 12.00
Aachen Town Hall (Aachener Rathaus)
It is the city government building and at the same time the most important architectural monument of the historical center of Aachen. The town hall was built in the 14th century, many kings were crowned there, then the town hall was rebuilt many times, but today it is a beautiful building in the Gothic style with neo-Gothic statues of kings, spiers, frescoes (which depict pictures from the history of the life of the city and kings). Inside the town hall are the attributes of imperial power - swords, crowns, and manuscripts. In appearance, the town hall looks rather gloomy - blackened walls, smoked statues, an ancient fountain - of course, it makes a very strong impression. In the town hall, the annual ceremony for presenting the international award is held. Charlemagne.
Address: Markt (a stone's throw from Aachen Cathedral)
Ludwig Museum Aachen (Das Ludwig Forum)
The Ludwig Forum is a museum of contemporary art. Here you can find works in the style of American pop art of the 80s and 90s, contemporary collections, temporary exhibitions, important events and museum educational events aimed at the study of contemporary art.
On 6000 square meters, three floors, as well as 5000 square meters of garden, numerous works are exhibited. Many of them are famous all over the world, including the realistic paintings “Medici” by Franz Gertsch and “Lady in the Supermarket” by American sculptor Duane Hanson. Quite an interesting unusual place that is worth a visit.
Address: Jülicher Straße 97-10
Opening hours: Tue, Wed, Fri - 12:00-18:00, Thu - 12:00-20:00, Sat and Sun - 11:00-18:00, Mon - closed.
International Newspaper Museum (Internationales Zeitungsmuseum)
About 200 thousand exhibits are collected here, over a period of five centuries, in almost all languages of the world. It is very educational and really interesting (maybe not for children, but for adults). Everything related to the world of newspapers and printing, from its origins to the present day - you can see everything in that museum. The museum has several rooms. Don't think that this is some boring museum - there are many interesting things here, for example, the hall of chaos, made in the shape of an egg or the “star room”.
Address: Pontstrasse 13
Opening hours: Tue - Sun 10:00-18:00, Mon - closed
Admission: adults 5 euros, schoolchildren and students 3 euros, groups of 8 people - 2-3 euros.
Couven Museum
The museum building in the classicist style was built at the end of the 18th century. The museum is dedicated to the history of the development of bourgeois culture of the 18th and 19th centuries. More than 20 rooms contain household items of those times - furniture, items made of ceramics and precious porcelain and glass in the Rococo style, children's toys, kitchen utensils, painted chests of drawers, dressing table and much more. Simply a wonderful museum!
Address: Hühnermarkt 17
Opening hours: Tue - Sun 10:00-18:00 and first Saturday of the month - 13:00-18:00. The museum is closed on Mondays.
Admission: adults 5€, schoolchildren and students 3€, family ticket - 10€
Suermondt-Ludwig-Museum
The museum presents exceptional works of art from antiquity to the mid-20th century. The museum exhibits works by many famous masters, such as Van Dyck, Rembrandt, August Macke, Otto Dix and others.
The museum owns one of the most extensive collections of medieval sculptures from the 12th to the 16th centuries. There are four rooms with 17th century Dutch paintings, collections of engravings, stained glass, antiques and crafts, etc.