Brazil ranks. Federative Republic of Brazil. Main commodity markets

The most dynamically developing state in Latin America, part of BRICS, is Brazil, where the white population is 53%, mulattoes - 39%, blacks - 6.2%.

Since the second half of the 60s, an authoritarian military regime was established in the country. As a result of putting things in order, a favorable investment climate emerged for domestic and foreign companies. Government intervention in the economy with the growth of foreign investment led to economic growth in GDP in 1968 - 1974. up to 10% (“Brazilian miracle”). A course was set to transform Brazil into a great industrial power by the year 2000. However, the oil crisis of the 70s led to a drop in economic growth and an increase in external debt, which dropped to $311 billion by 2010 alone. In 1985, power passed to civilian politicians who began to liberalize the economy through mass privatization.

Geopolitical and geoeconomic power. Brazil is the largest country in Latin America in terms of area (8.5 million sq. km) and population (201 million, 2011). It ranks 5th in the world by area and population, 9th by GDP (purchasing power parity, $2.2 trillion, 2010), the country with the largest Catholic population in the world. It is the largest economy in the regional grouping. The Amazon rainforest produces approximately 50% of the Earth's oxygen. Thanks to the Amazon and other rivers, Brazil ranks first on the planet in terms of fresh water reserves. Second place belongs to Russia with Siberian rivers and Baikal. In 2012, Brazil hosted the next UN Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20). The conference was timed to coincide with the twentieth anniversary of the Earth Summit held here and was dedicated to the development of the “green economy”.

The motto of the military-industrial complex is “Brazil must not be colonized through technological dependence.” In 2006, Brazil became the ninth country in the world to possess a full cycle of nuclear technologies. A program to create a nuclear submarine is being implemented; in 2010, the implementation of a project for a nuclear power plant for nuclear submarines is expected. A precision weapons program has been implemented, including air-to-air missiles. The aircraft manufacturing company Embraer produces military aircraft. The AT-27 light attack aircraft was purchased by the French and British Air Forces. The Brazilian Astros multiple rocket launcher is in service with the Saudi Arabian army. Prototypes of a heavy combat tank have been created. The Cascavel armored personnel carrier and the Urutu amphibious armored personnel carrier are supplied to many countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa. The production of small arms is developing successfully.

Brazil is an exporter of high-tech goods. It is among the top ten world leaders in the production of metals, automotive, petrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Brazil is the world's third largest aircraft manufacturer and the world leader in regional aircraft production. Exports aircraft, other vehicles, electrical equipment, iron ore, steel, etc.

In foreign economic relations, Brazil is guided by the European Union, Japan and China. Brazil actively trades with China, but there are problems in the foreign economic relations of the two countries. China traditionally views Latin American countries as a source of raw materials, while Brazil seeks to act in foreign markets as a supplier of industrial products.

A former Soviet citizen, accustomed to the achievements of domestic aviation, finds it difficult to perceive the competition of Brazil, which for many, by inertia, is associated with carnivals in Rio de Janeiro. While a tsunami of thoughtless democracy was sweeping through Eastern Europe, the volume of supplies of mechanical and technical products from Russia fell to 1% of the total value of exports, the basis of which was mineral fertilizers. In turn, Brazil has become a major exporter of tractors to Russia.

Against the backdrop of the degradation of the Russian aviation industry, the Brazilian aircraft manufacturing company Embraer has become one of the leaders in the global market for passenger regional aircraft. The company successfully competes with the Canadian Bombardier and has become the third largest supplier of passenger airliners in the world after Boeing and Airbus. Embraer employs 20 thousand people. Annual sales revenue exceeds $4 - 5 billion, and net profit - $300 - 400 million. The company's order portfolio is $20 billion. It is planned to create a C-390 transport aircraft with a payload capacity of 25 tons. With the implementation of this project, the Ukrainian “Ruslan” will lose its leadership in carrying capacity. Brazil’s successes became possible thanks to the “efforts” of Russia and Ukraine, which largely destroyed cooperation in the field of aircraft construction. And they each invented their own “bicycle” - the Russian Superjet and the Ukrainian An-148/158.

Brazil is the world's first producer of iron ore, the second - manganese and tantalum. It is among the top five in the production of bauxite, tin, lithium and magnesium. The world's second largest hydroelectric power station, Itaipu, operates here. Brazil actively produces biofuel (from sugar cane), which has saved $50 billion on fuel imports over a quarter of a century. Brazil ranks first in the world in ethanol exports ($2.4 billion).

Brazil ranks seventh among the world's largest food exporters. It is the largest producer of cane sugar and oranges in the world, and grows 35% of the world's coffee crop. The world's largest livestock population (210 million heads). It ranks third in the world in broiler production and second in exports.

Brazil's moderate, socially oriented economic development model, based on the middle class and the development of a capacious domestic market, is finding more and more supporters on the continent. An example is Peru and Venezuela, which in the past followed a pro-American course.
And the Brazilian carnival continues.

Federal Agency for Education

Sochi State University of Tourism and Resort Business

Institute of Economics and Management

Department of “Management”

Test

in the discipline "World Economy"

on the topic: “Economic development of Brazil”

Performed:

Kovalenko A.N.

Brief description of the country:

Brazil is the largest country in Latin America. In terms of territory size, it is second only to the Russian Federation, the USA, China and Canada, and has large reserves of more than 30 types of mineral raw materials.

Brazil is located in the eastern and central parts of South America, occupies almost half of the continent, its area is about 8.5 million square meters. km. It borders on the north with Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Guiana, on the west – Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, on the northwest – on Colombia, on the south – on Uruguay. In the north and east it is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, in which it owns numerous islands. The country is home to one of the most extensive water systems in the world - the Amazon and Paraná basins, which together cover 70% of Brazil's territory.

Brazil's climate varies by region from tropical to temperate. The country's territory is divided into two main natural zones: the forest plains of the Amazonian lowland along the banks of the Amazon River, and the tropical landscapes of the Brazilian plateau. The country has one of the leading places in the world in reserves of iron ore, manganese, bauxite, zinc, strategic raw materials, nickel, uranium, and gold.

Brazil has a population of about 183 million people. The share of the urban population is 81.2%. Average life expectancy is 64 - 72 years.

Brazil is a federal republic consisting of 26 states. The head of state, government and supreme commander in chief is the president. The highest legislative body is the National Congress. Executive power is exercised by the president and the government formed by him. The judiciary is represented by the Supreme Federal Tribunal, the Supreme Court of Justice, regional courts, courts for electoral, military, etc. issues.

On the territory of Brazil there is the Manaus FEZ, which has existed for 37 years. It occupies an area of ​​3.6 million square meters. km., unites 2 thousand trading firms in 22 industries, which provide employment to 50 thousand workers and employees, produce a variety of finished products worth $13.2 billion. By industry, 75% of the value of the zone’s products comes from the products of the electronic and electrical industries and for the assembly of motorcycles. The Manaus zone is an important “pole” of attraction for foreign investment.

According to the UN classification, Brazil belongs to the group of “newly industrialized states” and is among the “ten” leading countries in the world in terms of GDP.

Brazil is a member of the following integration associations: MERCOSUR (the South American common market, which has the fourth largest economy in the world and is one of the most dynamically developing consumer markets in the world with a population of 200 million people and a total GDP exceeding $1 trillion), ALADI, IBERO, Rio de Janeiro Group, OAS, SELA, etc.

Economy of Brazil:

In the international division of labor, Brazil remains predominantly a supplier of agricultural products, which have a pronounced export focus. In terms of agricultural exports, Brazil is second only to the United States and France. The main export crops - coffee, cocoa beans, cotton, sugar cane and soybeans - account for more than a third of the cultivated area.

Brazil is the world's first producer of coffee, which is its main export. It came out on top in the supply of sugar cane.

Brazil is a world leader in the production of bananas and beans, ranks second in the world in soybean and cocoa production, is the largest rice producer in the Western Hemisphere, and has one of the world's largest livestock populations.

Brazil's economy has historically been characterized by a series of booms and slumps. Its development was also greatly influenced by high inflation and colossal external debt - during periods of crisis the country had to resort to borrowing.

Economic reforms in the 1990s - including privatization and the opening of markets - helped stabilize the financial situation.

Brazil's natural resources, especially iron ore, are in high demand by large industrial countries such as China. Thanks to the development of offshore fields, Brazil has ceased to depend on oil imports and, for the first time in many decades, has switched to self-sufficiency in hydrocarbons.

The problem of stratification between the poor and the rich is still acute in the country. Land is particularly unevenly distributed in the country - most of the land is owned by a handful of the richest families. The fight against the current state of affairs is led by the powerful Landless Rural Workers' Movement (MLW), which aims to redistribute agricultural land and uses "direct action" methods, including plot occupation.

The basis of Brazil's current economic potential was created during a period of relatively stable development, starting in the mid-60s. years when its economy received large injections of foreign capital, new technologies and equipment. During these years, a modern automobile industry was created (6th place in the world), its own aircraft industry - the Embraer ERZh-145 passenger aircraft, oil production (Brazil is one of the 20 largest oil producing countries and 10 countries with the most developed oil refining); aerospace complex. Within the span of one generation (from the mid-70s to the mid-90s), Brazil made a sharp leap in its development. GDP grew from $74 billion (in 1975) to $750 billion (in 1995), i.e. 10 times, per capita – from $715 to $4.7 thousand.

Main sectors of the Brazilian economy:

Mechanical engineering concentrated in the country's two main industrial complexes - Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Transport engineering (automobile and shipbuilding) is of greatest importance.

Aircraft manufacturing. Embraer, founded by the government and initially producing small aircraft, now exports various types of aircraft. These days, the government is encouraging the development of microelectronics industries and the production of personal computers.

Mining industry. Almost every state in Brazil has mining activities. The leader in the mining industry is the state of Minas Gerais. Recently, the export of Parana iron ore has been added to the export of Minas Gerai iron ore. Excluding aluminum and manganese ores from the state of Amazonas and iron ore, Brazilian industry consumes most of the remaining minerals produced. These are chromium, magnesium and quartz from Bahia, copper and lead from Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul, asbestos from Goiás, nickel from Goiás and Minas Gerais. The latter state is Brazil's main supplier of zinc and copper. To the south of the Amazon River, deposits of tin ores were found, deposits of tungsten were found in Rio Grande do Norte, and silver in Parana and Bahia. Coal production in Santa Catarina covers more than half of the entire country's needs. The state of Minas Gerais specializes in the mining of gold and precious stones, while the states of Bahia and Espirito Santo specialize in the mining of only precious stones: topazes, amethysts, opals, aquamarines, tourmalines, emeralds and other varieties of semi-precious stones.

From 1940, when commercial oil development began, until 1965, oil production was carried out in the state of Bahia, north of the city of El Salvador. Subsequently, new deposits were found in the area from Fortaleza to Santos. Natural gas production is carried out in the states of Sergipe and Bahia. More than half of all oil is produced in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The state-owned company Petrobras, founded in 1953, has the most modern technologies in the world for deep drilling.

The country is one of the world leaders in arms production. Factories producing weapons are in both private hands and state management. The products produced are reliable and low in price, which makes them suitable for many third world countries.

Tourism- a relatively young sector of the national economy. The concept of creating real resort areas has not yet found its application. The tourist complex is limited to a few large and expensive hotels in Rio de Janeiro and mountain resorts in Minas Gerais. The main entertainment centers are located in city centers or nearby.

In light industry, the most traditional industries include food, textiles and tobacco.

Agriculture. Since the middle of the 20th century. The share of agriculture in the gross national product began to decline. Today, less than a third of the total economically active population is employed in this industry (30%). Brazil is self-sufficient in food supply; moreover, the country is a leading exporter of tropical grain crops. Brazil is the world's first producer of coffee, which is its main export. Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais are the main coffee producing states, followed by Paraná and Espirito Santo. Soybean and its products (animal feed) are another important export. It grows rice, sugar cane, corn, wheat, cotton, cocoa and other crops.

The country ranks first in the world in terms of timber reserves of various valuable species. According to a government report in 2005, a fifth of the Amazon's forests have now been cleared.

I would like to note that over the past decade, Brazil has made major strides in creating modern industrial production, turning from an agricultural to an industrial-agrarian country.

Back in the early 90s, the government began to carry out reforms that had a positive impact on the economic situation in the country, improving both economic and socio-economic indicators.

The main achievements of the government in the social sphere were the reduction of the unemployment rate to 7.5% of the country's economic income (600 thousand new jobs were created in 2000), as well as the adoption of a law increasing the minimum wage to $85.

Brazil's economic development in 2001 was significantly influenced by the Argentine crisis and the decline in economic activity in Japan and the United States. Erupted in the 1st half. The 2001 energy crisis in the country, caused by an increase in electricity consumption due to increased production, a lack of energy capacity and a lack of water in hydroelectric reservoirs, also caused significant damage to the Brazilian economy. But, despite this, the volume of GDP in 2001 increased by 4.13% compared to the previous year (industrial production increased by 5.09%, agricultural production - by 1.82%, service sector indicators - by 2 .76%).

In 2002, GDP reached 1.3 trillion. reais ($466 billion). The GDP growth rate was 1.4%. Industry accounted for 36% of the value of GDP, agriculture - 10%.

There was a significant decrease in investment risk indicators, the attractiveness of Brazilian government securities increased, and the exchange rate of the real against the US dollar significantly strengthened. Inflation rates have slowed.

The state of the economy in 2002 was negatively affected by: a fairly high loan interest rate (the Central Bank discount rate is 25%), growing public debt, which reached 885.2 billion reais (63.9% of GDP). A serious burden on Brazil's finances lies with the servicing and amortization of foreign debt obligations, the amount of which amounts to about $220 billion.

Annual per capita income in 2002 was about 3.2 thousand dollars. However, this average figure, due to the very high degree of social stratification of society even for South America, does not reflect the real standard of living. Brazil's main problem, holding back its economic growth and hampering progress in education and science, is glaring social inequality.

Living conditions for the majority of the population remain difficult. This is especially pronounced in the poorest areas of the country, mainly in the north and northeast.

The volume of foreign trade in 2002 amounted to 107.5 billion dollars (exports - 60.3 billion dollars, imports - 47.2 billion dollars). A record positive foreign trade balance of $13.1 billion has been achieved since 1994. Almost 75% of Brazilian exports account for semi-finished products with a high share of added value and goods of a full cycle of industrial processing (airplanes, cars, agricultural machinery, marine vessels, wood products and etc.). In terms of agricultural exports (coffee, raw sugar, tobacco products, orange juice, soybeans, etc.), Brazil is second only to the United States and France. The main trading partners are EU member countries (26.1% of foreign trade turnover), the USA (about 24.1%), Latin American countries (19.5%, including MERCOSUR - 11.8%), Asian countries (13.9 %).

But, despite the apparent prosperity, in 2002, the economic and financial crisis in Argentina had a noticeable negative impact on the situation in the Brazilian economy, as a result of which Brazil lost its second most important market. The situation in the Brazilian economy was aggravated by the September terrorist attacks in the United States, which led to a further reduction in capital inflows to Brazil and a decrease in its export capabilities.

Thus, we can conclude that despite generally favorable trends in foreign trade, an improving export structure, etc., Brazil still faces a number of problems that need to be solved (including the low quality of a number of Brazilian goods, restrictions on import of Brazilian products in a number of countries).

Brazil faces economic crisis

Political turmoil, the crisis and falling oil prices on the world market threaten the stability of the Brazilian economy, says the International Monetary Fund. According to the published report on the economic prospects of the IMF, the level of growth of the Brazilian economy will be lower than the indicators planned by the government of the largest Latin American country.

For the first time, IMF experts acknowledged that the political crisis caused by the scandal surrounding corruption in parliament and the involvement of the ruling Workers' Party in illegal financing of the 2002 election campaign could have negative consequences on the economic situation in Brazil.

In 2005, economic growth in Brazil was only 2.3%, less than half the 2004 figure - 4.9%. True, the Central Bank of Brazil predicted a slowdown, but the results turned out to be lower than the predicted 2.6%. In Latin America, only Haiti, which is in a protracted crisis, has a lower figure - 1.5%.

A particularly strong lag was noted in the agricultural sector, the growth rate of which did not exceed 0.8%. This is the lowest figure in the last 8 years.

Brazil's closest rivals on the world stage have significantly outpaced it in terms of GDP growth, which grew by 9.9% in China, 7.1% in India and 5.5% in Russia.

In Latin America, Brazil, as already noted, was in the very tail, ahead only of Haiti. For comparison, according to ECLAC, Argentina's GDP grew by 9.1% in 2005 and Mexico's by 3%.

The Asian financial crisis and the economic and financial crisis in Argentina had a noticeable negative impact on the situation in the Brazilian economy. Despite generally favorable trends in foreign trade, an improving export structure, etc., Brazil still faces a number of problems that need to be solved (including the low quality of a number of Brazilian goods, restrictions on the import of Brazilian products in a number of countries) .

In the structure of Brazil's exports, high-tech goods account for only 8%. Currently, only products from the automotive industry in Brazil meet global standard requirements for high-tech products.

There is a significant problem in the economy related to the size of the national debt, which threatens to result in a serious financial crisis.

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Capital of Brazil: Brasilia.

Time in Brazil: Brazil has four time zones. Time in Brazil is 4-7 hours behind Kyiv. Officially, time in Brazil is calculated according to the capital Brasilia and lags behind Kyiv by 6 or 5 (summer time) hours.

Geography of Brazil

Brazil is the largest country in South America, occupying almost half of the continent, with an area of ​​about 8.5 million square meters. km. In the north, Brazil borders with Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana, in the south with Uruguay, in the west with Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia and Peru, and in the northwest with Colombia. In the north and east, Brazil is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean.

Population of Brazil

About 175 million people. Over 95% of the population of Brazil are Brazilians - descendants of mixed marriages of Indians with immigrants from Western Europe and Africa.

Political state of Brazil

Brazil is a federal republic with a presidential form of government. The head of state and government in Brazil is the president (elected by direct vote for a term of four years). Brazil's legislative body is the bicameral National Congress, which consists of the Senate (81 members) and the Chamber of Deputies (513 members), elected by direct secret ballot.

Administratively, Brazil is divided into 26 states and 1 Federal Capital District, which in turn are divided into municipalities. Local administrative authorities and state governments in Brazil have fairly broad powers. They have the right to develop and implement local policies in all areas of public life. Each state has its own government and legislative Assembly. At the municipal level, the head of the executive branch is the prefect. Governors, vice-governors, prefects and their deputies in Brazil are elected by the population by direct secret ballot.

Brazil is a country of exotic nature, almost 8 thousand km. picturesque beaches, cheerful people, ancient Indian traditions and colorful colonial architecture, in addition, one of the most developed countries on the continent, Brazil attracts the attention of millions of tourists. Here in Brazil there are almost all the conditions for a wide variety of types of recreation, but the most attention, of course, is attracted by the famous jungle of the Amazon and the pampas of the south, glorified in numerous novels, the Iguazu Falls and mountainous regions, as well as, undoubtedly, the noisy and eternally dancing Rio with its famous Carnival.

Brazil record: Brazil is the largest country in South America.

Brazil record: The Amazon is the deepest river in the world, and the Amazon Lowland is the largest lowland on the planet, and also has the largest tract of tropical forests on the planet (up to 30% of the world's forest reserves). Of the twenty longest rivers in the world, 10 are in the Amazon.

Brazil record: Tijuca National Park in Rio de Janeiro is the world's largest urban forest.

Brazil record: The largest lagoon on the planet is Patus in the Rio Grande do Sul region. Its length is about 280 km, area - 9.8 thousand square meters. km., and the maximum width is 70 km.

Brazil record: The longest free-hanging stalactite on the planet is considered to be a huge “stone icicle” in the caves of Gruga do Janelao, 12 m long.

Brazil record: The Municipal Theater in Ouro Preto is the oldest theater on the continent (XVIII century).

Brazil record: The tallest skyscraper in Latin America, "Italy", is located in Sao Paulo.

Brazil record: Brazil ranks first in the world for the number of lightning strikes. According to the National Institute of Space Research of Brazil, between 50 and 70 million lightning strikes are recorded annually in the country.

Brazil: - a country in South America.

Religion: - Catholicism.

Official language: - Portuguese.

Brazil is one of the largest countries in the world, the largest country in South America and the fifth largest country in the world after Russia, China, Canada and the USA.

In this country, lush tropical forests coexist with majestic mountains, wild jungles with magnificent beaches, huge rivers with desert plateaus, roaring waterfalls with cozy and quiet bays.

Brazil is rightly called a country of contrasts. If it rains in one part of it, then the sun is sure to shine in the other. The largest Western concerns are located in big cities, and in the Amazon some Indian tribes live in the Stone Age.

Rio de Janeiro is the main attraction of the country. The city is conveniently located on the Atlantic coast. Rio lost its capital status in 1960 - the city of Brasilia became it. The modern capital has wide avenues, modern architecture, picturesque boulevards and parks. However, what she never managed to win from Rio de Janeiro is the sympathy of tourists who still go on vacation to the “city of wonders.”

Nature and geography:

Brazil occupies the eastern and central parts of South America and has borders with Guiana, Suriname, Guyana, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, and Uruguay. In the east, Brazil is washed by the Atlantic Ocean.

The central and southern parts of the country are occupied by the Brazilian Plateau (the highest point is Mount Bandeira). The northern part is the Amazonian lowland and the spurs of the Guiana Plateau. The Pantanal lowland is located in southern Brazil. The main rivers of the country are the Amazon, Sao Francisco, and Parana.

Population:

Three races played a major role in the formation of the Brazilian nation: Indians (hundreds of multilingual tribes), European colonialists who arrived mainly from Portugal, and Africans. At the beginning of the 20th century. there was active immigration from Japan.

Language:

The official language of Brazil is Portuguese. In addition to the national one, the population of Brazil speaks about 180 different Indian languages.

Religion:

About 90% of the population are Catholics, the rest are Protestants, Muslims, and Buddhists. There are quite a few people in Brazil who officially profess occult religions.

Climate:

The climate in Brazil varies depending on the area: from equatorial in the northwest to subtropical in the southeast. Rio de Janeiro is always humid, hot from November to March, relatively cool from April to September, and often rains. The most unfavorable month for holidays is July, as it is cold and often drizzles.

In the Amazon, the dry season lasts from August to early December, from December to April - very hot, rare rains, from May to July - heavy rains.

Table of average monthly air temperatures:

Rio de Janeiro

January

feval

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Sao Paulo

Holidays and customs:

The following days are considered public holidays in Brazil:

January 1 is a national holiday
January 20 - founding of the city of Rio de Janeiro
The last day of Maslenitsa - carnival
April - Holy Saturday
April - Easter
May 1 - Labor Day
June 15 - Tiradentes
September 7 - Independence Day
October 12 - Apparition of the Virgin Mary
November 2 - All Saints Day
November 15 is the Day of the Proclamation of the Republic.

Currency:

The national currency of Brazil is the real, equal to 100 centavos. There are banknotes in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 reais, coins in denominations of 1 reais, 1, 5, 10, 50 centavos. In places visited by tourists, you can pay in dollars. The import of foreign currency is not limited. The export of imported foreign currency is allowed.

TOURIST REGIONS OF BRAZIL

Perhaps those who are not well versed in geography do not know that, in fact, the capital of the country is the city of Brasilia. But the ex-capital and tourist mecca is the city and state of the same name Rio de Janeiro . Its ancient part has retained the flavor of the colonial style: the buildings of the Arsenal, customs, stock exchange, the palace of King João VI and the imperial palace on November 15 Square, the town hall, the National Academy of Arts. A large number of churches, monasteries and cathedrals of the 18th-19th centuries have also been preserved.

Many people think that there is nothing to do in Rio de Janeiro for more than a couple of days. This is a city with street crime and pandemonium, especially during the carnival. There is not much swimming on the famous Copacabana beach, since the waves are very large and the water is cold. Therefore, many people prefer to stay here for a day or two, after which they go to nearby charming regions, about which a little later.

Another famous city Sao Paulo - the most populated and economically developed in Brazil, located in the southeast of the country. There is also nothing special for tourists to do here, but, in any case, if they arrive in this city, they will see it from the window of a bus or taxi.

Santa Catarina - a state in the south of Brazil, in the east it is washed by the Atlantic Ocean. This state is already closer to what is called a tourist's dream. By the way, Santa Catarina is one of the most popular places in the country for watching whales during the breeding season.

For your first visit to Brazil, it is better to pay attention to places within driving distance of Rio de Janeiro: Angra dos Reis area (166 km), city ​​of Paraty (256 km), Cabo Frio city (160 km), Armacao dos Buzios (179 km). For example, in the area of ​​the municipality of Angra dos Reis there is a huge ocean bay with many islands. The bay is home to some of the best yacht clubs in Brazil. The water in the bay is always warm, the marine life is beautiful, and the mountains are rich in lush vegetation. Here you will feel like a real holidaymaker.

Also a dream for a traveler (not a vacationer) is the state Amazonia with the Amazon River. It occupies almost a third of Brazil and is the “lungs of the planet”: almost 50% of all the earth’s oxygen is produced here. In the Amazon, you can walk the most exotic routes among wild and dangerous flora and fauna, hunt alligators, catch a bloodthirsty piranha with bait, see many exotic birds and animals, make your way through vines and thickets, walk across hanging bridges... Moreover, in the area About two hundred Indian tribes live, many of which have no contact with civilization.

The gateway to the Amazon is the city of Belem: just beyond its bridges, the impenetrable forests of the delta begin. In addition, in the vicinity of the city there are many first-class beaches, river and sea islands, nature reserves and the ghost town of Alcantara.

ATTRACTIONS OF BRAZIL

In Rio de Janeiro you should definitely see the following attractions: statue of Christ the Redeemer on top of Mount Corcovado, Sugarloaf rock in Guanabara Bay.

Iguazu Falls , which are located on the border of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, have a cliff width on the Brazilian side of about 4 km. There are over 275 mesmerizing waterfalls. The roar of falling water can be heard for many kilometers around, and columns of water dust form walls with a rainbow. Iguazu is also definitely worth seeing.

Brazil ranks first among Latin American countries and fifth in the world in terms of population (207 million people as of mid-2013). The country's population is unevenly distributed: it is concentrated in the north and southeast, and in the south. About 1/2 of the total population is concentrated in a narrow zone of the Atlantic coast. The average density is 18 os/km2. The least populated (density less than 1 individual/km2) is the western Amazon, a region of equatorial rain forests. More than 30% of the population lives in a strip of the Atlantic coast up to 100 km wide, and almost half of the inhabitants thus inhabit the strip, representing 7% of the entire territory. The population is distributed very heterogeneously throughout Brazil, with significant concentrations in coastal areas, especially in the South East and the coastal strip of the Northeast. Another important population core is the Southern region. The least populated areas are in the Central-Western and Northern regions. The average population density in Brazil is 20 people per km2, in the southeast - more than 40, in the north - up to 1 person per km2. sq.

In recent years, the rate of population growth has decreased slightly from its peak around 1960. The reasons for the decrease in the rate of population growth are associated with urbanization and industrialization, which led to a decrease in the birth rate (for example, through the use of contraceptives). Although the death rate has fallen sharply since 1940, the birth rate has declined more. Currently, annual population growth is approaching 1.13%.

Demographic features of Brazil. Reproduction of the country's population is characterized by high birth rates (16.83% o) and natural increase (1.06%). In Brazil, early marriages and large families are traditional (2.7 children per woman). The main reason for the significant increase in population was the decrease in mortality (6.15% about), especially among children (35.87% about). The female population predominates over the male population. Brazil has a high proportion of young people (62% under 29 years old), and 6% of older people. Life expectancy is 67.7 years for men, 75.8 years for women

Brazil is a highly urbanized country, with more than 85% of the population living in cities. However, regional contrasts are great: in the southeast, more than 75% of residents are concentrated in cities, while in the northeast only 42%, and in the south 50%.

The largest cities in Brazil (with suburbs) are Sao Paulo (15.4 million inhabitants), Rio de Janeiro (9.8 million), Belo Horizonte (2.1 million), Salvador (2.1 million), Fortaleza (1.5 million). The largest urban agglomeration in Latin America is the Brazilian megalopolis, formed by the merger of the agglomerations of Rio de Janeiro and Sao Paulo.

The annual growth of the urban population is 1.1%. The country's population is unevenly distributed: it is concentrated in the north and southeast, and in the south. About 1/2 of the total population is concentrated in a narrow zone of the Atlantic coast. The average density is 18 os/km2. The least populated (density less than 1 individual/km2) is the western Amazon, a region of equatorial rain forests.

Labor resources. The working age population makes up 67% of the country's inhabitants (103.6 million people). The dynamics of the sectoral structure of the economically active population shows a tendency towards an increase in the share of the population employed in industry (14%). However, the share of the population employed in the service sector is growing at an even faster pace - more than 66% of the total number of workers. Traditionally, a lot of the workforce is employed in agriculture - 20%. The unemployed make up 7% of the economically active population.

Migrations. Brazil has a significant black population descended from African slaves. They were brought into the country from the 16th to the 19th centuries. More than 3 million Africans were brought to Brazil during slavery. The slave trade was only abolished in 1850. Slaves were predominantly imported from Angola, Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, the Ivory Coast and Sao Tome and Principe. Brazil's African population has largely mixed with the Portuguese, resulting in a mixed modern population.

Beginning in the 19th century, the Brazilian government encouraged European immigration to replace the human resource of former slaves. The first non-Portuguese immigrants to settle in Brazil in 1824 were Germans. From 1869 the first Polish immigrants arrived. However, significant European immigration to Brazil began only after 1875, when immigration from Italy, Portugal and Spain increased significantly. Between 1870 and 1953, Brazil attracted approximately 5.5 million immigrants - approximately 1.55 million Italians, 1.47 million Portuguese, 650 thousand Spaniards, 210 thousand Germans, 190 thousand Japanese, 120 thousand Poles and 650 thousand immigrants of other nationalities.

These figures may be a significant underestimate because women and children were often not counted, many immigrants settled illegally by changing surnames to hide their origins, and the Brazilian registration system was very imperfect. Brazil is home to the largest Italian diaspora outside Italy, with 25 million Brazilians of Italian descent. Brazil is also home to the largest Lebanese community in the world, approximately 8 million.

Beginning in the early 20th century, Brazil received significant numbers of Asian immigrants: Koreans, Chinese, Taiwanese and Japanese. The Japanese are the largest Asian minority in Brazil, and Brazilians of Japanese descent make up the entire Japanese population outside Japan (1.5 million people).

More than 90 million people in Brazil have roots in massive waves of European immigration. The largest ethnic groups are Iberians, Italians and Germans. Smaller groups include the Slavs (mainly Czechs, Poles, Ukrainians and Russians). Among the smallest ethnic groups are Lithuanians, Armenians, Finns, French, Greeks, Hungarians, Romanians, British, Irish and Jews. In addition to Europeans, the Brazilian population includes 79 million Africans and mulattoes, 13 million Arabs, 1.6 million Asians and 700 thousand American Indians.

Internal migration in Brazil is directed, firstly, from rural areas to large cities and agglomerations (although this process is gradually losing intensity), and secondly, from well-developed areas to the Amazon, the north and west of the country.

The population of Brazil comes from representatives of three large races - Mongoloids (Indians), Negroids (Africans) and Caucasians. Brazil is the only country in Latin America where Portuguese is recognized as the official language. Indian tribes speak their own local languages.

National and religious composition of Brazil. Ethnic groups of mulattoes (55%), mestizos (38%) and blacks (6%) have formed in the country. The indigenous Indian population was exterminated during the period of colonization, and some were assimilated. A few Indian tribes live isolated in hard-to-reach areas of the Amazon. National minorities are represented by Italians, Spaniards, Japanese, Ukrainians (50 thousand people), etc.

The majority of Brazilians are Catholics (80%). Catholics of African origin adhere to the cult of "Candi-ble" (based on religious syncretism, that is, a combination of beliefs in the ancient pagan gods of black Africa ("Orishas") with the veneration of Christian angels and saints) - By the number of Protestants (almost 3 million), Brazil is settling first place in South America.

Ethnic composition of the population. The Brazilian nation was formed as a result of the mixing of native Indians, African blacks brought here as slaves, with European immigrants. The indigenous Indian population was largely exterminated. The surviving Indian tribes live mostly in the deep regions of the Amazon basin and lead a primitive economy.

When analyzing the ethnic composition of the Brazilian population, it is necessary to distinguish between the data of “self-determination” of the population, recorded by censuses, and the real ethnic composition of the population, which is very complex and can only be really determined using the latest technologies, in particular through the study of gene markers.

The dominant population of Brazil is dominated by the descendants of Portuguese immigrants, from the first colonists (from the 16th century) to the more recent immigrants (the 19th and 20th centuries). The first Portuguese settlements in Brazil appeared after 1532, when the city of Sao Vincente was founded and an active process of colonization began.

Before independence in 1822, the Portuguese were the only European people to actively settle in Brazil, so Brazilian culture is largely based on that of Portugal. Other European countries had a minor presence during the colonial period. The Dutch and French attempted to colonize Brazil during the 17th century, but their control over parts of Brazil lasted only a few decades. The Indian population of Brazil (3-5 million at the time of its discovery by Europeans) was largely exterminated or assimilated into the Portuguese population. Since the beginning of colonization, marriages between the Portuguese and Indians have been common.

In the latest census, 53.7% of the Brazilian population, or about 96 million people, identified themselves as “white.” They live throughout the country, although they are more concentrated in the south and southeast of Brazil. Both the descendants of Europeans and the descendants of other peoples with white skin consider themselves white. There is also an ethnic group of Brazilians - white Brazilians or their descendants living in the territories of Paraguay bordering Brazil.

By 1800, only 1 million Europeans, almost exclusively Portuguese, had immigrated to Brazil. The immigration boom came later in the 19th and 20th centuries, when about 6 million Europeans came to Brazil.

Today, residents who identify as white make up the country's most ethnically racial group, formed over five centuries by immigrants primarily from Europe. Although in the mid-19th century the white population was of Portuguese origin, later immigration consisted of representatives of different countries. Thus, Brazilian whites are descendants of many different peoples, primarily Romanovs (Portuguese, Italians, Spaniards), Germans (Germans) and Slavs (Poles, Ukrainian). In addition to Europeans, whites also include the descendants of Arab immigrants (Lebanese and Syrians). Although the majority of the population considers itself white, genetic studies have shown that "white" is actually a mixture of races, with more than 86% of the population having blacks and Indians among their ancestors.

6.2% of the Brazilian population, or about 11 million people, call themselves “black” or Negroes. Although they are also distributed throughout the country, their greatest concentration is in the Northeast region. All descendants of African peoples transported to Brazil as slaves consider themselves blacks.

Slavery existed in Brazil for about 350 years, when, according to official data, about 3 million slaves were imported into Brazil (smuggling accounts for approximately two million of this number). Recent studies show that 86% have more than 10% of the genetic markers characteristic of Africans. The small number of blacks in the census (6.2%) is the result of traditional prejudice against blacks and Indians in society, so many blacks try to identify themselves as “brown” or use the informal categories “mulattos” or “morenos”. , which indicate mixed origin. However, in recent years, Brazilian black culture has become increasingly popular and black self-awareness is growing.

The term "browns" (pardos) or "PARD" did not always have its modern meaning. It was first introduced during the 1872 census for the sole purpose of distinguishing free blacks (both pure and mixed, of any skin color) from slaves (again of any origin and skin color). With the abolition of slavery, the term lost its original meaning, but continued to be used as a "residual" category to designate residents who did not include themselves in any of the categories proposed in the census. Browns make up 38.5% of the Brazilian population, or about 70 million people, and are distributed throughout the country. Brown are considered to be all mixed residents (who independently consider themselves such) and all residents who do not belong to any of the other categories.

Although the IBGE lists all browns as descendants of Africans, many researchers disagree with this, arguing that up to 8% of the population is predominantly a mixture of whites and Indians (known informally as "Caboclus" and "Mamelukes"), and a small proportion are whites with Asians (yellow). Uncertainty also grows because some percentage of blacks classify themselves as brown and browns as white.

"Yellows" (amarelos) make up 0.5% of the Brazilian population, or about 1 million people. They are mainly concentrated in the two states of São Paulo and Paraná. The descendants of most Asian immigrants consider themselves yellow. Most Brazilian Yellows are descendants of Japanese people who immigrated to Brazil between 1908 and 1960, primarily due to economic problems. Brazil now contains the largest Japanese population outside of Japan. Other groups include small numbers of Chinese and Koreans.

Although millions of Brazilians are descendants of Indians, only 0.4% of the population (700 thousand people) consider themselves to be Indians. This is due to the intense mixing of representatives of different nations, the loss of national identity of Indians over the centuries, and through traditionally prejudiced attitudes towards Indians and blacks, which is why many Indians try to describe themselves as “white” or “brown” (i.e. mixed ). Recent genetic studies have confirmed that millions of Brazilians are descendants of indigenous peoples, most of whom are unaware of their Indian origins. In recent years, for the first time in five centuries, there has been an increase in the Indian population of Brazil, however, many of them live in poverty and are gradually losing their culture.

Regional features of the ethnic structure of the population of Brazil are as follows. The Southern region of Brazil is dominated by a European element - from the Portuguese colonists of the 17th and 18th centuries, to the great waves of German, Italian and Slavic immigration throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. The Southeast region also has a dominant European element - predominantly Portuguese, Italian, Spanish and German immigrants of the 19th and 20th centuries. Although African and Indian elements are also noticeable here, and in the state of Sao Paulo there is also Asian. The Northeast region is dominated by African and European elements (mainly Portuguese), although there is some Indian contribution. In the Northern and Central-West regions the Amerindian element dominates, although with significant European and African contributions.

According to the Brazilian Constitution of 1988, racism is a serious crime, this law is taken very seriously in Brazil.

Language. Portuguese is the only official language of Brazil. Nem is spoken by virtually the entire population and is virtually the only language used in schools, newspapers, radio, television and for all business and administrative purposes. Additionally, Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas, making the language part of the Brazilian national identity. Brazilian Portuguese developed independently from European Portuguese, and has undergone fewer phonetic changes than the language spoken in Portugal. Therefore, it is often said that the speech of Camões, a 16th-century Portuguese poet, phonetically resembles modern Brazilian Portuguese, but is not the language spoken in Portugal now, and should be read according to Brazilian rules. Brazilian Portuguese also had some influence from Amerindian and African languages. In Brazil itself, the language is fairly homogeneous, with speakers of different regional dialects easily understanding each other, but there are several noticeable phonological, lexical and orthographic differences between them.

Many Amerindian languages ​​still exist in indigenous communities, primarily in Northern Brazil. Although many of them have significant contact with the Portuguese language, today there is an incentive to study native languages. Some foreign languages ​​are used by descendants of immigrants, who are usually bilingual, in small rural towns in Southern Brazil. The main ones are the Brazilian German dialects, for example Riograndeser Gunstrukish, Pomeranian and the Italian language, based on the Italian Venetian dialect. In the city of São Paulo, Japanese is also spoken in resettlement areas such as Liberdad.

English is part of the official school curriculum, but very few Brazilians are fluent in it. Spanish is also taught in schools (as the language of the countries surrounding Brazil) and is understood to a certain extent by Polish speakers themselves due to the great similarities between the two languages.

Religions. According to the census of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), the religious and denominational composition of the population is as follows:

73.6% of the population are Catholics (about 126 million).

15.4% are Protestants (about 25 million).

7.4% of the population consider themselves atheists or agnostics.

1.3% are spiritualists.

1.8% are adherents of other religions. Including Mormons (900 thousand), Jehovah's Witnesses (600 thousand), Buddhists (215 thousand), seismo-no-iya (151 thousand), Judaists (230 thousand) and Muslims (27 thousand).

0.3% are adherents of traditional African religions such as Candomblé, Makubi and Umbanda.

Some practice a mixture of different religions, such as Catholicism, Candomblé and Amerindian religions.

Brazil has the largest number of Roman Catholics in the world. However, the number of Protestants is now growing. Counting them together with Catholics, Brazil has the second largest number of Christians in the world after the United States. By 1970, most Brazilian Protestants belonged to the "traditional churches", mainly Lutherans, Presbyterians and Baptists, but during the last decades the number of Pentecostals and representatives of other concessions has increased significantly.

Islam in Brazil was traditionally practiced by some African slaves. Today, the Muslim population in Brazil consists mainly of Arab immigrants, although a number of non-Arab citizens are also converting to Islam.

There are approximately 120 thousand members of the Jewish community (0.065% of the total population), their communities are located mainly in the large cities of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, with smaller communities in Brasilia, Curitiba, and Porto Alegre.

I sampled 2,500 hikes from 20 hiking clubs. It turned out that...

Summer accounts for 66% of hikes for the entire year. It’s no surprise that summer is the best time to vacation with a backpack. Firstly, warm and dry; secondly, there is the opportunity to take a vacation to travel.

in autumn There are few hikes, because school, study, work begin, and the weather gets worse.

in winter ski tours or accommodation at recreation centers, combined with radial excursions without heavy backpacks and equipment, predominate. Winter accounts for 6% of all trips.

in spring I can’t bear to sit at home, so I get my equipment and plan trips. The weather in Crimea, Cyprus and the Caucasus is already above zero, which allows you to make simple treks without fear of freezing at night in your sleeping bag. March is 5% of the total statistics.

In April– sudden pause (3%), as tourists save time and money for the May holidays. The end of April is a sharp start to the season of hiking in the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Sayan Mountains, and Altai with the capture of the May Day holidays. Those who want warmth go along the Turkish Lycian Way or trek through the Troodos Mountains of Cyprus. Also at the end of April there are many offers where you can go with children. Everyone is looking forward to the end of April - both adults and children. Life is gaining momentum.

May is distinguished by a fourfold increase in the number of trekking and hikes - 13% of the total statistics. Campsites are opening, and tourist centers are ready to accommodate tourists. The May hikes are supplemented by hikes starting in late April to cover the holidays.

The top five most visited regions look like this:

– First place. Caucasus – 29%. Elbrus and Kazbek attract hikers with their beauty.

– Second place. Crimea – 15%. The proximity of the sea and the mild climate make this peninsula unique and as if created for week-long excursions.

– Third place. North-West – 11%. Residents of the Leningrad region and Karelia are lucky with nature: there are more rivers and lakes here than in the Central District. In the Moscow region there is nowhere to go.

– Fourth and fifth places. Altai, Baikal and Siberia – 7% each. It’s expensive to get there from Moscow and St. Petersburg, but it’s worth it. Beautiful nature, but not as many tourists as in other places.